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Nature and origin of the BIF-hosted So Bento gold deposit, Quadriltero Ferrfero, Brazil, with special emphasis on structural controls
Srgio Luiz Martins Pereira a,, Lydia Maria Lobato b , Juliano Efignio Ferreira a , Eduardo Csar Jardim c
a

So Bento Minerao S.A. (Eldorado Gold Corporation), Fazenda So Bento s/n, Santa Brbara, Minas Gerais, 35960.000, Brazil b Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antnio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270.901, Brazil c Magnesita S.A., Vila Catiboaba s/n - GRM, Brumado, Bahia, 46100-000, Brazil Received 22 July 2002; accepted 29 March 2005 Available online 14 February 2007

Abstract The orogenic banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted Au mineralization at So Bento is a structurally-controlled, hydrothermal deposit hosted by Archean rocks of the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadriltero Ferrfero region, Brazil. The deposit has reserves of 14.3 t Au and historical (underground) production of 44.6 t Au between 1987 and 2001. The oxide-facies So Bento BIF is mineralized at its lower portion, where in contact with carbonaceous, pelitic schists, particularly in the proximity of sulfide-bearing quartz veins. Shear-related Au deposition is associated with the pervasive, hydrothermal sulfidation (mainly arsenopyrite) of the Fe-rich bands of the So Bento BIF. Auriferous, sulfide- and quartz-rich zones represent proximal alteration zones. They are enveloped by ankerite-dominated haloes, which reflect progressive substitution of siderite and magnetite within the BIF by ankerite and pyrrhotite, respectively. The So Bento BIF was intensely and extensively deformed, first into open, upright folds that evolved into tight, asymmetric, isoclinal folds. The inverse limb of these folds attenuated and gave way to sheath folds and the establishment of ductile thrusts. Mineralized horizons at So Bento result from early structural modifications imposed by major transcurrent and thrusts faults, comprising the Conceio, Baro de Cocais and So Bento shear zones. Dextral movement on the SWNE-directed Conceio shear zone may have generated splays at a compressional sidestepping zone, such as the So Bento shear zone, which is the structural locus for the So Bento gold mineralization. Relaxation of the Conceio shear zone under more brittle conditions resulted in the development of dilatational zones where goldsulfidequartz veins formed. These structures are considered to have been generated in the Archean. Geochronological data are scarce, with PbPb analyses of refractory arsenopyrite and pyrite from bedded and remobilized ore plotting on a singlestage growth curve at 2.65 Ga. A later compressional, ductile deformation of unknown age overprinted, rotated and flattened the original, N60E-directed structure of the whole rock succession, with development of planar and linear fabrics that appear similar to Proterozoic-aged structures. Fluid inclusion studies indicate low salinity, aqueous fluids, with or without CO2 and/or CH4, with extremely variable CO2/CH4 ratios, of probable metamorphic origin. Fluid evolution shows a paragenetic decrease in the

Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 31 3 8377316; fax: +55 31 3 8377135. E-mail address: slmartins@uol.com.br (S.L. Martins Pereira). 0169-1368/$ - see front matter 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.03.018

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carbonic phase from 1015% to 5%, and increase in the H2O/(CO2 + CH4) and CO2/CH4 ratios, suggesting important interaction with carbonaceous sediment. Trapping conditions indicate a temperature of 300 C at 3.2 kbar. 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Orogenic gold; Banded iron formation; Quadriltero Ferrfero; Brazil; Archean

1. Introduction The So Bento gold deposit is structurally-hosted (e.g., Godoy, 1995; Martins Pereira, 1995; Alves, 1995; Lobato et al., 1998; Martins Pereira et al., 2000, 2001a,b, and references therein), situated in the Barra Feliz district, Santa Brbara municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Figs. 1 and 2 of Baltazar and Zucchetti, 2007this volume). Gold has been intermittently mined in this area since 1860, originally by open-pit operation. The earliest evidence of underground activity dates back to 1898, when the British group So Bento Gold States Ltd. began work. Between 1898 and 1906, 211,000 t of ore were produced at an average recovery grade of 9.27 g/t Au. The current owner, So Bento Minerao S.A. (Eldorado Gold Corporation), started activities in 1979 and produced the first bullion in 1987. As of December 2002, the total reserves of the deposit (proven + probable) were 1.79 Mt at 9.22 g/t of Au, totaling some 16.5 t (531,193 oz) Au. From 1987 to December 2002, So Bento milled 6 Mt of ore and produced 43.6 t (1.4 Moz Au) from underground mining of sulfide-bearing iron formation. Total cash costs for 2002 were US$ 184/oz (Eldorado Gold Corporation annual report for 2002). This paper describes the geological setting of the So Bento deposit, emphasizing its structural and wall-rock alteration styles. The mineralogical, geochemical and fluid inclusion characteristics are also reported, as well as different genetic aspects. It is shown that mineralization at So Bento is controlled by shear zones associated with major transcurrent and thrust faults, representing the conduits for the infiltration of ore fluids into the banded iron formation (BIF), which acted as a chemical trap for epigenetic Au deposition, with primary magnetite replaced by epigenetic pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite. 2. Regional geology The So Bento deposit is located in the Quadriltero Ferrfero (QF, Fig. 1), a region containing an assembly of Archean and Proterozoic rocks. A large amount of geological work has been performed in the region, e.g., Harder and Chamberlin (1915), Dorr (1969), Herz

(1970), Schorscher (1976), Loczy and Ladeira (1976), Almeida (1977), Schorscher (1979) and Ladeira (1980). The basis of the stratigraphic subdivision of the QF was established by the joint mapping program of the Departamento Nacional da Produo Mineral United States Geological Survey between 1946 and 1962, later synthesized by Dorr (1969). The Precambrian rocks of the region were grouped into three major units, which are, from oldest to youngest, the Rio das Velhas (Archean) and Minas (Paleoproterozoic) Supergroups, and the Mesoproterozoic Itacolomi Group. The presently-known regional basement was loosely termed undivided granitic rocks or granitegneissic complex and considered to be of intrusive origin. Noce et al. (2007-this volume, and references therein) review the geochronological data available for the QF region and indicate that (i) the granitegneissic complexes derive from igneous protoliths older than 2.9 Ga; (ii) three granitic magmatic episodes affected the region during the Neoarchean, at ca. 2.78 to 2.760, 2.72 to 2.70, and 2.60 Ga; two felsic magmatic events associated with the greenstone belt sequence are separated in time (ca. 3.03 and 2.772 Ga), the youngest constraining a major magmatic and tectonic event; (iii) Pb-isotopic studies of lode-gold deposits indicate that the main mineralization episode occurred at about 2.8 to 2.7 Ga; (iv) Proterozoic Lake-Superior-type banded iron formations were deposited at ca. 2.5 to 2.4 Ga; (v) the eastern part of the Quadriltero Ferrfero was also affected by the Brasiliano Orogeny (600 to 560 Ga). The geological mapping by the Companhia de Pesquisas de Recursos MineraisCPRM (Zucchetti and Baltazar, 1998) provided a 1:25,000 detail on the Rio das Velhas Supergroup, and the foundation for further research. In their work, the region is divided into four main lithostructural domains, with the lowermost Nova Lima Group rocks having been subdivided into five related lithofacies associations; from bottom to top the (i) maficultramafic volcanic, (ii) volcanic-chemical, (iii) clastic-chemical, (iv) volcaniclastic, and (v) resedimented associations. The authors subdivided the top Maquin Group into the coastal and non-marine associations. Geological revisions of this region are given by Lobato et al. (2001b) and Baltazar and Zucchetti (2007-this volume).

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Fig. 1. Location and regional geological map of the NE border of the Quadriltero Ferrfero (from Lobato et al., 2001a).

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3. Lithostratigraphy of the So Bento deposit area The geology of the So Bento deposit (Figs. 1 and 2) is described in detail in numerous public-domain publications (e.g., Moseley, 1986; Abreu et al., 1988; Prado et al., 1991). Unpublished company reports

include those by Martins Pereira (1988, 1992), Fletcher (1989), Spencer (1989), and Ladeira and Ferreira (2000). The dominant style of ore zones in the Santa Brbara region is BIF-hosted auriferous sulfide lodes similar to other gold deposits of the Nova Lima region (Fig. 2; see

Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the So Bento Manifesto (lease area), after Martins Pereira (1995).

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also Fig. 2 of Baltazar and Zucchetti, 2007-this volume), as described by Lobato et al. (2001a) and RibeiroRodrigues et al. (1996). The Santa Brbara area is, however, characterized by tighter interference folding and shearing compared with deformation elsewhere in the Nova Lima region. The understanding of the geology of the So Bento area is based primarily on the research of Moseley (1986), Abreu et al. (1988), Prado et al. (1991), Martins Pereira (1995) and Martins Pereira et al. (2000). Clastic and chemical metasedimentary rocks dominate the area, comprising a thick succession of carbonaceous quartzchlorite schists, a major BIF (the So Bento BIF) and an overlying package of chloritic and micaceous schist with minor iron formations. In the area described in this paper, Abreu et al. (1988) and Martins Pereira (1995) have identified four principal, informal lithostratigraphic units that are mappable at a scale of 1:25,000. From structural bottom to top, they are designated the Lower banded iron formation, the Basal carbonaceous unit, the So Bento banded iron formation and the Carrapato unit (Figs. 1 and 2). There is insufficient evidence to determine whether this represents the true stratigraphic relationships. The chosen column results from indications that the sequence is homoclinal, i.e., the structures at the So Bento deposit have a relatively consistent NE-strike and SE-dip (Figs. 2 and 3). The mineral parageneses characteristic for this entire succession suggest conditions of greenschist facies metamorphism. The gold ore zones at So Bento are hosted by mineralized horizons of the lower portion of the So Bento BIF, which directly lies on schists of the Basal carbonaceous unit. The laterally disrupted horizons are composed of two main orebodies separated by a 150 to 200 m gap, characterized by structural thinning of the iron formation. The No. 1 and 2 orebodies (Simmons, 1968; Abreu et al., 1988) are similar. They have an average strike length of 250 m and unknown dip extent, the deepest drill intersection being at some 1400 m vertical depth. Below level 21, No. 1 and 2 orebodies converge (Martins Pereira, 1995; Figs. 2, 3 and 4), hampering their distinction. As seen in Fig. 4, the NE part of the orebody extends to greater depth than the SW part, and the gap between No. 1 and 2 orebodies is very indistinct. 3.1. Lower banded iron formation The Lower BIF is well exposed in the western portion of the lease area (Manifesto; Fig. 2) as oxide, silicate and carbonate facies BIF. The rock is finely banded, and contains quartz, magnetite, chlorite and

carbonate. To date, no follow-up exploration has been performed, since mapping and soil geochemical surveys have not shown any anomalous results. 3.2. Basal carbonaceous unit The Basal carbonaceous unit consists of dark grey to black, generally finely banded schists and phyllites, with quartz, sericite and minor chlorite as the essential components. The total thickness of this unit is approximately 650 m, considering an average dip of 55 and not accounting for any possible structural complications. It is now known that what was previously described by Abreu et al. (1988) as graphite represents amorphous carbonaceous material. Non-auriferous pyrite nodules occur throughout the carbonaceous schists (Fig. 5A). They precede the development of the quartzcarbonaterich intercalated laminae, which are common, and may be Au-bearing. 3.3. So Bento banded iron formation The So Bento BIF (Figs. 3 and 6) consists essentially of oxide-facies BIF rich in carbonate and clastic components, which, in places, contains primary sulfide minerals. The rock contains mm- to cm-thick light- and dark-colored bands, due to varying proportions of quartz, carbonates, magnetite and stilpnomelane. The pale layers are generally cream-colored, and are dominated by quartz and carbonate minerals. The darker fissile layers contain chlorite and stilpnomelane, whereas the massive, dark grey layers are made up of magnetite or carbonaceous material and sulfide minerals. Fine-grained, terrigenous, pelitic metasedimentary rocks form intercalations within the So Bento BIF, encompassing carbonaceous chlorite and mica schists. They predominate in the lower part of the iron formation, which, in underground workings, has an average thickness of 120 m. Both vertical and horizontal compositional changes are recorded in the So Bento BIF. Thus, on the basis of combined distinctive, geological and geochemical characteristics, the So Bento BIF is subdivided into lower and upper formations (Abreu et al., 1988; Martins Pereira, 1995; Martins Pereira et al., 2000). The Lower iron formation hosts the bulk of the gold mineralization at So Bento (Fig. 3). It is characterized by the relative heterogeneity of its lithotypes. It contains oxide- and carbonate-facies BIF and ferruginous chert. Intercalations of fine, clastic metasedimentary rocks occur in the form of carbonaceous mica schists, quartz chlorite schists and phyllites. The non-mineralized BIF is characterized by a compositional layering with

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Fig. 3. Vertical cross-section of the So Bento banded iron formation (BIF). DDH: underground diamond drill-holes. 11-1906 X/C and 23-1980 X/C: underground cross-cuts with local grid location.

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alternating quartzcarbonate and magnetitecarbonate bands (Fig. 5B) The dominant carbonate is of sideritic composition (Godoy, 1995). This rock grades laterally and vertically to a distinctive, cream-pinkish, carbonatedominated iron formation, locally containing goldbearing sulfides. It contains ankerite, calcite, ferroan dolomite and siderite, with scheelite and albite, and can also display streaks of variable proportions of magnetite-carbonate rock (Fig. 5BF). The transition from non-mineralized to mineralized BIF is sharp and marked by the presence of sulfides, quartz and carbonate. Where mineralized, the Lower iron formation is characterized by Au-bearing, sulfide-rich layers alternating with carbonatequartz-rich layers in mineralized horizons, with associated quartz veins (Fig. 5D). These horizons

are NESW oriented and contain sulfide, carbonate (dominantly ankerite) and cherty bands (Figs. 5CF and 11B). The sulfide minerals include arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite and pyrite; most of the gold is in solution. The close association of Au and sulfides is emphasized by a positive statistical correlation between Au values, S and As contents (Fig. 7, B). Gold grades at So Bento are remarkably constant at all levels. Upper iron formation: The upper portion of the So Bento oxide-facies BIF (the Upper iron formation) contains less clastic contribution, has a lower arsenic content (maximum of 200 ppm), and has a more homogeneous appearance than the Lower iron formation. It has a thickness of up to 100 m displaying sheared contacts with the overlying Carrapato unit and underlying Lower

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the mineralized horizons from levels 11 to 25 at the So Bento mine. W West horizon, M Middle horizon, SB So Bento Horizon, E East horizon (modified after Martins Pereira, 1995).

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iron formation. The Upper iron formation is composed of individual bands from 0.2 to 10 cm thick, made up of cream-colored carbonate, light and dark grey quartz and magnetite, and dark green chlorite and stilpnomelane. This BIF locally contains layers of quartzsericite chlorite schist, 1 to 2 m thick.

3.4. Carrapato unit This unit, which has an apparent thickness of over 500 m, overlies the So Bento BIF and consists of a relatively monotonous sequence of light and dark greycolored mica schists. Underground, these are referred to as

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Fig. 6. Simplified geological map of level 25. W: west horizon; SB: So Bento horizon; E: east horizon.

Fig. 5. (A) Fine-grained pyrite (Py) crystals form nodules in carbonaceous phyllite of the basal carbonaceous unit. The sample height is approximately 3 cm; (B) Strongly folded, non-mineralized oxide-facies So Bento BIF. Note the intercalation between siderite- (Sid, light grey) and magnetite- (Mt, black) dominated layers. Quartz veins (Qz, white) cross-cut the compositional banding; (C) Rims (black dotted lines) of fine-grained, gold-bearing arsenopyrite (Apy) occur around quartz veins (Qz, white) and these cross-cut the compositional layering. Layering is defined by alternating carbonate- (Cb, mainly ankerite, Ank, light grey) and relict magnetite- (Mt, black, white dotted lines) rich layers. The former represent portions of carbonate-dominated alteration of BIF, locally containing sulfide-bearing gold; (D) mineralized Lower formation of the So Bento BIF, rich in goldbearing arsenopyrite (Apy). Note that at the left hand side, above the scale bar, the enclosed portion of BIF is dominated by a carbonate (ankerite, Ank, medium grey)-rich zone with streaks of magnetite (Mt, dark grey, black dotted lines) and quartz veins (Qz, white). To the right hand side, quartz veins are parallel to the compositional layering, whereas veins at the center transect the banding; (E) carbonate- and magnetite-dominated BIF, locally containing sulfide minerals. Dark grey bands contain Mt, whereas light grey portions represent zones of carbonate alteration (ankerite, Ank). Hinge zones are locally marked by the presence of gold-bearing arsenopyrite (Apy); (F) relics of magnetite-bearing BIF at the So Bento deposit, exhibiting carbonate and sulfide alteration. Note that ankerite (Ank) and/or pyrrhotite (Po, shiny grey) laterally replace magnetite-rich bands and portions (Mt, very dark grey), which contains rare or no gold, associated with irregular quartz veins (Qz).

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Fig. 7. Diagrams showing correlation between gold and sulfur (A) and arsenic (B).

hanging wall schists (Figs. 2 and 3). Discontinuous portions of carbonaceous schists and intercalated carbonaceous quartzschists have been inferred to represent metagreywackes (Martins Pereira, 1995). The carbonaceous portions may contain stretched nodules of pyrite (Fig. 5A), as well as carbonate-rich laminae, with which gold may be associated. The carbonaceous schists may host gold mineralization within discontinuous, smoky quartz veins. They have a relative low (b 1%) sulfide content, mainly stibnite and arsenopyrite. This style of mineralization is similar to that of the Crrego do Stio deposit, some 5 km southwest of So Bento (Lobato et al., 2001a), where auriferous quartzcarbonatesulfide veins and veinlet systems occur in pelitic rocks. 3.5. Mafic dikes Metamorphosed, mafic igneous rock occurs as scarce outcrops and in diamond drill-hole cores at So Bento, normally in the form of dikes. These rocks also occur in other gold deposits hosted by the Nova Lima Group rocks, such as Raposos (Ladeira, 1980, 1991; Junqueira et al., 2007-this volume; Fig. 2 of Baltazar and Zucchetti, 2007this volume). The mafic dikes are green, with a fine-

grained texture, and, although foliated near the contacts with wall rocks, they grade to medium-grained over short distances towards the core of the intrusion, where the foliation is not prominent. The dikes are composed of relics of green hornblende, actinolitetremolite, epidote, carbonate, plagioclase and quartz. The matrix is composed of mica, chlorite, hornblende and albite. Accessory minerals are titanite, apatite, sulfide minerals and magnetite. Contact thermal metamorphism has caused the growth of euhedral white mica and carbonate porphyroblasts, as well as veins with quartz, carbonate and recrystallized sulfide minerals in all enclosing rock types. The dikes cross-cut and displace the ore zones below level 21 (Fig. 3), and therefore represent an important time marker (Martins Pereira, 1995). 4. Textural, mineralogical and geochemical features of the mineralized Lower iron formation Lithotype variations in the Lower iron formation include mm- to cm-thick, grey (magnetite-rich BIF), dark green (quartzchlorite schist) and cream (quartz carbonatesericite schist) layers, which are well developed and may be folded or pinched out due to shearing (Fig. 6). Monotonous intercalations of carbonate

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Fig. 8. Photomicrographs of mineralized BIF at the So Bento deposit. (A) Relict magnetite (Mt, medium grey) crystals are overgrown by pyrrhotite (Po, light grey) that is overgrown by arsenopyrite (Apy, white). Inclusions of carbonate (Cb) occur in Po; (B) synkinematic pyrrhotite (Po, medium grey) is overgrown by subhedral arsenopyrite (Apy, white). Note that the larger crystal in the center displays growth lines. The poikiloblastic aspect of this crystal, with inclusions of Po and carbonate, suggests its formation at the expense of both these phases. Scale bar = 425 m; mineralized So Bento BIF; (C) Arsenic-rich pyrite (Py) overgrows arsenopyrite (Apy). The color of the pyrite crystals is slightly heterogeneous attesting to its compositional variation; (D) elongated gold (Au) particle fills fracture in subhedral pyrite (Py). Pyrite contains relics of ill-formed pyrrhotite (Po, dark grey), which displays an inclusion of chalcopyrite (Cpy). Scale bar = 530 m; (E) gold (Au) particle near the contact of pyrrhotite (Po, dark grey) and arsenopyrite (Apy, light grey). Note relict films of Po in arsenopyrite that replaces the latter.

sericitequartz schists, carbonaceouschlorite schists and quartzchlorite schists with minor amounts of pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite, but with no gold values, are also present. The occurrence of carbonaceous chlorite schists is more common in the SW extension of the underground ore zone.

4.1. Ore zone description There are four mineralized ore horizons in the Lower iron formation, two of which are situated at its lower and upper contacts ((Figs. 3, 4 and 6)). The horizons vary from 0.5 to 8.0 m thick, with gold related to a quartz

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carbonatesulfide assemblage. At the lower contact with the Basal carbonaceous unit, the West horizon is generally present and, at the upper contact, the East horizon is developed. The other Au-bearing layers are termed the Middle and So Bento horizons (Figs. 4 and 6). The most important mineable horizons are West and So Bento. Late-stage quartz veins with coarse and nonauriferous sulfides and carbonates also occur (Fig. 11C). Along strike, these mineralized horizons are disrupted by shearing. Their lateral extensions have been named separately as orebodies No. 1, No. 2 and Pinta Bem (Simmons, 1968; Abreu et al., 1988; Figs. 4 and 6). Underground mapping indicates that the structural features, mineralogical composition, and even gold grade distribution of the orebodies are the same, inferring that there are no significant variations between the West, Middle, So Bento and East horizons. With increasing depth, the distinction between the four mineralized horizons, or their laterally displaced orebodies, is no longer possible due to structural complications. Below level 21, these are merged to produce what is presently mined as the Main and Secondary horizons (Martins Pereira et al., 2000; Figs. 4 and 6).

In all horizons, alternating carbonate and quartz bands dominate the transition from non-mineralized to mineralized BIF. This rock is characterized by alternating cream-pink quartzcarbonate and lighter-grey magnetite layers (Fig. 5CF), which are interpreted as the enclosing carbonate alteration halo (carbonatefacies iron formation of Ladeira and Ferreira, 2000). The goldsulfide zones can be parallel to (Fig. 5D, E) or transect (Fig. 5C) this layering. The layers can be folded and pinched out due to shearing (Martins Pereira et al., 2000). Thick, high-grade gold intercepts represent thick folded zones resulting from intense strain. These zones are the sheared, inverted and attenuated fold limbs that bear the mineralized horizons. 4.1.1. Mineralogical aspects In the proximity to mineralized zones, magnetite is replaced by ankerite and/or pyrrhotite (Fig. 8A) with arsenopyrite (Martins Pereira, 1995). In order of abundance, the composition of the host carbonate-dominated halo is ankerite, siderite, calcite, ferroan dolomite, muscovite, quartz, chlorite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite.

Fig. 9. Proposed hydrothermal alteration sequence of the least-altered (sulfide-poor) So Bento BIF (Lobato et al., 2001a and additional information provided by L.R.B. Miranda S and R.C.F. Silva), more readily applicable to levels 25 and 26. Abbreviations: ank = ankerite; cc = calcite; Fe-dol = ferroan dolomite; musc = muscovite; sd = siderite; ser = sericite (fine-grained muscovite). Solid lines indicate that the presence of a phase is continuous. Dashed lines indicate that the phase may be present or not.

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Synkinematic pyrrhotite is locally the earliest sulfide, but since it may carry fine-grained pyrite inclusions, an earlygeneration pyrite is deduced. Subhedral arsenopyrite is developed at the expense of pyrrhotite (Fig. 8B), and both are commonly replaced by arsenical pyrite (Fig. 8C). Microfractures in pyrite may be filled with pyrrhotite, gold (Fig. 8D, E) and rutile. Fine-grained chalcopyrite occurs along pyrrhotite borders, or as inclusions in it (Fig. 8D). Carbonate minerals corrode sulfide borders, suggesting recurrent carbonate alteration. Siderite may form inclusions in arsenopyrite, and together with ankerite, they are in places included in pyrrhotite. Chlorite forms thin streaks and occurs as inclusions in sulfides. Stilplomelane and muscovite are invariably present, where sphalerite and galena are locally present. Other minor phases are albitic plagioclase, magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, titanite, scheelite, sphalerite, covellite, bornite, chalcopyrite and galena (Fig. 9; Godoy, 1995; Martins Pereira, 1995; Lobato et al., 1998, 2001a). The distribution of pyrite and pyrrhotite vary throughout the deposit, with arsenopyrite being the most abundant sulfide at a constant concentration of about 34% of all sulfides. Pyrrhotite and pyrite are negatively correlated, with pyrrhotite increasing in zones poorer in pyrite. The amount of pyrrhotite increases at depths below level 21, where deformation becomes more intense, with pyrrhotite ultimately occupying hinge zones of tight folds (Martins Pereira, 1995; Lobato et al., 1998, 2001a). Gold particles are distributed as follows: (i) included in arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite and pyrite (Fig. 8D, E); (ii) around the edges of sulfides, particularly near the contacts of pyrrhotite and overgrown arsenopyrite; (iii) at the junction of gangue minerals; (iv) free in the gangue; and (v) in magnetite. Gold grain size varies from 2 to 125 m. About 50% of visible gold is as inclusions within or along the margins of arsenopyrite. Gold is more rarely found along boundaries of gangue minerals (Godoy, 1995; Martins Pereira, 1995; Lobato et al., 1998, 2001a). 4.1.2. Hydrothermal zoning The above characteristics are interpreted to reflect a hydrothermal-alteration zonal pattern of the mineralized BIF from (i) a proximal (central) gold-rich zone containing quartz + carbonate (ankerite) + muscovite + sulfides (pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite); through (ii) an intermediate zone with quartz + muscovite carbonate sulfides chlorite magnetite; to (iii) a distal (outer) zone with quartz + chlorite + muscovite + magnetite + carbonate pyrite (Godoy, 1995; Martins Pereira, 1995; Lobato and Vieira, 1998; Fig. 9).

4.2. REE geochemistry of the So Bento banded iron formation and country rocks Chemical analyses were performed in the Lakefield Geosol laboratories, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Homogeneous pulverized samples are weighed into teflon crucibles. Samples are digested in a combination of nitric, perchloric, and hydrofluoric acids. After being taken to dryness, samples are resumed with hydrochloric acid to redissolve the salts. The rare earth elements are concentrated by ion exchange. All sample batches are prepared with a standard reference material (in-house) and a blank. Samples are analyzed using an ARL Model 35000 ICP-OES; results are shown in Table 1. The average compositions of the So Bento deposit lithotypes are presented in Table 1 (Martins Pereira, 1995). Rare earth element (REE) patterns are presented for schists of the Basal carbonaceous unit (Fig. 10), So Bento, Raposos (Ladeira et al., 1991) and Isua (Dymek and Klein, 1988) BIFs, Au-bearing sulfidized So Bento BIF and mineralized, en nchelon quartz vein. All samples are normalized to the North American Shale Composite (NASC; Haskin et al., 1968). All samples have REE patterns depleted in relation to NASC. The pattern of the schist is slightly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREE). Both non-mineralized and mineralized So Bento BIF have almost flat patterns, close to that of NASC. In comparison to the Isua BIF, they are more enriched in LREE and poorer in the HREE. The typical negative cerium anomaly is lacking,
Table 1 Average composition of rare earth element concentrations of the So Bento magnetitecarbonate iron formation (ppm) La Ce Nd Sm Eu Gd Dy Ho Er Yb Lu Ore zone 5.90 12.12 4.73 0.95 0.25 0.68 0.58 0.11 0.30 0.33 0.06 STD 1.18 2.55 1.39 0.33 0.06 016 0.14 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.16 QSV 0.98 2.24 0.61 0.12 0.03 0.12 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.02 BIF 4.68 9.92 3.77 0.87 0.24 0.70 0.67 0.13 0.36 0.39 0.08 STD 0.90 2.47 1.50 0.42 0.05 0.22 0.22 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.02 Carbonaceous schist 17.28 36.12 17.11 2.99 0.59 1.67 1.11 0.23 0.67 0.67 0.11 STD 1.44 1.05 1.76 0.10 0.06 0.12 0.14 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.01

Ore zone: quartz sulfide-bearing BIF (average of 8 samples; STD = standard deviation). QSV: quartzsulfide-vein assemblage (1 sample). BIF: So Bento BIF (average of 5 samples; STD = standard deviation). Carbonaceous schist: carbonaceous, sericite-bearing schist (average of 2 samples; STD = standard deviation).

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Fig. 10. Rare earth element pattern for the carbonaceous schist (one specimen), for the average composition of non-mineralized (magnetitecarbonate-bearing; average of five specimens, BIF) and mineralized (sulfide-bearing; average of ten specimens, ore) banded iron formation (orebodies nos. 1 and 2), and quartzsulfide veins (one specimen, quartz vein). Raposos BIF data from Ladeira et al. (1991). Issua data from Dymek and Klein (1988).

pelitic carbonaceous schists and H2O-poor in all other quartz veins. A detailed study by Alves (1995) of samples collected from the same ore horizons as those studied by Martins Pereira (1995) shows a remarkable similarity in composition and thermodynamic conditions of fluids in inclusions in both mineralized and barren quartz veins. Microthermometric and Raman microspectroscopic results indicate that the fluids are composed of H2O + CH4 + CO2( N2 HS) and CH4 + N2( HS), both of which were probably related to gold transport and deposition. The main types of inclusions are two-phase, aqueous-carbonic fluids. They may contain CO2 and/or CH4, with extremely variable CO2/CH4 ratios, and minor N2, HS ( H2S). There is a decrease in the carbonic phase from 15 to 5%, and increase in the H2O/(CO2 + CH4) and CO2/CH4 ratios as the fluid evolved. The shift from CH4- to CO2dominated inclusions can be explained by the reaction CH4+2O2 CO2 + 2H2O (Alves, 1995). Trapping conditions evolved from about 300 C at 3.2 kbar to 200 C at 1 kbar. Salinity is in the range of 3.4 to 5.0 wt.% NaCl equiv. Rare CH4 (N2 HS) inclusions occur along fractures and are typified by a salinity of 10 wt.% NaCl equivalent. 6. Structure of the So Bento gold deposit 6.1. Structural data The So Bento deposit is located approximately on the axial trace of the Conceio anticline (Dorr, 1969), designated as the Conceio shear zone by Martins Pereira (1995, Fig. 2). The deposit lies within a homoclinal sequence (Figs. 2, 3 and 4), with an average attitude of N30 to 40E/45 to 55SE (Martins Pereira, 1995). It is intensely deformed, as demonstrated by foliation-parallel ductile shear zones, which caused stretching and attenuation of units of differing competence (Martins Pereira, 1995). Despite the intense deformation imposed on the deposit, the compositional layers of the iron formation exhibit a relative degree of lateral and vertical continuity

and the positive europium anomaly is relatively less pronounced. Their pattern diverges strongly from the Raposos BIF. The profile for sulfide-bearing quartz veins is relatively parallel to both non-mineralized and mineralized BIF, but with a lower rare earth element concentration. This suggests its inheritance from the host iron formation (Martins Pereira, 1995). The similarity between the REE profile exhibited by the non-mineralized and mineralized So Bento BIF with NASC suggests an important clastic contribution. Both samples of BIF and quartzsulfide veins have very similar profiles. 5. Fluid inclusions De Witt et al. (1994) showed that fluid inclusions are H2O-rich in non-mineralized quartz veins hosted by

Fig. 11. Lithostructural aspects of selected samples from So Bento. (A) Lateral- and vertically semi-continuous compositional layering, typical of the non-mineralized So Bento iron formation. Note that thin quartz veins cross-cut the banding. The stick measures 1 m; (B) carbonate (ankerite)-rich rock, representing a carbonate alteration zone. The sample displays alternating carbonate (ankerite, ank), locally containing minor magnetite (Mt), and quartz (Qz) bands. Fine-grained, discrete arsenopyrite clusters are present in the lower and upper portions; (C) late, non-mineralized quartz (Qz, in white) vein (center of the photo). Quartz may carry non-auriferous, coarse pyrite and pyrrhotite in sulfide (Sulf) clusters; (D) cross-section of the typical, folded termination of the So Bento banded iron formation. The fold is enclosed in carbonaceous schist and marked laterally by shear zones filled with quartz (stippled lines); these are parallel to the foliation Sn, coinciding with the fold axial plane. The hinge orientation has a plunge (N60E/ 35) that is oblique to Sn. The left hand side is located at the southeast, whereas the right hand side is at the northwest; (E) en chelon array of the veins marking the central portion of a sulfide alteration zone (stippled area), which contains gold-rich arsenopyrite (Apy), and out of which carbonate (Cb, mainly ankerite) alteration zones develop. Note that the sulfide-rich zones are separated from magnetite (Mt)-rich BIF by carbonate alteration halos that contain relics of magnetite-rich layers.

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(Fig. 11A). Although each horizon of the Au-sulfidebearing BIF appears distinct, it is inferred that they result from intense folding and/or shearing of one or two layers of mineralized BIF. This is demonstrated by the convergence of the West and Middle horizons at depth,

behavior that is also similar for the So Bento and East horizons (Martins Pereira, 1995). The internal planar structures at So Bento include compositional banding, which tends to be parallel to the various structural elements, including the metamorphic-

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Fig. 12. Longitudinal section of the So Bento ore zone.

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deformational foliation Sn N37E/52SE, spaced cleavage (= fracture cleavage), joints, shear zones, axial surfaces of folds and all other fold elements. The most important structural elements are Sn, Lm, and Bn, analyzed in the stereograms (Fig. 13). The principal linear element is the stretching and/or mineral lineation, Lm, plunging at S54E/52, defined by sulfides and sericite. Hinge lines are denoted by Bn; an older hinge line, Bn1, is recognized locally. The ore horizons are elongated along the linear elements that control them, which are themselves structurally constrained. The linear structure Lm coincides with the plunge of the overall rock succession. Both the rocks and the ore can be described as B and or B/S tectonites (Turner and Weiss, 1963). The stretching lineation Lm and the hinge lines Bn that control the orebodies are in most cases parallel; they have a consistent plunge of S50E/55 down to level 15 (Martins Pereira, 1995). At level 25, the plunge is S55E/52, suggesting that the ore horizons may flatten as the mine deepens (Fig. 3). The deposit plunge is down dip and not necessarily coincident with the closure of the mineralized horizons (Figs. 12 and 13A, B; Martins Pereira, 1988, 1992, 1995). These characteristics reflect a sheath fold pattern with a variably oriented hinge line. As pointed out above, the ore zones below level 21 are restricted to the Main and Secondary horizons. The former is the structural junction of the West and Middle horizons, whereas the Secondary horizon represents the So Bento horizon. The economic East horizon of shallower levels is discontinuous and erratic at this depth. The ore horizons converge along strike and down dip (Figs. 3 and 4). These relationships confirm that each horizon is a result of a single, intensely folded layer of iron formation. These folds have very tight hinges, with long stretched limbs (Figs. 5B and 11D; Martins Pereira, 1995). Analyses of the linear-fabric array are presented in Fig. 13AC. The stereogram (Fig. 13C) shows two girdles, viz. two families of Bn folds are inferred by joining the two population maxima. This indicates that the fold hinge lines Bn are geometrically convergent. Such a distribution is interpreted to reflect the presence of conical folds that could have resulted from sheath folding, supporting the model of Spencer (1989) and Martins Pereira (1992, 1995). The latter concludes that the relative opening of the ore zone towards level 21 is probably a consequence of the sheathfold geometry. Shear zones commonly deform and truncate the So Bento BIF. Most of the terminations of the ore horizons are remarkably sheared. The distribution of the stretching lineations on the foliation planes and in the

shear zones is virtually coincident, suggesting that both features were generated by the same event of sheath folding. The terminations of the ore zones are also characterized by shear-related folding and the fold hinges may have variable orientations (Figs. 11C and 13C; Martins Pereira, 1992, 1995). The slight change in hinge lines towards the northeast, as well as the ore horizons, is considered to be the result of the rotation/transposition of earlier shear structures. Ladeira (1980, 1991) and Grossi Sad and Pinto (1986) have described the rotation/transposition of similar early structures in other gold deposits hosted by the Nova Lima rocks. 6.2. Structural control on gold ores Two styles of sulfide distribution have been suggested for the So Bento deposit (Fletcher, in Spencer, 1989), encompassing finely-laminated and banded sulfides in iron formation, and sulfide-bearing quartz veins (Fig. 5CE). Detailed underground mapping of some exposures of the ore horizons help establish the following structural characteristics of these ore styles (Spencer, 1989; Martins Pereira, 1995). 1) The sulfide-bearing quartz veins are planar features. 2) The veins are parallel and exhibit en chelon arrangements (Figs. 11E and 14). 3) Both quartz and sulfide minerals of the mineralized horizons are generally deformed (Fig. 5C, D). 4) Banded sulfides in mineralized iron formation are best developed in the proximity of sulfide-bearing quartz veins. There is a decrease in the concentration of Au-bearing sulfide minerals away from the veins (Fig. 5C, D, F). 5) The borders of goldsulfide-bearing quartz veins are marked by rims of sulfide (mainly arsenopyrite) crystals aligned parallel to the vein direction (Figs. 5C and 11E). From the rims towards the host rock, sulfides are concentrated in layers that can be followed along strike and dip to portions of ankerite-rich banded rock and from there to barren magnetite-rich, oxide-facies laminae of BIF (Fig. 5E). 6) Sulfide-bearing quartz veins obliquely truncate fold limbs in oxide-facies BIF. This feature is interpreted as an indication that veins post-date folding and that the banded sulfide in the iron formation is spatially associated with the veins (Fig. 5E). 7) At localities where detailed mapping was undertaken (Spencer, 1989), it has been shown that the sinistral, en chelon vein array does not affect the foliation of the BIF (Fig. 5C), thereby indicating

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Fig. 13. Lower-hemisphere stereographic projection of the So Bento BIF showing: (A) the distribution of the foliation, Sn,. Maximum: N37E/52SE; (B) the distribution of the mineral lineation, Lm, of the So Bento BIF. Maximum: S54E/52; (C) the distribution of the fold axis, Bn, of the So Bento BIF. Maxima: N77E/44; S67E/50; S10W/47.

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Fig. 14. Schematic map of the distribution of quartzsulfide veins at level 25. Note the en chelon array of the vein orientation in relation to the compositional layering of the So Bento iron formation. WIDS: west horizon inter-drive south (underground local grid).

that this array is a primary structural feature and not the result of disruption by planar sulfide-bearing quartz veins. 8) The ore minerals are hosted in heterogeneously banded, cream-colored quartzcarbonate (ankerite)rich rock with variable proportions of magnetite (Fig. 11B). Notably, these rocks are the same in all ore horizons, and interpreted to represent carbonate alteration haloes that enclose the ore. A sinistral en chelon array of veins (Fig. 14) implies a system of dextral, strikeslip, lateral shearing (Spencer, 1989; Martins Pereira, 1995). The low angle ( 5), that exists between this en chelon system of veins and the plane of shearing may be explained as the

result of attenuation of the en chelon system during a later compressional event, when the sulfide-bearing quartz veins were internally folded in sheaths (Spencer, 1989; Martins Pereira, 1992, 1995: Figs. 5C, D and 14). The pervasive shearing of the Nova Lima succession supports the conclusion as interpretation that compressional structural zones existed at the northeastern border of the Quadriltero Ferrfero. Indications of zones of extreme ductile deformation are noted in road cuttings near the town of Santa Brbara. More competent units and quartz veins (cherty bands?) in the schists are attenuated and boudinaged. Small-scale sheath-fold-like and hook-structures are common in the schists. The presence of crenulation cleavages indicates that these are oblique to Lm.

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Evidence from exposures throughout the QF and the So Bento deposit indicate that they transect Lm and are therefore of late origin. There are also quartzcarbonate veins containing pyrrhotite and pyrite which are interpreted to be a late stage. They are non-auriferous and are associated with both vertical and horizontal terminations of the ore horizons, cross-cutting the layering (Fig. 11C). Martins Pereira (1995) proposed a geological model in which an original, N60E-directed structure was rotated, generating sheath folds and associated dip slip movements and late brittle structures. In the final stages, mafic dikes were emplaced, displacing the mineralized zones to the northeast. 6.3. Structural framework The first structural event D1, described by Ladeira and Viveiros (1984), is ductile in nature and produced recumbent, isoclinal, reclined and inclined folds; their hinge lines Bn1 have a Sn1 axialplanar schistosity that, along the limbs, is parallel to the compositional layering of the BIF and carbonaceous schists. All fold hinges and linear fabrics plunge approximately N60E to S60E/3545, and could be interpreted to represent either a continual variation or a bimodal population. This deformation affected the Rio das Velhas rocks and may be interpreted as a result of a compression from NE to SW via overthrusts and low angle thrusts. At the So Bento gold deposit, the fold hinges oriented at N77E/44 (Fig. 13C) represent the Bn1 folds. Probably during the same event, D1, the Rio das Velhas rocks underwent late strikeslip tectonics. A later compressional, ductile deformation event (D2) overprinted and/or rotated any previous structures and all the Nova Lima rocks at So Bento (Lm: S55E/52, Fig. 13B). The overall geometry identified in the So Bento BIF was generated in this event. The D3 event is considered to be a more brittle stage of D2 and generated fractures and crenulation cleavages in previously foliated rocks (Martins Pereira, 1995). 7. Proposed evolution for the So Bento gold deposit Any proposed evolution for the So Bento deposit must take into account the few geochronological data available for this and other BIF-hosted gold deposits of the QF. The PbPb analyses of refractory arsenopyrite and pyrite from bedded and remobilized ore plot on a single-stage growth model curve at 2.65 Ga (De Witt et al., 1996). A single fraction of rutile from a shearrelated, goldsulfide-bearing zone within a felsic

metavolcanic rock, near the town of Caet (15 km from So Bento; Fig. 2 of Baltazar and Zucchetti, 2007this volume), is highly discordant (24%) and yields a 207 Pb/Pb206 model age of 2.58 Ga (Noce, 1995), also suggesting a Late-Archean age for the Caet gold deposit. Reviews of the geochronological data from the Quadriltero Ferrfero region and its gold deposits are given by Noce (2000), Lobato et al. (2001a,b) and Noce et al. (2007-this volume). The following scenario is proposed to explain the evolution of the So Bento gold deposit area (after Martins Pereira, 1995; Ladeira and Ferreira, 2000). 1. Orebodies in the So Bento BIF-hosted gold deposit are stratabound and locally have a stratiform appearance. Their development was associated with folding and shearing of BIF, but were then folded and deformed with the enclosing rocks and their hydrothermal alteration products. 2. The So Bento BIF was intensely and extensively deformed, first into open upright folds that subsequently evolved into tight, asymmetric isoclinal folds. The overturned limb of these folds attenuated and gave way to sheath folds and the establishment of ductile shear zones with thrust motion. 3. The So Bento, East and West mineralized horizons are the end result of a multi-stage process of ore genesis, which took place early in the structural history of the So Bento gold deposit, in association with major transcurrent and thrusts faults. In other regions of the Quadriltero Ferrfero, one of these structures has been termed the Rio das Velhas uplift (Dorr, 1969), which is equivalent to the Rio das Velhas anticlinorium of Ladeira (1980), or Pacincia lineament (e.g., Scarpelli, 1991; Baltazar and Zucchetti, 2007this volume). In the region of the So Bento Manifesto (lease area, Fig. 2), thrust and transcurrent faults comprise the Conceio (Martins Pereira, 1995), Baro de Cocais and So Bento (Spencer, 1989) shear zones. Gold-bearing sulfides and a pervasive foliation Sn developed during this time. 4. Dextral movement on the SWNE-directed Conceio shear zone (Fletcher, 1989; Martins Pereira, 1995) may have generated splays at a compressional side-stepping zone, such as the So Bento shear zone the structural loci for the So Bento gold mineralization. This compressional event, D1, is considered to have resulted in uplift, such as the Rio das Velhas uplift of Dorr (1969),

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5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

and folding/deformation of the BIF in a ductile regime. At So Bento, the host rocks to the mineralization were folded during D1. The sulfidequartz veins cut folded bands of the host BIF suggesting that this is a structure that predates the mineralization. As a result of folding and shearing, sulfides migrated to the foliation interstices of Sn. The hinge lines of these folds are thought to have an EW orientation. The compression could have been from N to S. Another alternative would be to postulate hinge lines with an approximate NS to NNE trend and shear compression from the SE or E. Locally, pyrite is present as a very fine-grained, accessory phase in magnetitesiderite BIF, as well as in carbonaceous schists (Fig. 5A). This pyrite lies parallel to the compositional banding and is interpreted to be the oldest sulfide generation in the deposit (Martins Pereira, 1995). It probably pre-dates metamorphism and dynamic deformation, and has a syngenetic origin (Ladeira, 1980). The mineral associations of both wall rocks and the ore suggest greenschist facies conditions of metamorphism. The metamorphic mineral paragenesis provides crustal temperatures from 250 to 350 C, with depths of dynamo-metamorphism of about 10 to 12 km (Ladeira, 1980, 1988). Fluid inclusion data suggest 300 C at a pressure of 3.2 kbar (Alves, 1995). Relaxation of the Conceio shear zone under more brittle conditions resulted in the development of dilational features, such as tension gashes, in a relatively brittleductile regime. This may have facilitated access of auriferous fluids to the chemically and mechanically reactive BIF. Gold deposition followed, together with quartz and sulfide minerals in dilatational gashes fractures, forming an en chelon auriferous quartzvein system. This system developed during the second, transcurrent-dominated stage of D1, related to the relaxation of the Conceio shear zone. Gold was epigenetically concentrated in structural traps of the siderite-rich BIF through the action of hydrothermal fluids, with development of gold sulfidequartz veins (Martins Pereira, 1995). A later compressional (D2), ductile deformation overprinted, rotated and flattened the whole rock succession. These structures, plus the geometrical and kinematic indicators, are described, for example, by Guild (1957), Ladeira and Viveiros (1984), Grossi Sad and Pinto (1986), Belo de Oliveira and Vieira (1987).

10. Despite restricted geochronology, the earliest structures described in the area are interpreted to be Archean (see also Lobato et al., 2001a,b). During the Archean, and the closure of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup depository, these developed in association with the formation of the orebodies. 11. During the Paleoproterozoic, the TransAmazonian tectonic cycle affected rocks of the Minas Supergroup (e.g., Marshak and Alkmim, 1989; Alkmim and Marshak, 1998) that were unconformably deposited on the Rio das Velhas Supergroup. This tectonic regime caused several major synformal folds on the Minas Supergroup, with inversion of limbs sliced by thrust zones. The Proterozoic deformation transported the Minas Supergroup as a piggy-back structural complex on top of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup along dcollement surfaces (detachment structures). The relationship of the So Bento orebodies to this deformation is discussed in terms of opposing views in 12 to 14 below. 12. Since D2 structures at So Bento are similar in direction to those affecting the Minas Supergroup rocks, Martins Pereira (1995) suggested that they were developed during the Proterozoic, TransAmazonian event (see also Belo-de-Oliveira and Teixeira, 1990), including the sheath folds. This event in the Quadriltero Ferrfero is constrained by radiogenic data provided by Machado et al. (1992), Babinski et al. (1993), Noce (1995) and De Witt et al. (1994, 1996). Despite these evidences, it is not clear how and if this event really affected rocks at the deposit site, both in terms of structural and hydrothermal modifications. Besides, no robust geochronological data exist at So Bento to support any Proterozoic age-constrained evolutionary, structural history. 13. Isotopic resetting of the Rio das Velhas greenstone succession by the later TransAmazonian orogeny is depicted by the evolutionary picture presented by Noce (1995, 2000) and Lobato et al. (2001b). There was generation of mantle-derived tonalites and trondhjemites at 2162 to 2124 Ga and metamorphic overprinting around 2020 Ga (Noce, 1995, 2000). 14. Other authors (e.g., Lobato et al., 2001a) refute the interpretation that the present geometry at So Bento is of Proterozoic age, and point to an entirely Archean evolution for the NovaLimahosted gold deposits. In fact, the age relations of the various ductile structures and degree of ore displacement are not yet well understood.

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8. Concluding remarks The lode-gold deposits of the Quadriltero Ferrfero, including So Bento, share a number of geological characteristics with lode-gold deposits in other Archean cratons worldwide, particularly with those in greenschist facies rocks (Lobato et al., 2001b). The deposits of the Quadriltero Ferrfero resemble Late-Archean gold deposits elsewhere in the world, in terms of ore elements, wall rock alteration and ore fluid composition. There is an association between gold and BIFs in Archean greenstone belts in Canada (e.g., Fyon et al., 1983; Armitage et al., 1996), Australia (e.g., Vielreicher et al., 1994), Zimbabwe (e.g., Gilligan and Foster, 1987) and Tanzania (e.g., Borg, 1994). Most authors show that mineralization is related to hydrothermal sulfidation of original, metamorphic iron-bearing phases, mainly magnetite. The closest analogues of the So Bento gold deposit in Brazil are deposits in the QF (Lobato et al., 1998, 2001a), such as Raposos (Vial, 1980; Vieira, 1987; Ladeira, 1991; Junqueira et al., 2007-this volume) and Cuiab (Vial, 1988; Ladeira, 1991, Ribeiro-Rodrigues et al., 1994, 1996, 2000). Global analogues include Lupin, NWT, Canada (Kerswill, 1993) and Vubachikwe, Gwanda greenstone belt, Zimbabwe (Fripp, 1976). It has been suggested for other areas of the Quadriltero Ferrfero that an Archean deformational event generated folds oriented 060080, as described for example by Ladeira and Viveiros (1984), Grossi Sad and Pinto (1986). These are present in the So Bento area and are affected by strikeslip-dominated structures that acted as conduits for gold-mineralizing fluids responsible for gold deposition. This set of D1 fabrics is considered to have been generated in the Archean, and to have been totally or partially transposed by a later shear compressional event, D2 (Martins Pereira, 1995). Structures pertaining to D2 are parallel to TransAmazonian-age structures and ascribed to this period by some authors (e.g., Belo-de-Oliveira and Teixeira, 1990; Martins Pereira, 1995), despite the lack of precise geochronological data. Both carbonaceous schists and magnetite-dominant iron formation (of the Upper iron formation) behaved as zones of relatively low permeability in comparison with the chertcarbonate-rich magnetite iron formations that typify the So Bento host to gold. Whereas both schists and magnetite-dominated iron formations responded in a more ductile manner, the host to gold had a more brittleductile behavior. The carbonaceous schist also acted as a physical barrier to the fluids, enhancing fluid interaction at the contact between the schist and the Lower formation of the So Bento iron formation.

The proposed model by Martins Pereira (1995) and the fluid inclusion studies (Alves, 1995) suggest a metamorphic origin for the mineralizing fluid. Fluid signature is similar to that of other lode-gold deposits (e.g., Lobato et al., 2001a). A similar conclusion is proposed for other Archean banded-iron-formationhosted gold deposits of the Quadriltero Ferrfero (Lobato et al., 2001a). The absence of granitic rocks or porphyry stocks close to the deposit does not allow the implication of fluids and metals of an igneous source. The nearest granitoids rocks are about 5 to 10 km from the gold deposits and are part of the basement complex. The period 2.65 0.3 Ga was a time for gold deposition worldwide, including the Superior Province, the Zimbabwe craton and the Yilgarn block (Groves and Foster, 1991). The investigation of deposits in these regions shows that the best gold provinces occur within volcano-sedimentary successions that formed during episodes of subduction and accretion (e.g., Herrington et al., 1997), prior to the final stabilization of the ancient cratons. The development of shear zones and related structures, with tectonic transport from E to W and strong development of planar and linear fabrics, represents the most conspicuous structural event in the Quadriltero Ferrfero. Such transport direction is similar to those mentioned above for the So Bento deposit area (Martins Pereira, 1995). Although these structures were originally interpreted by Martins Pereira (1995) as being of Paleoproterozoic age, other evidences to support this interpretation are lacking at this time. The potential for further discoveries of So Bentolike gold deposits is high in the QF region. There are several poorly-evaluated gold prospects in BIF near So Bento (e.g., So Jorge, Simmons, 1968), and, the recent re-evaluation of the nearby Crrego do Stio deposit, with mining operations reopened in 2002, has provided more incentive for exploration in this area. The strong structural control of the mineralized iron formations and their better understanding by detailed mapping of regional and district-scale discontinuities provides a potential opportunity to discover further resources (Martins Pereira, 1995). Acknowledgements We would like to thank Mr. Lincoln Silva (So Bento Minerao S.A.) and Mr. Paul N. Wright (Eldorado Gold Corporation) for permission to publish this paper. The help by other So Bento's staff personnel are also acknowledged: Geraldo Ferreira, Tarcsio Lima, Edmar Linhares, Paulo Santos, Lus Patrocnio and ngela

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Oliveira. The authors would like to express their gratefulness to Dr. Eduardo A. Ladeira for his support and discussions. Dr. David Groves kindly revised and suggested pertinent modifications in the final manuscript. We are also thankful to Dr. J.H.D. Schorsher and F.B. Valladares for their geological discussions. Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e Silva and Laryssa Ribeiro Barros Miranda de S undertook additional petrographic studies. Luciana Costa helped with the final edition and Franciscus J. Baars revised the manuscript. LML is indebted to the Brazilian research foundation (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e TecnolgicoCNPq) for personal grant and continuing financial support over the years. Undergraduate and graduate students benefit from scholarships by both CNPq and Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES). References
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