Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth 1) Meaning and Characteristics of the Renaissance Renaissance 1350-1550 rebirth Ending of the middle

le ages (lack of classical culture) Individualism and secularism (separation of church and state) a) Urban Society independent cities that dominated surrounding areas; secular spirit b) Age of Recovery 13th century: Black Death, political disorder, and recession c) Classical Culture Italians became aware of their past d) Recovery of the Individual new ways of viewing human beings (ability, worth, dignity) 2) Making of Renaissance Society a) Economic Recovery 1) Hanseatic League merchants who dominated trade in Northern Europe 2) Wool and Silk Italy dominated production and trade 3) Banking House of Medici largest bank in Europe (Florence), financed papacy; fell in 1494 b) Social Changes changed from the 3 estates 1) Nobility military officers, political posts, advisors 2-3% 2) Courtier guideline to be a perfect aristocrat 3) Peasants serfdom was in decline, nobles granted freedom to collect rent 4) Slavery increased as labor demands grew (Black Death) 5) Families often lived close together (vendettas); arranged marriages for business or family ties; father would emancipate his children; 10% of women died in childbirth; 50% of children born did not see 20 3) Italian States in the Renaissance a) Major States 1) Milan northwest territory of Italy; large commercial and agricultural center 2) Venice northeast dominated trade by land and sea 3) Florence Mideast center of Italian renaissance 4) Papal States central Italy; mostly controlled by pope 5) Naples southern Italy; poor did not contribute to the renaissance b) Federigo and Isabella dEste ruler of Urbino; first lady of the world; supported renaissance c) Diplomacy resident diplomats; break from the church d) Machiavellis Prince political activity cannot be restricted by moral considerations 4) Intellectual Renaissance in Italy a) Humanism 1) Petrarch led humanism (literary movement) beliefs 2) Leonardo Bruni civic humanism; urban humanism 3) Lorenzo Valla reinstituted use of Latin 4) Ficino dedicated to the translation of Plato 5) Pico hermetic revival-divine beings needed to purify soul b) Education 1) Feltre humanist school 2) Pietro study of liberal arts could help people reach their full potential c) Humanism and History 1) Secularization of History reduced roles of miracles in historical interpretation 2) Guicciardini writer of history who believed in teaching lessons d) Impact of Printing 1) Gutenburg bible was first true book in the west; produced by moveable type 5) Artistic Renaissance a) Early Renaissance individualism, human form, beauty of human beings 1) Masaccio monumental figures, realistic

2) Uccello the law of perspective 3) Botticelli influenced by Greek and roman mythology 4) Donatello sculptor; simple dignity and strength 5) Brunelleschi architect; inspired by Rome 6) Piero Della Francesca shows reality and personality b) High Renaissance 1480-1520; dramatic, emotional, creative, classical 1) Leonardo Da Vinci revealed inner life 2) Raphael beauty beyond human standards 3) Michelangelo sculptor and painter; god like works 4) Bramante architect influenced by Rome c) Artist and Social Status became rich and powerful d) Northern Artistic Renaissance 1) Jan Van Eyck oil paintings, detail 2) Durer detail, human form e) Music in the Renaissance 1) Dufay secular music (took music from church) 2) Madrigal poems set to music 6) European State in Renaissance Attempts were made to reestablish central power of monarchial governments; called new monarchies a) New Monarchies French, English and Spanish at the end of 15th century b) Growth of the French Monarchy feeling of nationalism good for starting a new monarchy 1) Charles VII and the Taille he levied it (annual direct tax usually on property) 2) Louis XI and Commerce retained taille as permanent tax an repressed the nobility c) England: Civil War and New Monarchy 1) War of the Roses civil war pitted the ducal house of York; many aristocratic families became involved in the conflict 2) Henry VII and the Tudors established strong monarchy; aristocrats kept their own armies and the king trusted the nobles to raise troops because England didnt have a standing army d) Unification of Spain 1) Ferdinand and Isabella created a Spanish army; gained the right to choose the most important church officials 2) Expulsion of Muslims and Jews wanted strict religious uniformity; many Jews converted but werent thought to be sincere 3) Inquisition guaranteed that the coverts were sincere; killed anyone who didnt convert and others fled e) Holy Roman Empire: Success of the Habsburgs failed to develop a strong monarchy; Habsburg was one of the wealthiest landowners in the empire; attained success through dynastic marriages f) Struggle for a Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe polish kings were unable to establish a strong royal authority; Bohemian nobles increased their wealth and authority at the expense of the crown and church; g) Ottoman Turks and the End of Byzantium took over byzantine when Constantinople was sacked, weakening the empire 7) Church in the Renaissance The Great Schism was brought to an end in 1417 a) Heresy and Reform posed threats to the church 1) John Wyclifs Lollards said that popes should be stripped of their authority and property and all Christians should seek the bible as sole authority 2) John Hus attacked the excessive power of the papacy 3) Pius II condemned appeals to the council over the head of a pope as heretical; the papal monarchy was maintained but lost moral prestige b) Renaissance Papacy from 1417 to the beginnings of the reformation

1) Sixtus IV and Alexander VI gave their nephews church positions 2) Jullius II and the New Saint Peters led war against his enemies 3) Leo X and Raphael acquired a refined taste in art asked Raphael to do paintings for him