Development of unified power flow controller under FACTS and HVDC transmission Using MAT lab

PRESENTED BY:
SRIKANTH.T III/IV B.TECH, EEE SREEKANTH_4U4EVER@YAHOO.COM CELL:9985097940. NAGARJUNA.V III/IV B.TECH, EEE VARRAM_SRIRAM@YAHOO.COM CELL: 9963920257.

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CHIRALA

ABSTRACT:
Power today is a basic commodity. In the recent years ecological concerns and high installation costs have put constraints over construction of new plants and overhead lines in many countries, thereby forcing existing system to be used more efficiently. Conventional means result in slow overall control and in the loss of synchronism and serious over-voltages on load buses. Our main objective is to meet the electric load demand reliably while simultaneously satisfying certain quality constraints imposed on the power supply. Generally, this specified level of system reliability and quality is insured in terms of the capacity of the system to meet the aggregate load demand and the ability of the system to withstand the impact of disturbance. A new concept of Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS) brought radical changes in the power system operation and control. A new technique using FACTS devices linked to the improvements in semiconductor technology opens new opportunities for controlling power and enhancing the usable capacity of existing transmission lines. UPFC and SSSC are examples of such FACTS devices. The UPFC is devised for the real time control and dynamic compensation of transmission systems, providing multifunctional flexibility required solving many of the problems facing the power delivery industry. Within the framework of traditional power transmission concepts, the UPFC is able to control, simultaneously or selectively all the parameters affecting power flow in the transmission line and this unique capability is signified by the adjective unified in its name. UPFC can independently control both active and reactive power in the line. Key Words: FACTS, UPFC.

INTRODUCTION:
The main objective of power system planning and operation is to meet the electric load demand reliably while simultaneously satisfying certain quality constraints imposed on the power supply. Generally, this specified level of system reliability and quality is insured in terms of system adequacy and security. The term adequacy refers to the capacity of the system to meet the aggregate load demand and security refers to the ability of the system to withstand the impact of disturbance (contingency). The system is said to be secure if no security limit is seriously violated in the event of a contingency. The process of investigating whether the system is secure or insecure in a set of proposed contingencies called Security Analysis. The three basic elements of the real time security analysis are 1. Security monitoring 2. Security assessment 3. Security enhancement. The Security Monitoring determines whether the system is in normal state or not, utilizing real-time system measurements. The Security assessment computes whether the system is secure or insecure with respect to a set of next contingencies. The Security enhancement calculates the appropriate security constrained scheduling needed to optimally achieve the target security level. An increase of the unplanned power exchanges causes some lines located on particular paths may get overloaded, which causes a phenomenon called congestion, and thus full capacity of the transmission interconnections may not be fully utilized. Therefore, it became effective to have a way of permitting a more efficient use of the transmission lines by controlling the power flows. Until a few years ago, the only means of carrying out this function were electromechanical devices such as switched inductors or capacitor banks and phase shifting transformers, however, specific problems related to these devices make them not very efficient in some situations they are not only relatively slow, but they also cannot be switched frequently, because they tend to wear out quickly. A new concept of Flexible AC Transmission system (FACTS) brought radical changes in the power system operation and control. A new technique using FACTS devices linked to the improvements in semiconductor technology opens new opportunities for controlling power and enhancing the usable capacity of existing transmission lines. Some FACTS devices can control both Active and Reactive powers both should be controlled. This can be performed with devices such as UPFC and SSSC. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) was devised for the real time control and dynamic compensation of ac transmission systems providing multifunctional flexibility required to solve many of problems facing the power delivery industry. Within the framework of traditional power transmission concepts, the UPFC is able to control simultaneously or selectively all the parameters affecting power flow in the transmission line and this unique capability is signified by the adjective unified in its name. Alternatively it can independently control both the real and reactive power flow in the line.

BASIC TYPES OF FACTS DEVICES:

In general, FACTS controllers can be divided into four categories: Series Controllers Shunt Controllers Combined Series-Series Controllers Combined Series-Shunt Controllers

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTROLLERS:

The series connected Controller impacts the driving voltage and hence the current and power flow directly. Therefore, if the purpose of the application is to control the current / power flow and damp oscillations, the series Controller for a given MVA size is several times more powerful than the shunt Controller. The shunt Controller, on the other hand, is like a current source, which draws from or injects current into the line. The shunt Controller is a good way to control voltage at and around the point of connection through injection of reactive current (leading or lagging), alone or a combination of active and reactive current for a more effective voltage control and damping of voltage oscillations. The voltage fluctuations are largely a consequence of the voltage drop in series impedances of lines, transformers, and generators. Therefore, adding or subtracting the FACTS Controller voltage in series can be the most cost-effective way of improving the voltage profile. Nevertheless, a shunt controller is much more effective in maintaining a required voltage profile at a substation bus. One important advantage of the shunt Controller is that it serves the bus node independently of the individual lines connected to the bus. Series Controller solution may require, but not necessarily, a separate series Controller for several lines connected to the substation, particularly if the application calls for contingency outage of any one line. However, this should not be a decisive reason for choosing a shunt-connected Controller, because the required MVA size of the series controller is small compared to the shunt controller is small compared to the shunt controller, and, in any case, the shunt controller does not provide control over the power flow in the lines. On the other hand, series-connected Controllers have to be designed to ride through contingency and dynamic overloads, and ride through or bypass short circuit currents. They can be protected by metaloxide arresters or temporarily bypassed by solid-state devices when the fault current is too high, but they have to be rated to handle dynamic and contingency overload. The above arguments suggest that a combination of the series and shunt Controllers can provide the best of both, i.e. an effective power/current flow and line voltage control. For this, the shunt Controller can be a single unit serving in coordination with individual line controllers. This arrangement can provide additional benefits with unified controllers.

BENEFITS FROM THE FACTS TECHNOLOGY:

Control of power flow as ordered Increasing of loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit, limiting short-circuit currents and overloads, managing cascading blackouts and damping electro mechanical oscillations of lower systems and machines Provide secure tie line connections to neighboring utilities and regions thereby decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides. Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation Upgrade of lines Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry more active power Reduce loop flows Increase utilization of lowest cost generation

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER:

Concept:
Gyugyi proposed the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) concept in 1991. The UPFC was devised for the real time control and dynamic compensation of transmission systems, providing multifunctional flexibility required solving many of the problems facing the power delivery industry. Within the framework of traditional power transmission concepts, the UPFC is able to control, simultaneously or selectively all the parameters affecting power flow in the transmission line and this unique capability is signified by the adjective unified in its name. Alternatively, it can independently control both the real and reactive power flow in the line. The UPFC injects an ac voltage vector generated by a thyristor-based inverter in series with the phase voltage. The driving dc voltage for the inverter is obtained by rectifying the ac to dc from the same transmission line. In such an arrangement, the injected voltage may have any phase angle relationship to the phase voltage. It is therefore possible to obtain a net phase and amplitude voltage change that confers control of both active and reactive power. The control attributes of an UPFC are Active and Reactive power control Voltage control VAR compensation Damping oscillations Transient and Dynamic stability Voltage stability Fault current limiting Injection Model of UPFC: The equivalent circuit of UPFC placed in line-k, which is connected between bus-i, and bus-j is shown in Fig. The control parameters of the UPFC are the voltage (VT), current (Iq) and the phase angle T). 5

The active power injected by the UPFC at bus-i is, Pis = -VT2 gij- 2Vi VT gij cos (T-i) + Vj VT [gij cos (T - j) + bij sin (T-j)] ------ ( 1 ) The active power injected by the UPFC at bus-j is, Pjs = VjVT [gij cos (T - j) - bij sin (T-j)] ------ ( 2 ) The reactive power injected by the UPFC at bus-i is, Qis = Vi Iq + ViVT (gij sin (T-i) +(bij + B/2) cos (T-i)) ------ ( 3 ) The reactive power injected by the UPFC at bus-i is, Qjs = - VjVT (gij sin (T-j)+bij cos (T-j)) ------ ( 4 ) MATLAB Model of UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Used to Relieve Power Congestion on a 500/230 kV Grid

A UPFC is used to control the power flow in a 500 kV /230 kV transmission system. The system, connected in a loop configuration, consists essentially of five buses (B1 to B5) interconnected through transmission lines (L1, L2, L3) and two 500 kV/230 kV transformer banks Tr1 and Tr2. Two power plants located on the 230-kV system generate a total of 1500 MW which is transmitted to a 500-kV 15000-MVA equivalent and to a 200-MW load connected at bus B3. The plant models include a speed regulator, an excitation system as well as a power system stabilizer (PSS). In normal operation, most of the 1200-MW generation capacity of power plant #2 is exported to the 500-kV equivalent through three 400-MVA transformers connected between buses B4 and B5. For this demo we are considering a contingency case where only two transformers out of three are available (Tr2= 2*400 MVA = 800 MVA). Using the load flow option of the powergui block, the model has been initialized with plants #1 and #2 generating respectively 500 MW and 1000 MW and the UPFC out of service (Bypass breaker closed). The resulting power flow obtained at buses B1 to B5 is indicated by red numbers on the circuit diagram. The load flow shows that most of the power generated by plant #2 is transmitted through the 800-MVA transformer bank (899 MW out of 1000 MW), the rest (101 MW), circulating in the loop. Transformer Tr2 is therefore overloaded by 99 MVA. The demonstration illustrates how the UPFC can relief this power congestion. The UPFC located at the right end of line L2 is used to control the active and reactive powers at the 500-kV bus B3, as well as the voltage at bus B_UPFC. It consists of a phasor model of two 100-MVA, IGBT-based, converters (one connected in shunt and one connected in series and both interconnected through a DC bus on the DC side and to the AC power system, through coupling reactors and transformers). Parameters of the UPFC power components are given in the dialog box. The series converter can inject a maximum of 10% of nominal line-to-ground voltage (28.87 kV) in series with line L2. The bluenumbers on the diagram show the power flow with the UPFC in service and controlling the B3 active and reactive powers respectively at 687 MW and -27 Mvar.

Demonstration
1. Power control with the UPFC: Open the UPFC dialog box and select "Display Control parameters (series converter)". The control parameters of the series converter are displayed.Verify that Mode of operation = Power flow control". The UPFC reference active and reactive powers are set in the magenta blocks labeled "Pref (pu)" and "Qref (pu)". Initially the Bypass breaker is closed and the resulting natural power flow at bus B3 is 587 MW and -27 Mvar. The Pref block is programmed with an initial active power of 5.87 pu corresponding to the natural flow. Then, at t=10s, Pref is increased by 1 pu (100 MW), from 5.87 pu to 6.87 pu, while Qref is kept constant at -0.27 pu. Run the simulation and look on the "UPFC" scope how P and Q measured at bus B3 follow the reference values. At t=5 s, when the Bypass breaker is opened the natural power is diverted from the Bypass breaker to the UPFC series branch without noticeable transient. At t=10 s, the power increases at a rate of 1 pu/s. It takes one second for the power to increase to 687 MW. This 100 MW increase of active power at bus B3 is achieved by injecting a series voltage of 0.089 Pu with an angle of 94 degrees. This results in an approximate 100 MW decrease in the active power flowing through Tr2 (from 899 MW to 796 MW), which now carries an acceptable load. See the variations of active powers at buses B1 to B5 on the VPQ Lines" scope. 2. UPFC P-Q controllable regions: Now, open the UPFC dialog box and select "Show Control parameters (series converter)". Select "Mode of operation= Manual Voltage injection". In this control mode the voltage generated by the series inverter is controlled by two external signals Vd, Vq multiplexed at the "Vdqref" input and generated in the Vdqref magenta block. For the first five seconds the Bypass breaker stays closed, so that the PQ trajectory stays at the (-27Mvar, 587 MW) point. Then when the breaker opens, the magnitude of the injected series voltage is ramped, from 0.0094 to 0.1 pu. At 10 s, the angle of the injected voltage starts varying at a rate of 45 deg./s. Run the simulation and look on the "UPFC" scope the P and Q signals that vary according to the changing phase of the injected voltage. At the end of the simulation, double-click on the blue block located at the bottom right of the model. The trajectory of the UPFC reactive power as function of its active power, measured at bus B3 will be displayed. The area located inside the ellipse represents the UPFC controllable region.

RESULTS

Simulation results: Power control using UPFC; UPFC P-Q controllable regions

CONCLUSION:

During the course of this presentation, areas of applicability are reviewed on UPFC. Different FACTS controllers are studied and different simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. It is observed that the UPFC model can supply inductive and capacitive reactive power. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) was devised for the real time control and dynamic compensation of ac transmission systems providing multifunctional flexibility required to solve many of problems facing the power delivery industry. In this modeling, a UPFC is shown to control the power flow in a 500 kV /230 kV transmission systems. In the demonstration done on UPFC, the Power Control using UPFC was described and also the P-Q controllable regions were gathered. A change in active and reactive powers is sensed by the UPFC by considering certain reference values and adhering to them. A comparison between the current and reference values tells the system that a deviation from the values has occurred and thus reacts accordingly. A model of the UPFC is displayed in the above section and the simulation results are displayed. Thus a comprehensive study of the UPFC is done and a UPFC is also developed. A UPFC has stronger influence upon Load Flow Control, Voltage Control, Transient Stability and Oscillation damping when compared to other facts controllers.

REFERENCES:

[1]. Gyugyi L., Schauder, C.D., Sen K.K., Static synchronous series compensator: a solid-state approach to the series compensation of transmission lines, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions. [2]. Narain G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, Standard publishers distributors, IEEE

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