418

CHEMISTRY

INDEX

A
Acid rain Acidic dehydration Activating groups Acyclic compounds Alicyclic compounds Alkali metals atomic radii chemical properties halides hydration enthalpy hydroxides ionic radii ionisation enthalpy oxides physical properties reactivity towards air reactivity towards dihydrogen reactivity towards halogens reactivity towards water reducing nature salts of oxoacids solution in liquid ammonia uses Alkaline earth metals atomic radii carbonates chemical properties electronic configuration halides hydration enthalpies hydroxides ionic radii ionisation enthalpies nitrates oxides physical properties reactivity towards air reactivity towards halogens reactivity towards water reducing nature salts of oxoacids solution in liquid ammonia uses reactivity sulphates Alkanes aromatisation chain isomerism combustion controlled oxidation geometrical isomerism 401, 403 380 395 331 331 292 292 293 295 292 295 292 292 295 292 293 294 294 294 294 295 294 294 298 298 301 299 298 301 299 301 298 299 301 301 299 300 300 300 300 301 300 300 300 301 366 374 378 373 374 378

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B
418

halogenation 372 halogenation mechanism 373 Isomerisation 374 ozonolysis 383 pyrolysis 374 reaction with steam 374 Alkenes 376 addition of dihydrogen 380 addition of hydrogen halides 380 addition of hydrogen halides, mechanism 381 addition of sulphuric acid 382 addition of water 383 chemical properties 380 geometrical isomers 378 oxidation 383 physical properties 380 position isomerism 378 preparation 379 structural isomerism 377 Alkynes 384 acidic characters 386 addition of dihydrogen 387 addition of halogens 387 addition of hydrogen halides 387 addition of water 387 addition reaction 386 cyclic polymerisation 388 linear polymerisation 387 polymerisation 387 preparation 385 Allotropes of carbon 317 Aluminium 309, 310, 314 Aluminium, uses 314 Angle of tortion 375 Anti Markovnikov rule 382 Arenes 388 Arenium ion, formation 393 Arenium ion, stabilisation 393 Aromatic compounds 331 Aromaticity 391 Atmospheric pollution 399

Baking soda Balancing of redox reaction Benzene Friedel-crafts alkylation chemical properties combustion electrophilic substitution Friedelcrafts acylation mechanism of electrophilic substitution nitration

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298 266 392 392 392 394 392 392 393 392

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419

C
Calcium 298, 299 hydroxide 303 oxide 302 sulphate (Plaster of Paris) 303 sulphate 303 Carbocation 341 Carbon 314, 315, 317 allotropes 317 anomalous behaviour 317 uses 319 Carbon monoxide 319 Carbon dioxide 320 Carcinogenicity 395 Catenation 317 Caustic soda 297 Cement 304 Cement, setting 304 Cement, uses 304 Chain isomerism 340 Chain isomers, alkanes 367 Characteristic features of double bond 327 Chemical pollutants 407 Chromatography 352 Chromatography, adsorption 352 Chromatography, column 352 Chromatography, partition 353 Chromatography, thin layer 353 Cis-isomer 378 Combination reactions 262 Compressed natural gas (CNG) 365 Condensed Structural formula 328 Conformation 375 Conformation Eclipsed 375 Conformation Staggered 375 Conformational isomers 375

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E F
Fractional distillation Fullerenes

Effects of depletion of the ozone layer 406 Electrochemical series 259 Electrodes 270 Electrode potential 270 Electrode process 269 Electromeric effect 346 Electron deficient molecules 311 Electronic configuration, p-block elements 307, 309 s-block elements 292 Electrophile 342 Electrophilic reaction 342 Electrophilic substitution reaction 392 -Elimination reaction 380 Environment pollution, control 410 Environmental pollution 398 Estimation of halogens, Carius method 358 Estimation of nitrogen, Dumas method 356 Estimation of nitrogen, Kjeldahls method 357 Estimation of oxygen 360 Estimation of phosphorous 359 Estimation of sulphur 359 Eutrophication 407

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physical properties preparation resonance stability structure sulphonation Benzenoid aromatic compounds Benzenoids Beryllium anomalous behaviour diagonal relationship with aluminium Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Biological importance of calcium Biological importance of magnesium Biological importance of potassium Biological importance of sodium Bond line structural formula Borax Borohydrides Boron, anomalous properties Boron, uses Branched chain hydrocarbons

392 391 390 390 389 392 331 388 298 302 302 407 304 304 298 298 328 312 314 312 314 333

Conformations, relative stability Crystallisation

376 348

D
Deactivating groups Decarboxylation Decomposition reaction Dehalogenation Detection of Carbon Detection of hydrogen Deuterium Diamond Diborane Differential extraction Dihedral angle Dihydrogen Dihydrogen, as a fuel Dihydrogen, chemical properties Dihydrogen, commercial production Dihydrogen, laboratory preparation Dihydrogen, physical properties Dihydroges, uses Directive influence of functional groups Displacement reaction Disproportionation reaction Distillation under reduced pressure Distillation Dry ice 395 371 262 380 354 354 277 317 313 350 375 277 281, 286 278 278 278 278 279 394 262 264 350 348 320

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349 317

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CHEMISTRY

Functional group isomerism Functional groups

340 332

G
Gaseous air pollutants Global warming Graphite Green chemistry Green house effect Group 13 elements, atomic radii chemical properties electronegativity ionisation enthalpy oxidation states physical properties reactivity towards acids reactivity towards air reactivity towards alkalies reactivity towards halogens trends in chemical reactivity Group 14 elements, chemical properties covalent radius electronegativity electronic configuration ionization enthalpy oxidation states physical properties reactivity towards halogens reactivity towards oxygen reactivity towards water trends in chemical reactivity 399 400 318 410 320, 401 309 310 309 309 310 310 311 311 311 311 310 316 315 315 315 315 316 315 316 316 316 316

reducing action in basic medium storage structure uses Hydrogen storage Hydrogenation Hydrolysis Hyperconjugation

286 286 286 286 281 370 283 347

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L H
Heavy hydrogen Heterolytic cleavage Homologous series Homolytic cleavage Hckel rule Hydrate formation Hydration enthalpy s-block elements Hydrides covalent interstitial ionic electron precise electron rich metallic molecular non-stoichiometric saline Hydrogen economy Hydrogen peroxide chemical properties oxidising action in acidic medium oxidising action in basic medium physical properties preparation reducing action in acidic medium 277 341 332, 366 341, 342 391 283 292 280 280 281 280 280 280 281 280 281 280 287 285 286 286 286 285 285 286

Kekul, structure Kharash effect Kolbes electrolytic method

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Ice structure 282 Inductive effect 344 Industrial waste 409 Inert pair effect 307 Inner core 307 International standard for drinking water 407 Ionisation enthalpy, s-block elements 292 Isomerism 340, 366 Isotopes 277

Lassaignes test 354 Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) 365 Lithium 292, 293, 296 anomalus properties 296 difference from alkali metals 296 points of similarities with magnesium 296

Markovnikov rule Meta directing groups Metal activity series Metal carbonyles Metamerism Methyl carbocation Molecular models Monomers

Newman projections of ethane Nomenclature alkanes alkenes arenes IUPAC system of substituted benzene compounds Non-benzenoids Non-benzenoid aromatic compounds Nucleophiles Nucleophilic reaction

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389 382 371 381 395 259 320 341 342 330 384 375 332 366 376 388 332 338 388 332 342 342

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421

O
Ortho directing groups Orthoboric acid Oxidant Oxidation number Oxidation state Oxidation Ozone hole 394 312 261 259 260 257, 261 405

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T Q
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Quick lime analysis analysis analysis analysis for carbon for halogens for hydrogen for nitrogen 355 358 355 356 302 Temporary hardness Test for halogens Test for nitrogen Test for phosphorous Test for sulphur Tortional strain Trans-isomer Tritium Tropospheric pollution

Para directing groups Particulate pollutant Permanent hardness removal by calagons method removal by ion exhange method removal by synthetic resins Peroxide effect Photochemical smog Photochemical smog control Photochemical smog, effects Photosynthesis Plaster of paris Polar reaction Polymerisation Portland cement Position isomerism Potassium Producer gas Protium

394 403 284 284 284 284 382 405 405 404 320 303 342 383 304 340 292, 293, 298 319 277

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Redox couple Redox reactions Redox reactions, type Reducing Agent Reductant Reduction Resonance effect Resonance stabilisation energy Resonance structure Rf value Rotamers

270 255, 261, 283 262 257, 261 261 257, 261 346 345 344 353 375

Washing soda Water, amphoteric nature Water, chemical properties Water, hard Water, heavy Water gas Water pollution Water pollution, causes Water, hydrate formation Water, in hydrolysis reactions Water, physical properties Water, Soft Water, structure Water-gas shift reaction Wurtz reaction

Sawhorse projections of ethane Sigma complex Silicates Silicic acid

375 393 322 317

Z
Zeolites 322

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284 355 354 355 354 375, 376 378 277 400 296 283 283 283 286 319 406 406 283 283 281 283 282 278 371

Silicon dioxide Silicones Slaked lime Smog Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate, properties Sodium chloride Sodium hydrogencarbonate Sodium hydroxide Soil pollution Standard electrode potential Steam distillation Stereoisoisomers, alkenes Stereoisomerisms Stock notation Straight chain hydrocarbons Stratospheric pollution Structural isomerism Structural isomers, alkanes Structure of double bond Structure of triple bond Sublimation Syngas Synthesis gas

320 321 303 403 296 297 297 298 297 408 270, 271 350 378 341 261 333 405 340 367 376 385 348 278 278, 319