International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume2Issue3- 2011

A Novel Approach of Multilevel Binary Image Encoding using Walsh Table and Spiral Scanning
Nilanjan Dey#1, Sourav Samanta#2, Anamitra Bardhan Roy#3
IT Department, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, INDIA CSE Department, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, INDIA #3 CSE Department, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, INDIA
#2 #1

Abstract In this paper we proposed a method of image encoding technique in a new formulated way. During transmission image is encoded in two phases for the enhancement of security. In the first phase encoding is done using Walsh table and in the second phase by using spiral scanning based encoding technique. Keywords Image Encoding, Dual-Encoding, Walsh table, Spiral Encoding.

As an example, W1 = [+1] W4 = +1 +1 W2 = +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1

I. INTRODUCTION Image encoding enhanced the security remarkably. Embedding encoded messages or images in stenographic system can be carried out with many different technique namely LSB, DCT, DWT, etc. Steganography [1, 2, 3] is the process of hiding of a secret message within an ordinary message and extracting it at its destination. Anyone else viewing the message will fail to know it contains secret/encrypted data. The word comes from the Greek word steganos meaning covered and graphei meaning writing. Encoding of the secrete image can be perform in many different ways like LAR Codec [4], XOR transformation [6], G-Scan [5], etc. To modify the technique of image encoding for betterment we tried to propose a new methodology to encode an image using Walsh table and spiral based scanning. This Dual-layer Encoding technique is carried out for the purpose of two fold security. II. WALSH TABLE

These sequences are Walsh codes and can be derived from a binary Walsh matrix. A station sends out its chip sequence to send a 1 and its inverse to send a 0 (or +1 and a -1; zero being silence). For our further computational we will use binary Walsh Matrix. III. SPIRAL SCANNING AND ENCODING TECHNIQUE Scan the elements of 2-D array using spiral fashion and store the elements into a 1-D array.

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Figure 1

5 10 15 20 25

In Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CDMA) procedure one of the efficient ways to generate orthogonal code sequences is Walsh table [7]. Each row of a Walsh table is an orthogonal code sequence. The tables can be generated recursively, provided that K is power of two. W1 = [+1] W2N = WN WN WN WN

Scan the generated 1-D array and store elements in a 2-D array to generate encoded array. 1 2 3 4 5 10 15
Figure 2

20

25

24

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume2Issue3- 2011

1 10 23 6 19 2 15 22 7 18 3 20 21 8 17 4 25 16 9 12 5 24 11 14 13 First Phase Decoding: 7. Perform XOR operation between the elements of the first phase decoded matrix and the Walsh matrix at respective positions to get back the original secret image. V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The First and Second phase encoded and decoded image is shown below, Encoding by Appling Walsh Table:

Figure 3

Decoded array is generated by linearly scanning elements from the above array and store the elements in spiral way into a separate 2-D array.

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Figure 4

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IV. PROPOSED METHOD First Phase Encoding: 1. 2. 3. The size of the secret binary image is computed. A Walsh table is generated considering -1 as 0 of the same size as the binary image. XOR operation is performed between the elements of the image matrix and the Walsh matrix at respective positions.
(a) (b)

Encoding by Appling Spiral Scanning:

Second Phase Encoding: 1. The generated encoded image from the first phase are scanned in the spiral way and store in a 1-D array. 2. The array elements are scanned in linear fashion and elements are stored in a 2-D array same as the image size 3. The elements are scanned from the 2-D array linearly and stored in a final array in the spiral way to generate final encoded image. Second Phase Decoding: 4. Final encoded image is scanned in the spiral way and stored in a 1-D array. 5. The array elements are scanned in linear fashion and elements are stored in a 2-D array same as the image size 6. The elements are scanned from the 2-D array linearly and stored in an array in the spiral way to get back the first phase decoded image

(c)

(d)

Decoding by Appling Spiral Scanning:

(e)

(f)

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume2Issue3- 2011

Decoding by Appling Walsh Table:

TABLE II

Correlation (Original image vs. Recovered image) 1

Table II shows that Correlation between Original image and recovered image is 1 stating that the proposed method is lossless.
(g) (h) Figure 5.(a)Original Secret image (b)Walsh table Encoded image (c)Walsh table Encoded image (d) Encoded image by Spiral Scanning (e) Encoded image by Spiral Scanning(f) Decoded image by Spiral Scanning(g) Decoded image by Spiral Scanning(h) Recovered image

VI. CONCLUSION In the proposed method the image is encoded twice which can be embedded in a cover image for the purpose of image hiding. Proposed approach is more secured than any single level encoding technique and reduces the security threat. REFERENCES
1. 0N. F. Johnson and S. Katzenbeisser, .A survey of Steganographic techniques, in S. Katzenbeisser and F. Peticolas (Eds.): Information Hiding, pp.43-78. Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2000. Lou, D. C. and Liu, J. L. 2002. Steganography Method for Secure Communications. Elsevier Science on Computers& Security, 21, 5: 449-460. J. Fidrich and M. Goljan, .Practical steganalysis of digital imagesstate of the art., Proc. SPIE Photonics West, Vol. 4675, pp. 1-13, San Jose, California, Jan. 2002. Color LAR Codec: A Color Image Representation and Compression Scheme Based on Local Resolution Adjustment and Self-Extracting Region Representation : Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on Issue Date: Aug. 2007 Volume: 17 Issue:8 Ali Al-Ataby and Fawzi Al-Naima, A Modified High Capacity Image Steganography Technique Based on Wavelet Transform, The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 2010 Formal methods in computer-aided design: first international conference ... By MandayamSrivas, Albert Camilleri http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh_function

2.

(i) (j) Figure 6. (i)Histogram of Original image (j) Histogram of removed image.

3.

4.

Correlation coefficient: The similarity of Original image A and encoded images B was measured by the standard correlation coefficient as follows: Corr2 computes the correlation coefficient using

5.

6. 7.

(Amn - A) (Bmn - B)
m n

r=

(Amn - A) 2 (Bmn B) 2
m n m n

Where

= mean2 (A), and

Correlation (Original image Vs. 2nd level Encoded image) 1

= mean2 (B).
Correlation (Original image vs. 1st level Decoded image) 1 Correlation (Original image Vs. 2nd level Decoded image) 1

TABLE 1

Correlation (Original image Vs. 1st level Encoded image) 1

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