R.

V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

USN:

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: M. LOKESHWARI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Q. List the Environmental Impacts of over usage of Energy Sources?

The impacts of overusing of Energy Sources are: Increased Carbon Footprint The primary environmental effect of energy overuse is an increase in your carbon footprint, but there are simple changes you can make at home to avoid this. For example, if you keep devices plugged in and running when they're not in use, the result is an increase in electrical use and, consequently, a bump in the amount of greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere. Leaving your laptop plugged in all the time will use nearly 300 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity each year, and a desktop computer left to idle will use more than 600 kW of electricity annually. Even leaving your fully charged cellphone attached to its charger can waste almost 20 kWh a year, explains the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Increased Risk of Climate Change Coal and natural gas supplied more than two-thirds of the energy in the U.S. in 2011. Each energy form contributes to total greenhouse gas emissions. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), fossil fuel combustion accounted for more than 5,200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMT CO2 Eq.) in 2009. This figure is a 10 percent increase from 1990. In addition, methane emissions from natural gas increased during the same period by 17 percent. Part of this increase is due to the careless use of electricity. The United States wastes more than $2 billion worth of energy each year from inefficient outdoor lighting alone Reduction in Supply In areas with heavy population densities, the price you pay for home electricity is determined by supply and demand. Some power plants charge consumers more during peak hours. Your overuse will contribute to a scarcity in this energy supply and thus an increase in overall electricity costs. Over the long term, the rise in demand may place additional burdens on threatened environmental areas -- such as coastal areas or wildlife refuges -- to ensure adequate resources. Drilling for natural gas or mining for coal to meet excessive energy demands will negatively impact the environment. Higher Energy Costs A natural consequence of overusing energy is increased costs for you. This can come in the form of fuel and energy bills; you will be paying more without an appreciable return on your investment. You may also risk lowering the

expected lifespan of appliances and other electronics. When you have to replace spent devices, you further impact the environment by generating waste and purchasing replacement equipment. Your wise use of electricity, therefore, can translate into long-term savings in energy bills and also reduce the need for other purchases. Q. List and Explain Alternate Energy Source. The various alternate energy sources are: 1. Nuclear Power 2. Compressed Natural Gas 3. Biomass 4. Geothermal Power 5. Radiant Energy 6. Hydroelectricity 7. Wind Power 8. Solar Power 9. Wave Power 10. Tidal Power

Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions. The only method in use today is through nuclear fission, though other methods might one day include nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. All utility-scale reactors heat water to produce steam, which is then converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion. In 2007, 14% of the worlds electricity came from nuclear power, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 56.5% of nuclear generated electricity. There are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world, operating in 31 countries. According to the World Nuclear Association, globally during the 1980s one new nuclear

reactor started up every 17 days on average, and by the year 2015 this rate could increase to one every 5 days. According to a 2007 story broadcast on 60 Minutes, nuclear power gives France the cleanest air of any industrialized country, and the cheapest electricity in all of Europe. France reprocesses its nuclear waste to reduce its mass and make more energy. Reprocessing can potentially recover up to 95% of the remaining uranium and plutonium in spent nuclear fuel, putting it into new mixed oxide fuel. This produces a reduction in long term radioactivity within the remaining waste, since this is largely short-lived fission products, and reduces its volume by over 90%. France is generally cited as the most successful reprocessor, but it presently only recycles 28% (by mass) of the yearly fuel use, 7% within France and another 21% in Russia. Proponents of nuclear energy contend that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions and increases energy security by decreasing dependence on foreign oil. Proponents also emphasize that the risks of storing waste are small and can be further reduced by using the latest technology in newer reactors, and the operational safety record in the Western World is excellent when compared to the other major kinds of power plants. Critics believe that nuclear power is a potentially dangerous energy source, with decreasing proportion of nuclear energy in power production, and dispute whether the risks can be reduced through new technology. Proponents advance the notion that nuclear power produces virtually no air pollution, in contrast to the chief viable alternative of fossil fuel. Proponents also point out that nuclear power is the only viable course to achieve energy independence for most Western countries. Critics point to the issue of storing radioactive waste, the history of and continuing potential for radioactive contamination by accident or sabotage, the history of and continuing possibility of nuclear proliferation and the disadvantages of centralized electricity production.

Biomass
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. In this context, biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce for example trash such as dead trees and branches, yard clippings and

wood chips biofuel, and it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil). The particular plant used is usually not important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material. Production of biomass is a growing industry as interest in sustainable fuel sources is growing. The existing commercial biomass power generating industry in the United States produces about 0.5 percent of the U.S. electricity supply. Currently, the New Hope Power Partnership is the largest biomass power plant in North America. The facility reduces dependence on oil by more than one million barrels per year, and by recycling sugar cane and wood waste, preserves landfill space in urban communities in Florida. Q. Explain Vehicular Emission Standards of fuel consumption. The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to twoand three-wheeled vehicles. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) Standard India 2000 Bharat Stage II Reference Euro 1 Euro 2 Date 2000 2001 2003.04 2005.04 2005.04 2010.04 2010.04 Region Nationwide NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai NCR*, 11 Cities Nationwide NCR*, 11 Cities Nationwide NCR*, 11 Cities

Bharat Stage III Bharat Stage IV

Euro 3 Euro 4

* National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra

The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II is applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III standards come in force from April 1, 2010.

Light Duty Vehicles

Emission standards for light-duty vehicles (GVW 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 2. Ranges of emission limits refer to different categories and classes of vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicleemission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). When three limits are listed, they refer to vehicles category M & N1 Class I, N1 Class II, and N1 Class III, respectively.
Table 2 Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles, g/km Year Diesel 1992 1996 2000 2005 2010 2010 Reference Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 CO 17.3-32.6 5.0-9.0 2.72-6.90 1.0-1.5 0.64 0.80 0.95 0.50 0.63 0.74 14.3-27.1 8.68-12.4 4.34-6.20 2.72-6.90 2.2-5.0 2.3 4.17 5.22 1.0 1.81 2.27 HC 2.7-3.7 HC+NOx 2.0-4.0 0.97-1.70 0.7-1.2 0.56 0.72 0.86 0.30 0.39 0.46 3.00-4.36 1.50-2.18 0.97-1.70 0.5-0.7 NOx 0.50 0.65 0.78 0.25 0.33 0.39 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.08 0.10 0.11 PM 0.14-0.25 0.08-0.17 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.025 0.04 0.06 -

Euro 4

Gasoline 1991 1996 1998* 2000 Euro 1 2005 Euro 2 2010 Euro 3 2010

Euro 4

2.0-2.9 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.1 0.13 0.16

* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1

 only in selected regions, see Table 1

The test cycle has been the NEDC for low-powered vehicles (max. speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). Through the BS II (Euro II) stage, engines for use in light-duty vehicles could be alternatively emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Alternative Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh Year 1992 1996 2000 2005 Reference Euro I Euro II CO 14.0 11.20 4.5 4.0 HC 3.5 2.40 1.1 1.1 NOx 18.0 14.4 8.0 7.0 PM 0.36* 0.15

* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1

2- And 3-Wheel Vehicles

Emission standards for 2- and 3-wheel vehicles are listed in the following table. Table 5 Emission Standards for 2- And 3-Wheel Vehicles, g/km Year Standard 2-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles 1991 1996 2000 2005.04 BS II 2010.04 BS III 3-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles 1991 1996 2000 2005.04 BS II 2010.04 BS III 2- And 3-Wheel Diesel Vehicles CO 12-30 4.50 2.00 1.5 1.0 12-30 6.75 4.00 2.25 1.25 HC 8-12 8-12 HC+NOx 3.60 2.00 1.5 1.0 5.40 2.00 2.00 1.25 PM -

2005.04 2010.04

BS II BS III

1.00 0.50

0.85 0.50

0.10 0.05

Q. Explain Green Buildings and Rating Systems. Green building design is a practical and climate conscious approach to building design. Various factors, like geographical location, prevailing climatic conditions, use of locally available and low embodied energy materials and design parameters relevant to the type of usage of the building are normally taken into consideartion. Such an approach ensures minimum harm to the environment, while constructing and using the building. A look at traditional building techniques clearly shows that the concept of green or sustainable buildings has existed in our country for a long time. These buildings were generally made of locally available materials like wood, mud and stone and dealt with the vagaries of weather without using a large amount of external energy to keep the inhabitants comfortable. Buildings are among the greatest consumers of energy. Combining cutting edge energy efficient technologies with adaptation of practices used in vernacular architecture which used more of locally available materials and resources is necessary, especially for countries like India where per capita energy consumption is rising rapidly due to high economic growth. This will reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels which have to be imported and are depleting at an alarming rate. A green building uses minimum amount of energy, consumes less water, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and creates space for healthy and comfortable living. When a number of green buildings are located in proximity, they would create a green zone, providing much healthier environment and minimise heat-island effect. The ultimate aim will then be to create many such areas, which would help the towns and cities and therefore the nation in reducing total energy requirement and also the overall global carbon footprint. The measures that need to be taken to make a green building can be distributed over three different phases of construction. These are:

Measures taken before construction

Site selection

Soil and landscape conservation Health and well being Conservation and efficient utilisation of energy and resources Waste management. Soil and landscape conservation Conservation and efficient utilisation of energy and resources Waste management Health and well-being

Measures taken during construction

Green building rating systems are an important tool in measuring and evaluating the environmental performance of a building. These rating systems cover a broad range of environmental considerations from the building site selection, design, and construction, to building operations and workspace quality. LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) Provides a framework for developing and evaluating high performance green buildings. LEED Canada is administered by the Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC). LEED is administered by the US Green Building Council in the USA. BuiltGreen Owned and managed by the Built Green Society of Canada, BuiltGreen BC offers certification for new single family homes and row homes. Membership in Built Green is open to all members of participating Home Builders Associations (HBAs) including builders, renovators, product suppliers or manufacturers, service providers, community developers and municipalities.

BOMA BESt (Building Environmental Standards) BOMA BESt is the leading environmental certification program for commercial buildings. This national program was launched in 2005 by BOMA Canada to address an industry need for realistic standards for energy and environmental performance of existing buildings based on accurate, independently verified information. Today, BOMA BESt has evolved from simply identifying key best practices to providing common standards; an array of educational and on-line assessment tools; independent data audits; and a four-level performance certification program.

BOMA Go Green Plus An online assessment tool that measures the environmental performance of commercial buildings. Go Green Plus delivers scoring reports on how a building is performing, as well as providing very specific questions that enable the building manager to look at the components needed to achieve the benchmarks. Green Globes Design On-line auditing tool to help integrate environmental performance in project delivery and to evaluate new building design against best practices and standards. SBTool Formerly known as GBTool, SBTool is a generic framework for rating the sustainable performance of buildings and projects. It may also be thought of as a toolkit that assists local organizations to develop rating systems. The system handles large projects or single buildings, residential or commercial, new and existing construction, or a mix of the two. Download SBTool from the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment site.

There are three primary rating systems in India: GRIHA, IGBC and BEE. GRIHA stands for "Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment" and has been developed keeping in mind the various conditions and requirements specific to the design and construction of green buildings in India. IGBC stands for "Indian Green Building Council" and provides the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) ratings for green buildings devised in the United States in India. The Bureau of Energy Efficieny (BEE) launched a Star Rating Programme in 2009, for office buildings in order to accelerate the Energy Efficiency activities in commercial buildings. The programme developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, BEE is based on actual performance of the building, in terms of specific energy usage (in kWh/sq m/year).