PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER All substances are made of particles, and the smallest particle of a substance may be a molecule

or atom of that substance. Two atoms of the element oxygen (symbol O) are chemically bonded together to form one molecule of oxygen. All elements are found on the periodic table. Two atoms of the element hydrogen (H) are chemically bonded to one atom of O to form the compound we call water when it is liquid (ie H2O(l)), we call ice when it is solid H2O(s) and steam or water vapour when it is in the gas state H2O(g) Substances may be mixtures or pure. Examples of pure substances include the element oxygen (approx. 20% of the air we breathe) and the compound water. Examples of mixtures are: Coffee (contains coffee beans, milk, water, sugar) Breakfast (may contain milk, wheat, oats, salt), etc. MIXTURES SEPARATING INTO COMPONENTS Mixtures can be separated into their component parts by physical means (ie evaporating, filtering). Mixtures cannot be represented by one chemical formula because they do not have a definite composition. Types of mixtures: solid-solid = metal alloys (eg brass), soil, ore liquid-solid = solutions (solute dissolved in solvent, eg copper sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq)) and suspensions (eg milk, which has fat droplets and protein suspended in aqueous solution) liquid-liquid = liquids that can completely mix together, like ethanol and water (miscible). Liquids that cannot mix together (like oil and water) are immiscible. Techniques for Separating Mixtures sedimentation and decanting use of separating funnel froth flotation / flocculation washing with detergent to remove oil evaporation (using heat and evaporating dish) filtration (using filter paper and funnel) PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS The periodic table contains a list of all known elements, each of which have different physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, and also different chemical properties such as their chemical reactivity with acids, or with oxygen (in combustion). Group 1 = alkaline metals = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Physically: they are metals, soft (cut with knife), whitish, relatively low melting points, theoretically would conduct electricity.

Chemically they are very reactive and spontaneously react with oxygen in the air, and with water. They need to be kept under oil to prevent oxidation. They become MORE reactive as you go down the group!! Na Na+ + eand Li Li+ + eObservation of demonstration Chemical reaction: 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) IONIC!

Sodium metal is kept under oil to keep it from being oxidized; it appeared as a whitish-grey solid. It could be cut with a scalpel. We watched as a small piece of sodium metal was cut off the main block to reveal a silvery-shiny metallic surface. When it was placed in water that contained the pH indicator phenolphthalein, the colour of the solution was seen to change from clear to bright pink wherever the sodium went on the surface (because it is less dense than water). The sodium melted because it is an exothermic reaction, so it became spherical as it whizzed about energetically. Some gas was evolved, and the teacher told us that if that gas was collected and a match was put nearby it would give the classic pop sound typical of hydrogen gas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uymm_59txoo The chemical reactivity increases as you go down the group, and the melting points (physical characteristic) decrease as you go down the group. Group 2 = alkaline earth metals Ba, Mg, Ca, Sr IONIC! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbwzjs4W2iE from 4min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2ZPrg9IVEo&list=PL60EF2F77BB2CB5EC Alkali earth metals are all metals, with two electrons in their outer shell (divalent). They are harder than Group I metals and their melting points decrease down the group. They are less chemically reactive than Group I metals and their chemical reactivity increases down the group. In nature they are not found in their elemental form, but always combined with other elements (eg as carbonates or sulfates) They react chemically with water to form hydroxides and the vigor of the reaction increases as you go down the group. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDsvtIZPq-I for Groups III, IV and V Group III Boron (B, metalloid), Aluminium (Al, metal), Ga, In, Tl metals Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_group to see pictures These elements all have three outer electrons (so they are trivalent). Boron is a metalloid so it is a thermal and electrical insulator at room temperature but a good conductor of heat and electricity at high temperatures. Al, Ga, In, Tl are relatively soft metals (but harder than Group I and II metals). The metallic nature and chemical reactivity increases as you go down the group. The melting points decrease as you go down the group. These elements bond with oxygen to form oxides boron oxide B2O3 which is slightly acidic; Al2O3 (aluminium oxide or alumina) which is amphoteric; and thallium oxide Tl2O3 which is basic.

Group IV all have 4 outer electrons, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb Non metal: Carbon (tends to bond covalently sharing electrons to make molecules) Two metalloids Si, Ge good for semi-conductors in computers Two metals Sn (tin), Pb (lead) relatively soft and malleable metals This shows us that metallic properties increase down a group. Check more out at:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Elements/Group _14%3A_The_Carbon_Family

Group V all elements in this group have five outer electrons Two non-metals N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus). Nitrogen is a clear colourless odourless and harmless gas making up 79% of our atmosphere. Phosophorus exists in different solid allotrophic forms Two metalloids - As, Sb (antimony) Metal - Bi (bismuth) Group VI Oxygen family. all elements in this group have six outer electrons (ie they need two electrons to complete their octet, and when they do they form divalent anions). IONIC! Non-metals: O (oxygen) and S (sulfur). Oxygen is a clear colourless odourless and essential gas making up 21% of our atmosphere. It has two allotropes O2 and O3 (ozone) gas Sulfur exists in different solid allotrophic forms Selenium (Se) is a non-metal with some properties of a metal. It is has a red or black amorphous (shapeless), or a red or grey crystalline structure, which is its most stable structure. Selenium acts as a semiconductor is it is used in making devices that convert alternating current to direct current. Selenium also has photoconductivity, which means that in the presence of light, it can conduct electricity. Humans need selenium for healthy thyroid glands. Metalloid tellurium Te rare, silvery-white with metallic lustre, photoconductive, used in solar panels and computer chips Metal = polonium Po named after Poland rare, toxic/radioactive, 33 isotopes, used in nuclear weapons
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Elemen ts/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family Teacher

Group VII Halogens F2, Cl2, Br2, I, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Evt yMr5EvBY

Group VIII - Noble (inert) gases 8 is great! These elements are unreactive, monatomic gases because they have a stable octet of electrons!