Cam and Follower Systems

J. Michael McCarthy July 25, 2009

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Cam and Follower Systems

J. E. Shigley, C. R. Mischke and T. H. Brown, Standard Handbook of Machine Design, McGraw-Hill, 2004

Animations from K. J. Waldron and G. L. Kinzel, Kinematics, Dynamics and Design of Machinery, John Wiley, 2004 Select each cam-follower picture to run the animation.

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The Cam Joint

A connection between two links that is formed by general surfaces in contact is called a cam-joint. The input link is called the cam and the output is called the follower.

Contact is dened as (i) a point A1 in the cam and a point A2 on the proles of the cam and follower positioned so they have the same coordinates Ac in the world frame W, and such that (ii) the tangent vectors T1 and T2 of cam and follower proles are the same Tc at Ac. The cam joint has two degrees of freedom, because the relative conguration the cam B1 and follower B2 are dened by specifying contact of a point A1 on the prole of B1 (one degree of freedom) with a point A2 on the prole of B2 (the second degree of freedom).
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Mobility
Let c be the number cam joints in a collection of n rigid bodies and j the number of hinges and sliders, then the mobility formula becomes M=3N - 2j - c - 3, where N=n+1 includes the ground frame. This allows us to determine the number hinges and sliders in a mechanism as, j = 3N - c - 3 - M.

For a 1 degree of freedom system, we have j = (3N - c - 4)/2, which yields, N=3, j = 2, and c = 1.

Let C denote the cam-joint, then we have the combinations RCR--Radial cam and oscillating follower, RCP--Radial cam and translating (reciprocating) follower, and PCP--Translating cam and translating follower.

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Followers
The shape of the cam and follower combine to dene the displacement function. Followers are usually selected to have standard shapes so it is the cam that requires careful shaping operations.

The primary follower shapes are (i) the knife-edge, (ii) the at-face, and (iii) the roller follower. The curved shoe is spherical solid that has the circular cross-section of a roller follower.

The different shapes of these followers requires the cam prole to be different in order to dene the same displacement function.

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Radial Cam and Translating Followers

Displacement function: s = {dwell from 0 to 90deg, 3in simple harmonic rise from 90 to 180deg, 3in simple harmonic return form 180 to 360deg.}

Select each the cam-follower to run the animation.

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Displacement Functions
The proles of the cam and follower are shaped to provide a specic displacement function. RCR: = f(), RCP: s = f(), PCP: t = f(s).
The displacement function also denes the follower velocity and acceleration:

Assume the angular velocity of the cam is a constant , then velocity and acceleration of the follower are seen in the displacement function:

Displacement functions consists of three basic segments: the rise, dwell and the return.

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Simple Harmonic Rise and Return

Simpler Harmonic Rise:

b is the radius of the base circle, h is the amount of rise, 0 is the starting angle of the rise, = 1 - 0 is the angular range of the rise..

Simpler Harmonic Return:

h0 is the radius at the start of the return, h is the amount of return, 1 is the starting angle of the return, = 2 - 1 is the angular range of the return..

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Cycloidal Rise and Return

Cycloidal Rise:
b is the radius of the base circle, h is the amount of rise, 0 is the starting angle of the rise, = 1 - 0 is the angular range of the rise.

Cycloidal Return:
h0 is the radius at the start of the return, h is the amount of return, 1 is the starting angle of the return, = 2 - 1 is the angular range of the return.

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Parabolic Rise
Parabolic Rise:
b is the radius of the base circle, h is the amount of rise, 0 is the starting angle of the rise, = 1 - 0 is the angular range of the rise.

Accelerating segment:

Decelerating segment:

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Cam Profile for a Knife Edge Follower

The Cam Prole The cam prole is a plane curve of the form A = R cos i + R sin j, where i and j are the unit vectors in the x and y directions of the frame B attached to the cam.

Let Ai be the points of contact between the cam and follow at different angular positions i of the follower relative to the cam. The coordinates of the points of contact dene the cam: Ai = R(si,i) cos(si,i) i + R sin(si,i) j.

The functions R(s, ) and (s, ) that dene the cam prole are derived from the follower geometry and the displacement function s=f().

For a knife-edge follower these functions are particularly simple. They are

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R(s,) = s and (s, ) = .

Cam Profile for a Flat-Faced Follower

The point of contact A moves along the face of the follower the distance L as the cam rotates, which means the angle (s, ) to the point of contact is not equal to the angle that denes the position of the follower relative to the cam. Let Ai be the points of contact between the cam and follow at different angular positions i of the follower relative to the cam. The coordinates of these points of contact dene the cam as Ai = R(si,i) cos(si,i) i + R sin(si,i) j. or Ai = X(si,i) ex + Y(si,i) ey, where ex = cos i + sin j, and ey = -sin i + cos j.

The length L can be computed from the fact that the velocity of the point of contact in the direction of the cam movement is s = (df()/d), and its velocity on the cam is L. Therefore, L = s and the functions dening the cam prole for a at-faced follower are

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Cam Profile for a Roller Follower

The points of contact Ai with the roller follower dene the cam prole. The angle i between the direction of the follower movement and the line PiAi perpendicular to the common tangent of the cam and roller is the pressure angle.

The coordinates points on the cam prole are given by, Ai = R(si,i) cos(si,i) i + R sin(si,i) j,

or Ai = X(si,i) ex + Y(si,i) ey, where ex = cos i + sin j, and ey = -sin i + cos j.

The length L can be computed by determining the velocity vP = L of the point P1 which is equal to the follower velocity s = (df()/d). Thus, L=s, and the pressure angle 1 can be computed to be tan 1 = L/s . Let a = r cos 1 and b = r sin 1 then the functions dening the cam prole for a roller follower are

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Summary

A cam-follower mechanism has a two degree of freedom cam joint that connects the input and output links. The relative shape of the cam and follower dene the displacement function of the mechanism. Displacement functions for radial cams are periodic functions consisting of sequences of dwell, rise and return segments. The geometry of the follower is usually simplied to a point, line or circle, and combines with the displacement function to dene the cam prole.

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