Reading Comprehension

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Fleur

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Test of English as a Foreign Language

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Reading Comprehension

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The TOFEL IBT Reading section includes 3 to 5 reading passages, each approximately 700 words long. There are 12 to 14 questions per passage. You have from 60 to 100 minutes to answer all questions in the section. (Official Guide .p.19) Most questions are worth 1 points but the last question in each set is worth more than 1 points. The directions indicate how many points you may receive. (Reading section directions in actual test) ETS

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The Reading section is divided into separately timed parts. (Reading section directions in the actual test ) A clock in the top of the screen will show how much time to available to answer these questions.(Reading section direction in the first model test) Within each part, you can go to the next question by clicking Next. You may skip question and go back to them later. If you want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you which questions you have answered and which you have not answered. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the Reading section. (Reading section directions in the actual test) Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation. (Reading section directions in the actual test) You have seen all of the questions in this part of the Reading section. You have time left to Review. As long as there is time remaining, you can check your work. Click on Return to continue working. Click on Review to see the review screen for this section. Click on Continue to go on. Once you leave this part of the Reading Section, you WILL NOT be able to return to it. . (Reading section directions in the actual test) Next, Back, Review, Return, Continue

Reading Comprehension

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TOFEL all, none TOFEL handle / TOFEL GRE

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PBT IBT

This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English. (Reading section directions in the actual test)

Campus life Academic issue TOFEL GRE

Questions are intended to measure your understanding of the passages in terms of the following: Vocabulary and grammar Major ideas and important information Relative importance of ideas Relationship of ideas to each other Organization of ideas and concepts. (Reading section directions in the actual test)

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ETS w i ki Discovery

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Single-focus Multi-focus

to make a summary the topic of a paragraph

general statement some related details (1) : , ) (2) : GIVEN?

; .(

---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT

Statement Inference Interest-driven Knowledge-driven Logic-driven

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Mental Framework organization M.F. ideas(Major/Minor) relationship

M.F.

priority

essential/ essential

non

Opportunities and Competitors Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all B.G. require 1st organism expend energy~ budget an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. B.G. All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to 2nd organism allocate energy growth, reproduction, maintenance and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively Genetic package constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and S M.G.R reproduction. Almost all of an organisms energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to Difference:=growth and reproduction building the body. Organisms at this extreme are opportunists. At this other extreme are 3rd (Topic) competitors, almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum Opp := energy : R>G allocated to reproduction. Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Comp:=energy :R<G Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than th they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the 4 Dopp rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. This very short5th opp invade new areas lived plants reproduce prolifically, that is to say they provided a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parents plants. A new plant will spring up whether a Displaced by comp seed falls on a suitable soil surface but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water or sunlight. These plants are th termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds 6 opp short-lived falling into settings where competing Population affected by bad weather 7th comp opp e.g. oak tree
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plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, or landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. predicting: how to? Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to budget compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide setting with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly budge->allocate opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields difference gardens. and Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be duchangxu@vip.sina.com adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstablesoaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are longlived and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, out-competing all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spend on building leaves, trunks, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressure of competition or predation than on it ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.

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The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) extend (B) transform (C)activate (D)waste 2. The word none in the passage refers to (A) food (B)plant of animal (C)energy (D)big body 3. In paragraph 1, the author explains the concept of energy expenditure by (A) identifying types of organisms that became extinct (B) comparing the scientific concept to a familiar human experience (C) arguing that most organisms conserve rather than expend energy (D) describing the processes of growth, reproduction, and metabolism budget According to the passage, the classification of organisms as opportunists or competitors is determined by (A) how the genetic information of an organism is store and maintained (B) the way in which the organism invests its energy resources (C) whether the climate to which the organism lives is mild or extreme (D) the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment 5. The word dispersal in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) development (B)growth (C)distribution (D)protection 6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer preserve, dandelions are classified as opportunists. (B) Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy. (C) The term opportunists applies to plants whose seeds fall in places where they compete with seed of other plants. (D) The term opportunists applies to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes. 7. The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) huge (B)ancient (C)common (D)successful 8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contribution to the longevity of oak tree EXCEPT (A) the capacity to create shade (B) leaves containing tannin (C) the ability to withstand mild droughts and fires (D) the large number of acorns the tree produces 9. According to the passage, oak trees are considered competitors because (A) they grow in areas free of opportunities (B) they spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acorns
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(C) their population tends to increase or decrease irregular cycles (D) unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight 10. In paragraph 7, the author suggests that most species of organisms (A) are primarily opportunists (B) are primarily competitors (C) begin as opportunists and evolved into competitors (D) have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitors 11. Look at the four square () that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage where would be the sentence best. Such episodic event will cause a population of dandelions, for example, to vary widely. Click on a square () add the sentence to the passage 12. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of organisms to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer choices: (A) Vary frequently the amount of energy they spend in body maintenance. (B) Having mechanisms for protecting themselves from predation. -c (C) Succeed in locations where other organism have been removed. -o (D) Have relatively short live spans. -o (E) Invest energy in the growth of large, strong structure. -c (F) Have populations that are unstable in response to climate conditions. -o (G) Can rarely find suitable soil for reproduction. (H) Produce individuals that can withstand changes in the environmental conditions. -c (I) Reproduce in large members. -o

1. 2.

30 / / 90 / 120 / 150 / 60

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10 20 40 60

Hierarchical passage->paragraph->sentence->word Word: Sentence: Paragraph: Passage: relation

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TOEFL

TOEFL 21 ibt 10000 70008000

5

2800 American history dictionary : google

1.
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2. 15 >300 5 10 3. 3 5 word 4.

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English in use( ) ibt 1. emule 2. Discovery 3. National Geography 4. wiki 5. 6. 7. MIT Open course( ) 8. TTC 9. 21 China daily, 10. English news

1. 2. ( ) Intro.(B.G. topic) Body (sub-topic -> analysis + evidence Sub-topic -> analysis + evidence ) Conclusion: topic :
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A->B A > < B AB A B most A A, A { }, : A:= e.g A B C 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
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price : A > B

evidence AB Predicting ->skimming

A @

i.e

a A, a A

->note-taking general statements

: (1) (2)

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A B C PREDICTING Y N

SKIMMING

68 continuous discrete

t =

S V
Imax

I1 0

R0

S = [0, R0 ] U{R1 , R2 ,..., Rn }

feed on each other:
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Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the large cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town to farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the country, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of course, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from a smaller towns within the United Stated, but the combination of new immigrants and old American settlers on Americas urban frontier in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary. The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on

each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and make it possible for few farmers to feed the large concentration of people needed to provide a workforce for growing members of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry and huge contracts in transportation and construction as well as the expanded market in consumer goodsallowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the United States. Technological development further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people. The bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.

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A, B, C , D A, B, C , D

1 5 2
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3 4

> >

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1. 2. adj. + n.
n+ adj phrase prep phrase

5 1. SVP 2. SVi 3. SV+O 4. SV+O1+O2 5. SV+O+O2 >

: a book useful for you : a pen on the desk project adj +prep + n. (prep + n.)

v-ing/-ed phrase

: a person walking on the road; a tool developed for the

: a way to solve the problem alive, alike : , : sb use the way to solve the problem A cat alive.

- )

1. : that, which, who, whom, whose( that, which, who, whom , whose 2. : when, where, why , 3. + : in which, on which , with which, in that( Because) what This is a desk on which there is a book. This is Tom with whom I can solve the problem.

A, B( / ) A, or B A that + ( ) A of B: the city of Beijing B A n+ that +

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A of B of C of D D C

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Adv Prep phrase :

1Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor. techniques

2 A few collectors James Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

i=1

MIT CIT 5 ph.d 67 10 3

( ) N N1

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Reading Comprehension

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: \ for and nor but or yet so

\ ----

----S+V+THAT+ ( ) S+V+WHAT+ ( ) anything that ----S+ + + ----That /What+ + V It + Vi + that + ( ) It + be + adj +that + ( ) / N+ that + + ( ) ( ) S + Vi + that+ : The sun rises that is bright. S + be + adj + that + : The desk is clean that is used by the student( ); The fact is true that Tom is handsome( ). if, . what 2. It appeared that (1Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (2that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.)1)2 3. The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided 1. ( the first began in the into four distinct eras: (12. ( and extended into the early 1. nineteenth century twentieth century ( when (2it was recognized for the first time than (3food contained constituents (4that 2. 1However, for human function)4 )3and that were essential for many years, physicists thought ( much more that (1atoms and molecules always were 1 00 ) (5different foods providedspontaneously) and these likely to emit light different amounts of that 1 essential agents.)5)2)1 (2stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)2. When 4. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact (that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly.) Spectacularly undertaken 5. The technique of direct carving was a break 26 with the nineteenth-century tradition in which (1the making of a clay model was considered the creative act)1 and (2the work was then turned over to studio )

Reading Comprehension

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A or B

1. 2. Tom believes, if it is raining, that the activity cancelled.

when When+ 1. 2. will be

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1. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790s), North American entrepreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadened the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process)) Impressive=very good Stem from= originate from 2. The fact (that (artisans, who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today) is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century) 3. Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier. counterpart That

In which
18 90

19 18 The fact is directly that

Who

(With )n 1. adj 2.prep phrase 3. 4. Inf 5.adv

1. 2.

3. 25

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5. 6.

be Do, did , does Ving Ving, is, n. Ving pron Saying is one thing, doing is The + adj. another thing. inf Depending on his abilities is his success. Ving ing ing

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1. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Herein Ving What= anything that 2. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into ignorance, weird, but always functional shapes. 3. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 4. Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth. 5. Among the species of seabirds (that use the winds wept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. 6. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americans first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 7 With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and art interaction with the medium.

1 2 3. 4. (1 s + vi + adv. er than + vi Im run faster than does tom. does. (2) s + Vt +adv. er +than + Im love you more than Tom. Im love you more than does Tom. (3) s + Vt + adj. er + than. O. Among A be B= B A I raise more pigs than Tom. I raise more pigs than does Tom. I raise more pigs than Tom does. I raise more pigs than horses.

11>10 .

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8. Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent, the film has never been, in the full sense of the world, silent. Though +s +be +adj +prep+ =adj + though + s + be + prep+ 9. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular system, to the health and human well-being. . 10. Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the later cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. A is matching B = 11. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. Had it if it had worked

A mismatch employee Farmer farmer-worker

It be that/ who + Basic to any understanding of disadvantages of building a large factory near the community is the serious pollution brought by the factory. Basic to learn the subject is to read the book. Basic to any understanding of the reason why people live longer are the advanced medical skills developed in recent years. Coincident with concerns about salary provided by companies of different scales has been growing improvement of living standard in China.
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Matching the high salary provided by large company is the best working environment/condition in this company. Sparks->fuel In the 1990, the good sparks the aspiration of Chinese people, fuel

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1. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply protecting physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related condition.

2 It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that (included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.)

Who In place of Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages of building a large factory near a community is _________.

3. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy with an attendant rise in social disorder and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. A, B and C

1. Vt

2. 3. 4.

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Reading Comprehension

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---- adv (1) -----SKIMMING prep phrase 1) 2) As as : ,, \ \() ---- : Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must process hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.

: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must process hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, escape destruction organisms must be buried rapidly to

by the elements and to be protected against agents of weathering

and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.

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Predicting and skimming

13

The canopy the upper level of the tree in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets and porcupines. Smaller species including such rodents as mice and small squirrels are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally. Small mammals being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature. Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon(a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbons face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even large size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feed or tail and plucking food with their hands. Small climbing animals may reach twigs rapidly, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from one tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

Who

In place of

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1. 2. 3. 1995 2005 2000 2005 1 2 3 4

Often passages will present information about the topic from more than one perspective or point of view. This is something you should note as you read because usually you will be asked at least one question that allows you to show that you have understood the general organization of the passage. Common types of organization you should be able to recognize are classification comparison/contrast cause/effect problem/solution (Official Guide p.19)

1. / 2. 3. / / , ---- predicting : : / /

skimming

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fungi 3 a. : : . \ \ : ( \ ) fungi b. \ Geography/Geology \ : \ \ \ \ : \ \ c. Astronomy : ( \ \ \ \ \ ); ( \ \ \ ); ( ; ); Jupiter helium : \ \ d. Archeology : ( ), ( pterosaurarchaeopteryxmodern birds) \ : e. meteorology : \ \ \ : \ satellite f. 30 a. : \ \ : \ \ \ b. : ( ) c. : \ \ : \ d.
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: e. : country, ragtime f. : 200 92

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Excel

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. theatre TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES Basic Information and Inferencing questions(11 to 13 questions per set) 1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set) 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 3. Inference questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 5. Vocabulary questions (3 to 5 questions per set) 6. Reference question (0 to 2 questions per set) 7. Sentence Simplification questions (0 to 1 questions per set) 8. Insert Text questions (0 to 1 questions per set) Reading to Learn questions (1 per set) 9. Prose Summary 10. Fill in a Table >50%

1 2 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8

Vocabulary Questions
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These questions ask you to identify the meanings of individual words and phrases as they are used in the reading passage (a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meanings is relevant.) There is no list of word that must be tested. (Official Guide. p.25)

The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to In stating X, the author means that

/ A = {1, 2,3, 4,5} {1, 2,3, 4,5} {1, 2,5} 4 word

As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agriculture By about hinterland.3100 B.C. they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Hunting is at best a precarious Summerians, whose way of procuring food, name even became synonymous with the when the diet is supplemented region immediately north of the with seeds and fruits. Persian Gulf in the fertile lower even,although valleys of the Tigris and In time the increasing Euphrates. complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development The Native Americans of of writing prompted by the need northern California later highly to keep records and were by the skilled chronicle using the urge to at basketry,experiences, reeds, grasses, barks, learning and beliefs. and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizesnot only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.

The word hinterland in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) tradition (B) association (C) produce The word (D) regionsubjugated in the passage is closest in meaning to The word precarious in the (A) concentrated passage is closest in (B) conquered meaning to (C) segregated(B)humble (A)uncertain (D) distinguished (C)worthy (D)unusual The word chronicle in the The word fashion in in passage is closest the passage meaning tois closest in meaning to (A) repeat (A)maintain (B) understand (B)organize (C) exchange (C)trade (D) describe (D)create

land hinterland word precarious X PG even chronicle: A led to B prompted by C and D GRADE

The word article in the passage is closest in meaning to (A)decoration (B)shape (C)design (D)object
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article object.

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Reference Question The word X in the passage refers to (Official Guide p.26)

a. ( , ) b. ( ) c. : Tom and his cat( ) d. some of others some + n / some of + n, others some + v, : a. a is a kind of A, A a b. : a. b. c. d.

some others

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Jupiter and other giant planets are of a lowdensity type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane. If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase eggs production and to improve chick survival rates. What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the material available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Lukes, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their altitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.

The word they in the passage refers to (A) nuclear reactions (B) giant planets (C) terrestrial (D) substances The word which in the passage refers to (A) tissues (B)substances (C)barriers (D)alkaliods The word they in the passage refers to (A)birds (B)aviculturists (C)eggs (D)rates The word it in passage refers to (A)realization (B)society (C)extent (D)influence the

C terrestrial planets

aviculturists

The word others in the passage refers to (A)masters (B)baskets (C)pendants (D)surfaces The word them in the passage refers to (A)Americans of European descent (B)paintings (C)African American artists (D)attitudes

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A simple sentence in the passage is highlighted. You are then asked Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (Official Guide. p .28) S S , (1) : OG 28 (2) : (3) ---- /

n / 1. 2. 3. no, not, none, neither, nor, never, deny

fail to, lack of/lack, absent from, refuse, ignore, remove few, little, less.

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because / because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly, thus C E , : lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt, let promote, be responsible for. E C : come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attributable to, be responsive to. E C

, : reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.

C, E E , C , : given, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to. C, E E, C : if, when, while, once, as, as soon as, as long as, . E E \ asas more than a. : change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, create, destroy, b. develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue = remain = stay = stable = still. c. : same, different, match. d. : surpass, exceed, transcend, excel, over.
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-est/ the most important/ most significantly \ : a. : maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme, favorite peak, top b. : nothing can better than that No one could be better than him. c. : surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively( high) extremely

All of these factors led to a war between the North and South which would be the bloodiest in the nations history.

The people on both sides suffered, and that suffering was worse because it was inflicted by people who had been their countrymen, and even their brothers.

(A) There are many reasons for the war in which many people died than any other war. (B) During the war, there are more casualties in the south and north than in the east and west. (C) The only one reason contributed to the war which is the worst in the world history. (D) Many people died because of lack of blood transfusion which led to a war. (A) If the war had not been with their brothers, there would have been no pain. (B) If the war had not taken place in the countryside, there would have been less pain. (C) If the war had been with other nations, the results would have been worse. (D) If the war had not been with the same race, the pain would have been much less. (A) Discussing the matter is worthless to everybody. (B) The vast majority of people accept the statement of fact. (C) It is impossible to hold a different opinion. (D) It is illegal to hold a 48 different opinion.

There can be no argument, however, that the Civil War was the most painful period in Americans history.

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The Civil War

Involvement in a war is painful to any nation. No nations wants to sent its young people to fight and die. It is even worse when the war is fought within the country, but worst of all is when a country finds itself divided, and people of the same nation fight each other. In Americas history, the most painful period is surely the Civil War. The civil war was fought for many complex reasons. Probably the most important was the issue of slavery. The Southern states, dependent on slaves for producing cotton, wanted to continue the practice of slavery while the industrialized Northern states wanted to abolish it. The issue of States Right, the right of individual states to make laws without interference from the national government, was also very divisive. There were even basic cultural differences which caused friction between Northerners and Southerners. (1) All of these factors led to a war between the North and South which would be the bloodiest in the nations history. Both sides suffered terribly in the war. Families were torn apart as fathers, sons, and brothers chose different sides. Hundreds of thousands of young men died on both sides. The city of Atlanta was burned to the ground. Fortunes were ruined and the economy of the Southern states was wrecked. (2) The people on both sides suffered, and that suffering was worse because it was inflicted by people who had been their countrymen, and even their brothers. Shortly after the war, a bitter Southerner assassinated the beloved president Abraham Lincoln. After four bloody, terrible years, the North won the war and the country was re-united. The slaves were freed and the nation set about rebuilding. Historians will always argue whether or not the Civil War could have been avoided. And what its long term benefits have been. (3) there can be no argument, however, that the Civil War was the most painful period in Americans history.

Insert Text Question

In the passage you will see four blank squares. The squares are located at the beginning or ends of sentences. Sometimes four squares appear in one paragraph. Sometimes they are spread across the end of one paragraph and the beginning of another. You are then asked this question: Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. [You will see a sentence in bold] Where would the sentence best fit? Your job is to click on one of the squares and insert the sentence in the text.

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1. 2. n1, n2, C1 C2

n1, n2

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Immune System Among the most important systems in the human body is the immune system. When a virus or anything that is not a part of the normal body tissue enters the body it is immediately recognized as foreign and the immune response system is activated. After the immune system has successfully fought a first time infection, the body retains the ability to mount a fast secondary immune response to the same type of infection if it happens again. Because of the secondary response, people generally only suffer diseases such as chicken pox once. Glossary: immune: having antibodies capable of reacting with a specific antigen. chicken pox: an acute contagious disease, primarily of children, that is caused by the vericella-zoster virus and characterized by skin eruptions, slight fever, and malaise. Question: Look at the four Square []that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Chicken pox affects most children before they reach their 10th birthday. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

Mutation A mutation is a change in a gene or a chromosome. Most mutations are harmful and so are unlikely to be handed from one generation to the next. Mutations that result in advantageous characteristics, however, may be passed on to the next generation and preserved in a population. On the whole, genes are stable because DNA is a stable chemical but once in a hundred thousand times they might mutate. The cause of mutation is not known but laboratory exposure to radiation and ultraviolet light is known to increase mutations in experimental mice although the rate is higher than normal conditions. Glossary: mutation: an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alternation. Question: Look at the four Square [] in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. But harmful mutation that do enter a population are gradually eliminated by natural means because individuals suffering from a serious disease are unlikely to reproduce. but Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

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Computer Generated Imaging The advent of the computer has brought about a revolution in almost all areas of our lives. One industry that has been revolutionized by computers is the motion picture industry. Computers have forever changed the way movies are made. There was a time when directors were very limited in how to create things on screen. But what if the subject of the movie was a gigantic reptile that destroyed a major city? In the past, the director would have to film a guy in a rubber suit or a miniature version and hope they didnt look too fake. But now Computer Generated Imaging (CGI), a director can create images which look almost as real as the real thing. CGI let directors have a realistic-looking giant reptile destroy a realistic major American city without having to find a life-size giant reptile or destroy a real American city. Whether it is a giant reptile, soaring starships firing laser blasts, or hordes of rampaging arachnid aliens, CGI lets directors bring their imaginations to the screen. CGI does not just help the science fiction director, though. It also lets a director create realistic backdrops and images of real-life things. Recreating theme would be too difficult or too expensive. For example, CGI lets a director create life-like images of people falling from a sinking ocean liner without actually having to sink an ocean liner, or filling a sports stadium with 30,000 screaming fans without having actually hire 30,000 people. Now that it is possible to create almost anything visual with CGI, perhaps directors will concentrate on the other aspects of film-making, like plot, dialogue, and acting. As audiences get used to the visually spectacular scenes, they may decide they want more as much from the people on screen as from the giant lizards. Audiences always want something new which is better and flashier. Glossary: arachnids: any of various arthropods of the class Arachnida, such as spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks. Question: Look at the four Square [] in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. They had to film the real thing, or a convincing life-size model. they, directors Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

These questions ask you to identify factual information that is explicitly stated in the passage. They ask you to identify specific information that is typically mentioned only in part of the passage. (Official Guide. p.20) According to the paragraph, X occurred because

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According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X? The authors description of X mentions which of the following? According to the paragraph, X occurred because According to the paragraph, X did Y because According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?

a. A , B .,A + B . b. A\B , A + B . c. A+ B . A B .

public transportation (PT.) London, Tokyo, Beijing, Subway

The development of PT in big cities. development

The advanced subway system in London and BJ.

PT in big cities.

A/ B

The importance of buses, subway, and taxi to big cities.

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\ \ , , .

Scanning: scanning : . 1. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earths history (A)They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms. (B)They have been able to adapt to ecological changes. (C)They have caused rapid change in the environment (D)They are no longer in existence 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change? (A)Temperature change (B)Availability of food resources (C)Introduction of new species (D)Competition among species 1st >99% species extinct ?< changed environment

It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food, resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems. For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and ultimately, in the death of a species.

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The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became occasions many species become extinct at the same time a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction. One interesting and controversial finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earths orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction many often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essential random events.

3. Why is plankton mentioned in the passage? (A).To demonstrate the interdependence of different species. (B)To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction. (C)To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in the ocean. (D)To point out that certain species could never become extinct. 4. According to paragraph 2 evidence from fossils suggests that (A).extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earths history (B)extinctions on Earth have generally been massive (C)there has been only one mass extinction in Earths history. (D)dinosaurs became distinct much earlier than scientists originally believed. 5. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in paragraph? (A).Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it. (B)Evidence to support the theory has recently been found. (C)The theory is no longer seriously considered. (D)Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate. 6. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species survival? (A).It reflects the interrelationship of many species. (B)It may depend on chance events. (C)It does not vary greatly from species to species (D)It is associated with astronomical conditions.

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1. (A). (B)

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7. According to the passage, it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred (A).26 million years ago (B)65 million years ago (C)225 million years ago (D)250 million years ago

Negative Factual Information Questions

These questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage. (Official Guide p.21)

You can recognize negative fact items because either the word NOT or EXCEPT appears in the question in capital letters. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X? The authors description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT (Official Guide p.22) a. , b. , ( . a,b and c a.
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b. c. d. e.

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(Inference Question)

These questions measure your ability to comprehend an argument or an idea that is strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text. (Official Guide p.23)

Inference questions will usually include the word infer, suggest , or imply Which of the following can be inferred about X? The author of the passage implies that X Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X? (Official Guide p.23)

: AB, not B not A : ; ; 1. () 2. : () 3. 1. 2.

( )

In factual information questions you are asked what information an author has presented in Rhetorical Purpose questions you are asked why the author has presented a particular piece of information in particular place or manner. Sometimes you will be asked to identify how one paragraph relates to another. A Rhetorical Purpose question may also ask why the author mentions a particular piece of information or why the author quotes a certain person. (Official Guide p.24)

The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to Why does the author mention X? (Official Guide p.24)

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a. : b. : c. :

, , ; . .

3rd beauty = young, slim, white

The Basic Information questions focus on your ability to understand or locate specific points in passage at the sentence level. The Reading to learn questions 2nd 3rd popular will also involve recognizing the organization and purpose of the passage. organizing the information in the passage into a mental framework distinguishing major from minor ideas and essential from nonessential that no longer are people judged on their abilities alone but on their information. appearance and more and more of people are choosing to go under the understanding rhetorical functions such as cause-effect relationships, compareknife in an effort to shape themselves into an objective and arbitrary contrast relationships, arguments, and the like. (Official Guide ideal beauty. 4th p.31-32) The image of beauty portrayed by the media is usually related to out of obsession the objectives, young, very slim, and most often white. Having a body weight of 15% below normal for ones height, age and weight is 2 the considered ideal. In other words people should be anorexic to meet medias image of beauty. The message is their imposed image that only of beauty is acceptable, and those who are larger, shorter, thicker, or browner are not. This ideal image and weight, however, is unattainable 1. for 99% of women. Ironically most images of models appearing on magazines have to attain that perfect been airbrushed to perfection image of beauty.2. Sadly, for many people, the quest for beauty has turned into an all the newfound out obsession. Unsurprisingly,obsession is a convenient 3. marketing tool because 99% of the female population is not satisfied with their appearance an therefore will be more likely to buy slimming, cosmetics or turn to plastic surgery. The dieting industry makes an 4. incredible $33 billion a year. The industry uses media to keep people should maintain the slender thinking that they or even skinny shape. 5. This image of beauty is simply unattainable and the desire for it will never be met so industry will never decrease. And the demand for the the very industries that profit from fueling inadequacy, a feeling ofincorrect correct or not being good enough, will continue to prosper. major or minor. major Glossary: anorexic: a person having a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fatSurgerybeing emaciated. Plastic despite Questions: Historians can trace the foundations of plastic surgery as far Directions: An introductory sentence ancient India where of the passage back as about 2600 years ago to for a brief summary facial surgery 1st PS 2600y ago is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE were carried out. The techniques were recorded in the early Hindu for India injury soldier answer choices that express the on soldiers injured during conflict. texts and were used primarily most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong reconstructive surgery truly occurred The birth of cosmetic in the summary because they express 2nd popular ideas thathundreds presented later and over the are minor years plastic many are not of years in the passage or past ten ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. with more and more people surgery has become very popular refusing to grow old gracefully. It is however not limited to young It seems that no longerthe fact eating disorders are abilities alone but women considering are people judged on their on the rise among on youngappearance. women alike are interested in cosmetic surgery their men; men and 59 and it even gains popularity in mainstream culture. It seems

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Answer Choices: (A) Plastic surgery was being carried out thousands of years ago, for their time the techniques were quite advanced. (B) society has become obsessed with an image of beauty forced upon it by industries that want to make people feel ugly so that they continue to buy their products. (C) Models who are supposed to represent this attainable image of beauty are deemed as imperfect themselves. (D) the quest to look younger, taller and skinning is not limited to young women. (E) Plastic surgery was originally developed to help suffers of deformities and those involved in serious accidents. (F) Most people who can afford it will undergo some form of reconstructive plastic surgery, no matter what their age.

A B C - unsure BCD.

D E F

Fill in The Table Question

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Fill in a Table items measure your ability to conceptualize and organize major ideas and other important information from across the passage and then to place them in appropriate categories. Passages used with Fill in a Table items have more than one focus of development in that they include more than one point of view or perspective. Typical passages have the following type of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguments( such as theories, hypotheses), and the like. (Official Guide p.35)

7 5 3 9 7 4

correct/incorrect major/minor true/false/not clear a. b. c. d. e. 1. 10 16 710 OG 2. note taking predictingskimming scanning / 4 3. 1. 2. 3. 4.

4. 23 1. Delta
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2. ETS online 3. Kaplan 4. OG 5.

(With ) n 1. adj 2.prep phrase 3. 4. Inf 5.adv

Tom Dai, 3 1. 2. 3 Finishing his work, Tom start to watch TV. Horse finishing his work, Tom start to watch TV. Tom lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky. Tom got into the classroom, with his nose red. Transaction being processed please wait! 62 Transaction in process, please wait. Tom tom horse horse tom

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1. 2. 3. 4.

(1 s + vi + adv. er than +

vi Im run faster than does tom. does. (2) s + Vt + adv. er +than + Im love you more than Tom. Im love you more than does Tom. (3) s + Vt + adj. er + than. I raise more pigs than Tom. I raise more pigs than does Tom. I raise more pigs than Tom does. I raise more pigs than horses. O.

Personal cars began springing into ordinary family and became a flood.

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