Physics 153: Thermal Energy Flow- Conduction, Convection, Radiation

Phase Changes: Solid absorb fusion heat -> liquid Constant temperature when in equilibrium for liquid/solid Cold substances absorb heat HEAT FLOWS FROM HOT AREA TO COLD AREAS Temperature is constant during phase changes Q=+-mL Q=mCT Where Q is heat in (joules) m is mass of substance L is latent heat C is heat capacity of substance T is the change in temperature +- depending on whether heat is taken away or absorbed I) Supercooling: a. Superheated water: Microwave & oven b. Supercooled water vapor: Clouds, hail, freezing rain c. Superheated/cooled substances are NOT in stable equilibrium Conduction: a. Heat transfer of two planes b. Heat current in conduction rate for homogenous bodies i. H=dQ/dt=kA(TH-TC)/L 1. k thermal conductivity 2. A cross sectional area 3. (TH-TC)/L temperature difference per length aka temperature gradient 4. When k large, good conductor ii. Thermal resistance: H= A(TH-TC)/R 1. R=L/k a. L is thickness of slab (unit: m2K/W) b. R describe insulation properties c. H in J/s d. T in Celsius or Kelvins e. A=m2 Convection: a. Transfer heat via movement of matter (fluid). Faster than conduction through air. b. Depends on: i. Temperature difference ii. Surface flat or curved? iii. Orientation: Horizontal or vertical? (Gravity moves them) iv. Fluid with air or water? v. Density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity of fluid

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vi. Evaporation/Condensation (IE: swear, water evaporates from skin to cool body) vii. THICKNESS OF PLATES ARE NOT RELEVANT c. Free/Natural Convection: Occurs because of different densities due to thermal expansion Radiation a. Transfer heat via electromagnetic waves (visible light/UV radiation) IE: Grill b. Heat Current in Radiation: i. H=AeoT4 ii. o: Stefan Boltzmann Constant = 5.6704*10^(-8) W/m2K4 iii. e: emissivity of material from area emitted (0->1) c. Absorb surrounding heat i. Thermal Equilibrium T=Ts ii. Hnet=AeoT4-AeoTs4=Aeo(T4-Ts4) iii. When H positive, heat flows OUT of body d. Blackbody i. Absorbs & emits radiation well 1. Emissivity = unity ii. Reflector: absorb no radiation, bad radiator 1. IE: Thermos- Reflects heat and radiation sent back, poor emitter Wiens Displacement Law: Wavelength distribution of thermal radiation from blackbody at any temperature has the same shape as the distribution at any other temperature except the wavelength displaced a. max*T=b i. b= 2.8977685*10^(-3)m*K; proportionality constant ii. T= absolute temperature of body b. T4 small in T means more Power out (negative feedback) c. Warmer earth, albedo lower, reflection lower Radiation Exchange: a. Total Power: Power in = (1-Albedo)Solar*PI*REarth2 i. Solar constant: 1367 W/m2 ii. Albedo: Overall average reflection coefficient of object 1. Earths albedo=0.3 2. Reflects about 30% of solar radiation

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