BIO PESTICIDE PROPOSAL THE USE OF CASSAVA PEEL WASTE AS THE BIO PESTICIDE

Afif Naofal Pramana 0902259 Lidya Velesia 0902271 Wulannita Andika 0902233

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION 2012

A. BACKGROUND One of agriculture plant that used in everyday life is cassava. Cassava or Manihot esculenta Crantz is tropical plant that can produce flour. Cassava can grow well in tropical land and indicated from Brazil (Radley, 1976). Several areas have different names of cassava (Africa, America, and England), mandioca (United States and Latin) and kaspe, singkong or ketela pohon (Indonesia). In the production of cassava, the use of cassava is broad such as kripik singkong in mass production in the factories of chips, and also tapioca as one mass production of starch flour extracted from cassava. As many of agricultural of many mass production of cassava in big industries makes the waste of the cassava such as peel or the outer skin of cassava, and the waste of tapioca is present in the big massive number of waste. The waste of this skin of cassava is unknown to be placed in the both land or the artificial place especially for the cassava skin is one of the problems of the pollution. Increased agricultural development in Indonesia, causing the need for pesticides increased both the number and kind. Observing flashback agricultural development in Indonesia also used the bio-pesticide as good pesticide traditionally. One of the bio-pesticide that used in Indonesia also consists of chilli and curcuma. Because the number of the waste production for massive production of Indonesians industry is skin of cassava, then we try to use this skin of cassava as one ingredients of make bio-pesticide to reduce the number of cassava skin waste in massive production of tapioca and cassava chips. B. LITERATURE 1. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Cassava can grow productively in 10 to 1500 above the sea level with the 700 1000 mm/ year of precipitation. Opened area of plant will give the better result of cassava production compared with the closed and sheltered area, if the leaf has less of sunrays, then the assimilation of the photosynthesis is does not conducted

will. Then the productions of the cassava become less than usual (Nurhasan, 1991). Cassava plants will producing tuber after sixth months in age, after 12 months this wet tuber until 30 tons/hectare. Fresh cassava plant consists of 70% water, sugar 22%, proteins 1,2% and fat 0,4% (Nurhasan, 1991). Cassava is the main food source for several districts or countries in the world that have less nutrient in the soil and less water and poverty society. In society, several district use cassava to replace another food source such as rice and corn because the soil that have good nutrient before become less nutrient and water content and less of society management because the society background that explained before. According to Direktorat Gizi Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia in 1975, the chemical composition of cassava in 100 gram consists of 146 calories, 62.5% water, 1.2% protein, 0.3% fat, and others that present in this table: Nutrient Composition Content per 100 gram Calorie (Cal) Water (%) Protein (%) Fat (%) Carbohydrate (%) Calcium (mg) Phosphor (mg) Iron (mg) B1 Vitamin (mg) C Vitamin (mg) 146 62.5 1.2 0.3 34,7 33 40 0.7 0.06 30 Source: Nurhasan (1991) composted from Komposisi Bahan Makanan, Direktorat Gizi Departemen Kesehatan RI (1975)

Based on this nutrient content in the cassava, cassava is the energy source because highly content of carbohydrate and less protein. Good protein source can be found in cassava leaf because consist of metionin amino acid. The tuber of the cassava

can be directly eaten, the flavour is little bit sweet, and bitter according to the glucosidal content that can formed cyanide acid. 2. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) in Cassava Cyanide is the an-organic compound with cyanic as the main structure. Cyanide widely spread in the aquatic environment in form of cyanide ion or CN- and metalocyanide. The existence of cyanide if influenced by pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity and other ions. Cyanide in form of ions can be absorbed easily by suspense material either by basic sediment and reactive (Effendi, 2000). Cyanide is form of gaseous, colourless, odourless and easy typical yawning. Cyanide assumed as pollutant because of its properties of toxic for living things. The implications are difficult to breath, headache, swollen of thyroid; in higher concentration of cyanide consumption can cause the brain disorder, nerve tissue even coma and death. In past time in history, cyanide use as the penalty death tools. There are two kinds of that generally known as sweet and bitter cassava. The tuber of cassava have white colour or yellowish, in sweet flavour can produce for about 20 mg HCN or hydrogen cyanide per kilogram of fresh tuber and 50 times more of cyanide in bitter tuber. In bitter cassava, the process of cooking should be needed to undergo the cyanide. Even in the freezer, time range of cassava will not strong as another fruit because cassava easy to expired with dark blue appearance in the cassava because reaction of cyanide acid that toxic for human. (Soemirat, 2005). This cyanide in cassava influenced by soil contour, soil condition, planting types and preparation, climate and harvest age (Darjanto and Muryati, 1980). Cyanide contains in cassava is variation, in average according to FAO cassava with 50 mg/kg still be safe to be consumed for human. Processing it can reduce or even eliminate the content of toxins in food. Such as cassava, skin peeled before processing, cassava dried, soaked before cooking, and

fermented for several days. With such treatment linamarin much damaged and hydrogen cyanide will vented out so stay around 10-40 mg / kg. Besides, hydrogen cyanide will be easily lost by the formulation; the origin is not closed tightly. With heating, the enzyme responsible for the breakdown linamarin becomes inactive so that hydrogen cyanide cannot be formed. Glycoside itself is generally not a poison. However, there are many contradictions to the effect that has not decompose glycoside consumption, because it turns out that there are bacteria in the digestive tract to break down into hydrogen cyanide glycosides. The use of cassava which contains HCN in the making tapioca, starch does not matter because the poison would be lost through the process of extraction. In the process of extraction, root grated and the cells will rupture. Enzymes linamarase in the tuber can solve cyanogenetic of glycoside and HCN are released, which can occur within four to six hours glycoside and HCN will be wasted along with the water used in the processing of tapioca starch (Darjanto and Muryati, 1980). 3. Bio-pesticide in Agriculture Purpose Since the beginning of the implementation of the program of intensification of food, pest problems addressed cultivated with different types of pesticide formulations. Orientation of the government at the time was concentrated on improving the results as much as possible, regardless of the negative impact on the environment. Examples of Potential Advantage Bioengineered Crops with USDA Approval Application of herbicide kills weeds but not drop plants, producing higher crop yields Crop plants suffer less damage from insects, producing higher crop yields. Plants are less prone to infection by Beet, canola, corn, cotton, flax, potato, rice, soybean, tomato. Corn, cotton, potato, rice, soybean. Papaya, potato,

Genetically Engineered Trait

Resistance to herbicide Resistance to pests Resistance to

disease

viruses, bacteria, or fungi, producing higher crop yields. Transgenic plants cannot cross with wild varieties, making them safer for the

squash

Sterile

environment and more economically productive for the seed companies that produce them Oils can be made healthier for human

Chicory and corn

Altered oil content

consumption or can be made similar to more expensive oil such as palm or coconut

Canola and soybean

Altered ripening

Fruits can be more easily shipped with less damage, producing higher returns for the farmer Tomato

The recommended types of pesticides used at that time generally is a powerful pesticide to kill broad spectrum, which is capable of killing large organisms, including useful organisms such as natural enemies of pests and other non-target organisms that coexist with bullies plant organisms. Policies such as the aforementioned treatment, is not always profitable. Evaluation results show, there was an unconscious loss not previously predicted. Some of the losses arising from the control of nuisance plant organisms that rely solely on pesticides, among others, raises immunity (resistance) pests, encouraging resurgence, killing natural enemies and non-target body, and can cause secondary pest population explosion. The use of chemical pesticides in controlling pests today has many negative impacts. The problem of environmental pollution is a result of the obvious, besides the continuous use of pesticides can also cause resistance to pests and even leave pesticide residues on agricultural products that can be harmful if consumed by humans. Therefore, efforts are needed in an environmentally friendly pest control, such as the use of botanical pesticides or bio-pesticides. Following examples of bio pesticide:

1. Aromatic Plants, attractant caused containing methyl euganol to trap fruit flies. Example: insects pesticide using basil (Ocimum.sp) and Melaleuca bracteata. 2. Pesticides from tilapia fish can cope with eggplant and bitter melon crop pests. How to make organic pesticides from tilapia fish: 1 kg of tilapia fish pond, put into plastic, left for 3 days. Then boiled in two litres of water for two hours and filtered. Can be used directly or added to tobacco first. 3. Other organic pesticides can be obtained from the mahogany seeds, turmeric, ginger, lemongrass and chilli. Making the mashed, given water, squeezed and filtered. For the chilli while spraying should be careful not to turn on the humans. 4. Pesticides from mahogany to tackle pest plant eggplant and bitter melon. Turmeric, ginger, lemongrass plants to cope with mushrooms and fruit. Chilli to solve all kinds of pests except pests in the soil. 5. Controlling caterpillars on tomato plants, peppers, melons and watermelons, material: cigarette butts and an ounce of water seven litres. Procedure: put cigarette butts in water. Leave for 4-7 days. Strain the solution in order to obtain clean water. Use it to control pests that attack crops. Spraying in the morning and afternoon. C. FUNDING PREDICTION Price (Rp,-) 3.000 10.000 13.000

Material Dry skin cassava Blender Filter Sprayer Plant tester Universal pH tester Total

Amount 1 kg 1 pc 1 pc 3 pcs 3 pcs 1 pack

D. PROCESS MAKING In this process making of bio-pesticide from the cassava, this process making include the exfoliation, washing, seaming, and extortion. Cassava exfoliation is already occurred before we exfoliate it, we bought it from the market and the cassava seller. Washing is used to disperse the soil and the skin and seaming used blender. The extortion used to have the liquid of the cassava skin. This solution of the cassava will be treated to the plant into 3 treatments. First treatment is use the pure solution that does not contain of cassava skin, second treatment is use both solution and cassava peel, the third treatment is use the precipitation water after it storage for about 3 hours. We will identify which one is the best solution as bio-pesticide. The pH universal tester is used to know how acid the solution of cyanide in cassava, because hydrogen cyanide is acidic. In further, spectrophotometer analysis used to identify cyanide in cassava peel (Johannes, 2005). 1. Exfoliate the cassava skin from the tuber of cassava. 2. Wash the skin and clean it. 3. Seam the skin use the blender, fill it with the water appropriately. 4. After that, divided the solution into 3 solutions. 5. Divide first solution into pure solution with extortion. 6. Divide second solution into same solution (cassava skin and water) 7. Divide third solution with extortion and storage it for about 3 hours.

E. REFERENCE Trefil, James. Hazen, M. Robert. 2010. Sciences: As Integrated Approach, Sixth Edition. John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Publication: Asia California Public Health Law and Policy. 2009. Establishing Land Use Protections for Community Gardens. Non profit organization,

Publ.Health.Publication Radley, J.A. 1976. S Starch Production Technology. Applied Science Publishers. LTD, London Nurhasan dan Bb. Pramudyanto. 1991. Buku Panduan Penanganan Limbah Cair Tapioka. Jakarta, Indonesia Effendi H. 2000. Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta Soemirat, Juli. 2005. Toksikologi Lingkungan. Gajah Mada University Press: Yogyakarta. available at: http//www.library.usu.co.id Darjanto dan Muryati. 1980. Khasiat, Racun, dan Masakan Ketela Pohon. Yayasan Dewi Sri, Bogor Darjanto and Muryati. 1989. Organic Waste Recycling. John Wiley and Sons, New York Bangun Johannes, Fernando Sihombing. 2007. Penggunaan Media Filtran Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Beban Cemaran Limbah Cair Industri Kecil Tapioka. Departemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian Bogor. http://www.blurtit.com/q724868.html http://www.globalharvestinitiative.org/Documents/Motes%20%20Modern%20Agriculture%20and%20Its%20Benefits.pdf http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq6/en/