Strength and Abrasion Characteristics of ISF Slag Concrete

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Strength and Abrasion Characteristics of ISF Slag
Concrete
Bhavna Tripathi
a
, Anurag Misra
b
, Sandeep Chaudhary
a

a
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India.
b
Anand International College of Engineering, Jaipur, India.

Abstract
Use of industrial byproducts as a raw material in concrete is becoming necessary to
address sustainability of both, the concrete and the industrial growth. The present study
assessed the potential of ISFS (Imperial Smelting Furnace Slag) as sand in concrete,
considering the presence of toxic elements (lead and zinc) and their detrimental effects on the
early hydration of cement. Equivalent volume of sand was replaced by ISFS in different
percentages. Concrete specimens were prepared at different water to cement ratios.
Compressive, flexural, and pulloff strength, along with abrasion resistance, were examined.
Leaching potentials of toxic lead, zinc, and cadmium from ISFS concrete mixtures were also
analyzed to evaluate environmental viability. Results were encouraging because sign of delay
in setting was not observed. Improvement in compressive and pulloff strength; comparable
flexural strength and abrasion resistance; and, leaching of toxic elements within safe limits
assured the potential of future use of the ISFS as sand in concrete.
CE Database subject headings: Concrete, Slag, Lead, Zinc, Compressive Strength.

Corresponding author, Fax: +91-141-2529029, Tel: +91-141-2713273

E-mail: sandeep.nitjaipur@gmail.com.

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. Submitted December 9, 2011; accepted October 8, 2012;
posted ahead of print October 11, 2012. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000709
Copyright 2012 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Mater. Civ. Eng.
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Introduction
With acceptance of industrial byproducts as raw material in concrete, researchers are
continuously evaluating and exploring best technologies (Naik 2008). The challenges are
apparent, especially with the use of hazardous wastes where long term implications are the
prime concern. ISFS (Imperial Smelting Furnace Slag) is such an example, which is
generated during pyrometallurgical refining of sulphide ore. ISFS is vitreous, granular, black
in colour and contains toxic metals (lead and zinc), which are hazardous for human health
and environment (MoEF 2010).
India is worlds seventh largest producer of zinc (MoEF 2010). Rajasthan, the largest
state of the country, is rich in metallic (copper, lead and zinc) and non metallic (soapstone,
silica sand, limestone, marble, and gypsum) mineral resources (RSPCB 2007). The state of
Rajasthan has the largest reserve of zinc mines (Rajpura Agucha, Sindesar Khurd, Rajpura
Dariba, and Zawar) with a current annual production of about 80,000 t of pyrometallurgical
ISFS and approximately 650,000 t already stockpiled (B.K. Singh, Hindustan Zinc Limited,
personal communication, 201011). As per the recent guidelines provided by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests, slag generated from pyrometallurgical operations has been
exempted from the category of hazardous wastes (MoEF 2008). However, owing to the
presence of toxic substances, ISFS cannot be deemed safe and has to be treated with caution.
Byproducts containing lead and zinc have been found to be safe for use in concrete
(Atzeni et al. 1996; Cioffi et al. 2000; Morrison et al. 2003; Morrison 2005) as leaching is
reduced and toxic metals are fixed (Monosi et al. 2001; Sorlini 2004; Dunster et al. 2005;
Patil 2009). However, previous work reveals that lead and zinc could cause set retardation
and influence early strength gain (Midgley et al. 1970; Tashiro et al. 1977; Cocke 1990;
Mollah et al. 1995; Cioffi et al. 2000; Monosi et al. 2001; Morrison et al. 2003; Asavapisit et
al. 2005; Dunster et al. 2005; Morrison 2005; Weeks et al. 2008). This delay in setting and
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hardening of cement and concrete has been widely studied and found to be particularly
evident at higher slag additions (Midgley 1970; Monosi et al. 2001; Dunster et al. 2005;
Morrison 2005). Tashiro et al. (1977) confirmed that the presence of lead and zinc metal
oxides, in small amounts (0.5%) do not affect setting significantly as compared with higher
additions of about 5%. Midgley et al. (1970) attributed the delay in setting and strength gain
to the lime soluble portion present in such slag, which would affect even when present in
small traces. Delay in setting with increase in the slag content has been reported by Morrision
(2005) also. The study also revealed that the set retardation period reduces with increasing
the cement content. The set retardation period was found to be reduced by one day on
increasing the cement content from 300 kg/m
3
to 400 kg/m
3
.

The compressive strength of concrete containing lead and zinc byproducts has also been
reported in these studies by Morrison (2003, 2005) and others. Utilization of granular slag as
sand in concrete produces equivalent to or greater than control compressive strength
(Midgley et al. 1970; Monosi et al. 2001; Morrison et al. 2003; Sorlini et al. 2004; Morrison
2005; Patil 2009), though low at early ages (Midgley et al. 1970; Monosi et al. 2001;
Morrison et al. 2003; Morrison 2005). It was revealed by Morrison (2005) that ISFS only
delays the onset of hydration, which affects the early strength gain (particularly during the
first three days) and is not detrimental to strength at later ages, for example, the 28day
strength was found to be greater than control. However, the compressive strength of mortar
containing ISFS sand was observed to decrease negligibly at 50%; and, by about 15% at
100% replacement. Similar results for mortar and concrete were previously reported by
Atzeni et al. (1996) where compressive and flexural strength of concrete were found to be
unaltered, while mortar mixtures showed severe reduction in compressive strength. This
reduction was more for volumetric replacements compared with replacements by the weight
of the slag. Monosi et al. (2001) used granular ISFS as sand and observed no change in
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mortar and concrete strengths at the age of 28 days whereas the initial (at 2day age) strength
was found to be low. Further, significant delay in hydration was noticed when both powdered
and granular ISFS were added. A case study made by Dunster et al. (2005) on utilization of
ISFS as sand for pavement construction showed a small increase in laboratory compressive
strength for 50% and 75% replacement of sand along with improvement in flexural strength.
However, the strength of the trial concrete pavement was found to be slightly low. Inclusion
of granular Waelz slag (generated through Waelz kiln during recovery of zinc from electric
arc furnance dust) as sand has been found to result in improved compressive strength (Sorlini
et al. 2004). Cioffi et al. (2000) studied the influence of slag on concrete strength and
leaching of toxic metals with respect to its particle size and found favourable results with use
of granular slag. However, strength was not achieved for concrete containing powdered slag
(<0.5 mm) due to absence of hardening, even at 28 days. Patil (2009) studied the influence of
granular ISFS as sand on the compressive strength of concrete. The study revealed equivalent
to control compressive strength for M20 and M30 concrete grades (designed to achieve 28
day strength of 20 N/mm
2
and 30 N/mm
2
respectively as per Indian Standards, BIS 2000).
Most of the work on utilization of lead and zinc containing slag is supplemented with
evaluation of its environmental impact through leaching studies (Atzeni et al. 1996; Cioffi et
al. 2000; Monosi et al. 2001; Morrison 2003; Dunster et al. 2005; Patil 2009). Morrison et al.
(2003) studied leaching of lead and zinc ions from ISFS in various mediums, such as
deionised water, pH 13 buffer solution, saturated CaO (Calcium oxide), CaO and PFA
(Pulverised Fuel Ash), PFA and deionised water, GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace
Slag) and deionised water, and found the leaching to be maximum at high pH solutions.
Leaching was observed to reduce in calcium oxide solutions and was minimal with
PFA/GGBS solutions suggesting the binding offered by calcium and role of additives. Atzeni
et al. (1996) also found that leaching of both metals reduces considerably with addition of fly
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ash and increase in the cement content. Although leaching of these metals in water was
negligible but due to their amphoteric nature high amounts were leached in acidic solutions
forecasting the threat in disposing such concrete in acidic environments. Monosi et al. (2001)
studied leaching of concrete containing granular slag as partial replacement of sand (20%)
and/or powdered slag as partial replacement of binder (15%). The study reported that
leaching of zinc was negligible and that of lead was small (a maximum up to 32 mg/l). Patil
(2009) also reported leaching of lead and zinc from different concrete grades, M20, M25, and
M30 to be within permissible limits (as per United States Environmental Protection Agency),
at all replacements, even at 100% replacement of sand, using ISFS obtained from Rajasthan.
As discussed above, ISFS has been used as cement and sand in concrete. However,
looking at the ill effects of heavy metals on hydration and leaching, and considering the fact
that sand constitutes typically 3035% of the total aggregate volume in concrete, the
utilization of ISFS as sand is advisable. In addition, use of ISFS in granular form also
eliminates processing costs. Although previous work on utilization of granular slag
containing lead and zinc as sand in concrete has discussed hydration, strength, and leaching
effects, however, none of the studies has considered the effect of w/c (water/cement ratio).
Therefore, it is desirable to carry out comprehensive studies covering various strength
criteria, effect of w/c, and leaching of toxic metals to facilitate its practical use.
This study presents a comprehensive comparison of strength and abrasion characteristics
of concrete containing ISFS as sand with seven replacements (1070%) at four w/c (0.55,
0.50, 0.45, and 0.40). Compressive, flexural, and pulloff strength development were studied
along with resistance to surface wear. Leaching of toxic elements has also been examined to
determine environmental suitability. This study has been further supplemented with a
significant observation on the setting and hardening of ISFS concrete.
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Experimental Program
Raw Materials
Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade (BIS 1989), natural river sand (specific gravity 2.68;
SSD water absorption 0.65%; confirming to Zone II as per BIS 1970; void content 36% as
per ASTM 2009), crushed stone as coarse aggregate (equal proportions of 20 mm and 10 mm
nominal size), ISFS (supplied by Hindustan Zinc Limited, Chanderiya plant, Rajasthan,
India; specific gravity 3.69; SSD water absorption 0.45%; confirming to Zone I as per BIS
1970; void content 43% as per ASTM 2009) and modified polycarboxylic ether based,
ASTM Type F superplasticizer were used for preparing concrete mixtures. Chemical
composition of ISFS and cement are shown in Table 1 and 2 respectively. The grainsize
distribution of sand, ISFS, and coarse aggregates (10 mm and 20 mm size) are given in Fig.1.
Preparation of Test Specimens
To analyze the influence of ISFS over fresh and hardened properties of concrete, four w/c
(0.55, 0.50, 0.45, and 0.40) were chosen in this study by adjusting the water content and
keeping the proportion of other constituents constant. Sand was replaced by equivalent
volume of ISFS up to 70% (seven replacements at 10% increments) for each w/c. The
mixture proportions are given in Table 3. Concrete mixture was prepared in a pan mixer with
oven dry materials. The workability of 0.900.96 CF (Compacting Factor as per BIS 1959)
was achieved for w/c 0.55 mixtures without addition of superplasticizer. However,
superplasticizer in required quantities was added to w/c 0.50, 0.45, and 0.40 mixtures to
achieve workability in the range of 0.900.96 CF. The mixtures were prepared and cast in the
morning at temperature (indoor) range of 2232
C. Moulds were covered with plastic sheet

soon after casting at room temperature and demoulded after 24 hours. Curing of
specimens was done in a temperature controlled water tank maintained at 27 2
C until the
time of test.
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Test Procedures
Morphology of Slag and Sand
The morphology of slag and sand particles was studied through SEM (Scanning Electron
Microscope) JEOL JSM 6610 LV. The fraction passing 2.36 mm and retained on 600 m
was used for the purpose of capturing images of both, sand and ISFS, in order to allow
comparison.
Density, Setting and Hardening of ISFS Concrete
Workability of fresh concrete mixtures was measured through compacting factor test as
per Indian Standards (BIS 1959). Density of fresh concrete was also measured as per BIS
(1959). As discussed above in the section Introduction, addition of heavy metal oxides and
slag containing heavy metals, increases the demouldable age of specimens. In this study,
setting and hardening of ISFS concrete was qualitatively judged in relation with the
demouldable age of cube specimens along with observations on presence of soft
corners/edges as a sign of delay in setting, in comparison with control specimens.
Compressive, Flexural, and Pulloff Strength
Concrete cubes (100 100 100 mm; tested at 7, 28, and 90 days of curing) and beams
(100 100 500 mm; tested at 7 and 28 days of curing) were cast for measuring compressive
and flexural strengths respectively. Pulloff strength, representing the tensile strength of
cover zone concrete, was measured on broken pieces of beams after conducting the 28day
flexural strength test. Iron discs (50 mm diameter) were bonded to the concrete surface by
epoxy adhesive. The force required to pulloff the disc along with the surface layer of
concrete was recorded. The pulloff strength was obtained by considering average of three
selective observations, based on proper/uniform removal of the surface layer of concrete
specimens.

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Abrasion Resistance
Abrasion resistance was measured according to BIS (1980) on 28 days cured,
100u100u100 mm cubes. Concrete cubes were oven dried at 110 5
C for 24 hours. For

measuring the surface wear, the code has specified a load of 300 N for a specimen with 50
cm
2
exposed surface area. As the surface area of concrete exposed to wear in this case was
100 cm
2
, a load of 600 N was applied.
Leaching
Leaching of toxic metals was studied to review the environmental suitability of ISFS
concrete by conducting TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) tests at the 6
months age of slag concrete at highest replacements (70% ISFS). A sample of crushed
concrete was obtained by manually crushing the inner portion of cubes. Coarse aggregates
were removed and the material was sieved to pass 10 mm sieve size. The leachate was
prepared adopting the procedure suggested by United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA 1992) and analyzed with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
Results and Discussion
Morphology of Slag and Sand
The SEM images of ISFS and sand particles passing 2.36 mm and retained on 600 m are
shown in Fig. 2. The images show an irregular shape of the slag particles compared with sand
particles which are regular and have smooth surfaces. Presence of spherical and needle like
protuberance along with large open cavities and surface cracks are also seen on slag particles.
The irregular shape of the slag particle with cavities is likely to decrease the workability but
would simultaneously offer better adherence with the cement paste. Presence of needle like or
spherical protuberance and surface cracks is expected to result in a weaker particle structure
compared with the sand.
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Density, Setting and Hardening of ISFS Concrete
Workability and density of fresh concrete mixtures are shown in Table 3. It is observed
from Table 3 that addition of ISFS increases the density of concrete due to its high specific
gravity. The concrete cube specimens were demoulded 24 hours after casting, as discussed
above, the setting property was observed in relation with the ease in demoulding and
presence of definite corners/edges of cubes after demoulding. Surprisingly, all the cube
specimens were easily demoulded and no sign of soft corner or unset mixture was seen even
at the highest replacement of 70%. Although delay in setting, leading to the increase in the
age of demoulding, has been reported previously (Midgley 1970; Tashiro et al. 1977; Cioffi
et al. 2000; Monosi et al. 2001; Asavapisit et al. 2005; Dunster et al. 2005; Morrison 2005), it
was not observed in this study.
One of the possible reason for the absence of the retardation effect is possibly the fact that
the granular ISFS used in this study consisted of only 5% fraction below 0.3 mm, while pure
metal solutions (Tashiro et al. 1977), powdered slag (Cioffi et al. 2000; Monosi et al. 2001;
Morrison 2005), and sludge (Asavapisit et al. 2005) were used in previous studies to assess
the retardation effect with which the effects are expected to be magnified compared with the
granular slag. This is because of the fact that metal solutions have a greater access to cement
grains and thus participate actively in hydration. Moreover, metal solubilisation is a surface
dependent process (Cocke 1990; Cioffi et al. 2000), hence the proportion of fines (<0.3 mm)
present in the slag play a vital role. A small delay in concrete setting was observed by
Morrison (2005) with the use of granular slag also, which consisted of 11% material finer
than 0.3 mm, and hence, was finer than the slag used in this study.
Additionally, the variation in the proportion of heavy metal oxides in slag used in the
present and previous studies may also have created some difference as low concentrations of
these metals do not retard hydration. Therefore, the presence of fewer fines in ISFS and low
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concentration or inaccessibility of harmful elements might have produced normal setting and
hardening of the concrete mixtures studied here.
Fresh concrete with sand replacements above 50%, particularly the 70% ISFS concrete
mixture, seemed harsh, devoid of sufficient paste, difficult to compact and had a relatively
rough finished surface. This was due to lack of fines and surface characteristics of ISFS
particles, which become evident, especially at higher replacement levels. Additionally, the
void content of sand and slag was 36% and 43%, respectively, which indicates greater
requirement of paste content for ISFS mixtures in comparison with control mixtures,
especially at higher replacements.
Compressive, Flexural, and Pulloff Strength
The compressive strength of ISFS concrete mixtures at 7, 28, and 90 days is shown in
Fig. 3. The standard deviations (for three replicate samples) of the compressive, flexural, and
pulloff strengths are given in Tables S1S3, respectively of the Supplemental Data.
At 7 days, the compressive strength of almost all the mixtures with up to 60% ISFS at
respective w/c were slightly higher than the control mixture. Significant improvement was
however observed for mixtures with w/c 0.50 only.
At the age of 28 days, the strength development pattern for ISFS concrete was visibly
clear. Strength of the control mixture specimens with w/c 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, and 0.40 were
41.70, 43.83, 45.77, and 48.20 N/mm
2
, respectively. For higher w/c (0.55), strength was
found to decrease with an increase in ISFS and water content, although this reduction was not
significant for sand replacements up to 60%. However, at lower w/c (0.45 and 0.40) such
reduction was not observed with increasing ISFS. In fact, the reduction in strength
disappeared gradually as the w/c was reduced. The strength of ISFS concrete mixtures with
w/c 0.45 was similar to the control, whereas, the strength of w/c 0.40 ISFS mixtures was
about 516% higher than the control.
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At 90 days, the compressive strengths of all mixtures with sand replacement up to 60%
were comparable, similar, or higher than control. Improvement was however seen for
mixtures with ISFS between 2050% at w/c 0.45. Higher than control strength observed for
ISFS concrete is in agreement with the results reported by Morrison (2005), Midgley (1970)
and Dunster et al. (2005).
Mixtures with 70% sand replacement produced indistinct results, largely showing a
reduction in strength. However, the maximum reduction in these mixtures was 15%. At 7
days, the mixtures with w/c 0.55 and 0.45 showed decrease of 14% and 8% respectively,
while little increase in strength for w/c 0.50 and 0.40 was noticed. At 28 days, reduction in
strength was seen for all mixtures except for mixture with w/c 0.40. The 90day strength of
mixtures with 70% ISFS at all w/c was less than control except for the mixture at w/c 0.50,
which was similar to control.
At 7 days, concrete mixtures with up to 60% ISFS showed enhanced compressive
strength, compared with control and were nonconforming to those observed at later ages. The
prime reason could be the irregular shape of slag particles along with volumetric replacement
of ISFS, which increased the total surface area of fine aggregate in the mixture and thus
reduced the effective water available for hydration. Hence, ISFS concrete behaved as a
mixture with lower w/c in comparison with the controls mixture and achieved higher
strength. In addition, the cavities present on the surface of slag holds some quantity of water.
This restricts the availability of water for hydration reactions initially, which is released
gradually and used at later ages.
As the compressive strength of concrete at 7 days is immature, the results of 28 and 90
days are considered to draw conclusions. The data in Fig. 3(b) and (c) demonstrates that ISFS
concrete does not follow a specific strength gain pattern with respect to the quantity of slag
within a w/c. A close look at the strength gain pattern (28 and 90 days) among different w/c
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reveals that the reduction in compressive strength of ISFS concrete (up to 60% replacement)
diminishes gradually as the w/c is lowered. However, requirement of further investigations at
much lower w/c is apparent.
The results of flexural strength at 7 and 28 days age are presented in Fig. 4. It is observed
from the results that the 28day flexural strength of all the mixtures up to 60% ISFS, were
comparable with or slightly higher than the strength of control mixture which accords with
the findings of Dunster et al. (2005). Appreciable increase in the 7day flexural strength of
some mixtures at w/c 0.50 and 0.45 is noticed, which remained at later ages (28day) also.
The 28day flexural strength of 70% ISFS concrete was less than control at all w/c. The
flexural strength of mixtures with up to 60% ISFS, improved slightly from comparable with
control to better than control with reduction in w/c from 0.55 to 0.45. However, the flexural
strength of ISFS mixtures with w/c 0.40 was equivalent to control.
Results of pulloff strength test are shown in Fig. 5, which demonstrate an increase in
strength for w/c 0.50 mixtures with up to 60% ISFS and for w/c 0.45 mixtures with sand
replacements between 4060%. The pulloff strength of mixtures with w/c 0.40 was similar
to the control mixture. However, the pulloff strength of mixtures with w/c 0.55 decreased
with increase in the sand replacement level. It was observed that the pulloff strength of
concrete mixtures with up to 60% ISFS, improved from less than control to better than or
similar to control with reduction in w/c. As discussed above, similar effect of w/c was
observed for compressive and flexural strength also. The results discussed here largely show
equivalent to or higher than control pulloff strengths, indicating that ISFS does not
adversely affect the tensile strength of cover zone concrete.
Abrasion Resistance
The abrasion resistance in terms of depth of wear, in 28day cured concrete samples is
given in Fig. 6. The standard deviation (for three replicate samples) for the depth of wear is
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given in Table S4 of the Supplemental Data. The maximum allowable average wear in
concrete tiles for use in building floors as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 1980) is 3.5
mm and 2.0 mm for general purpose and heavy duty floors, respectively. For w/c 0.55 and
0.50 mixtures, the depth of wear increased with increase in the replacement of sand with
ISFS. However, the increase was marginal and only 60% and 70% ISFS mixtures
demonstrated more than 10% wear compared with the control mixture. For w/c 0.45
mixtures, the depth of wear decreased slightly for sand replacements up to 40% and increased
beyond that, although the change was not significant. The depth of wear in w/c 0.40 mixtures
was similar to control up to 40% sand replacements and marginally increased beyond that.
The depth of wear has been found to be mainly influenced by compressive strength (Naik
et al. 2002). However, in the present study, improvement in abrasion resistance was not
observed for the mixtures which showed improvement in compressive strength. The
reduction in abrasion resistance in ISFS mixtures may be attributed to the needle like
protuberance, irregular shape and presence of surface cracks [Fig. 2(b)] in slag particles,
resulting in a weaker particle structure as compared to sand that has smooth surface and
regular shape. The irregular shape of slag particle may also increase the porosity of ISFS
concrete, which influences the depth of wear. Nevertheless, irrespective of the amount of
sand replaced and the w/c, the depth of wear in all ISFS mixtures was within the limits
specified for heavy duty floors (BIS 1980), except for w/c 0.55 mixtures containing more
than 50% ISFS. Hence, the influence of ISFS on abrasion resistance may be considered as
acceptable for practical use.
Leaching
TCLP results of raw ISFS and 70% ISFS concrete mixtures at various w/c are shown in
Table 4. It is observed from Table 4 that the leaching of toxic lead and cadmium from raw
ISFS is considerably higher than the acceptable limit of 5 ppm and 1 ppm respectively,
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prescribed by United States Environmental Protection Agency. Leaching of cadmium and
lead from ISFS concrete at highest replacement reduced considerably and was within
acceptable limits, suggesting positive results for lower sand replacements. Similarly, leaching
of zinc also reduced significantly. These results indicate an effective encapsulation of ISFS in
concrete.
Conclusions
Experiments were performed to check the suitability of ISFS (produced in Rajasthan,
India) as sand in concrete. Data were collected and analyzed for mechanical behaviour of
ISFS concrete mixtures at various replacement levels with respect to different w/c and also to
check heavy metal leaching from the environmental point of view. Following conclusions
were drawn:
1. The rate of compressive strength gain in control and ISFS concrete was different
initially (up to 7 days) but similar at later ages. The reduction in strength observed
with increasing ISFS content at higher w/c disappeared gradually with reducing the
w/c. It could be broadly concluded that ISFS offers comparable results at high w/c
(0.55) and good results at low w/c (0.45 and 0.40).
2. Flexural and pulloff strength demonstrated that ISFS is a useful material in place of
sand up to additions of 60% by volume. The flexural and pulloff strength of concrete
mixtures with up to 60% ISFS, improved from less than control to better than or
similar to control with reduction in w/c.
3. Abrasion resistance of ISFS concrete was comparable to normal concrete for sand
replacements up to 50%. The abrasion resistance improved slightly, compared with
the control mixture, with reduction in w/c at the same replacements.
4. Leaching of lead and cadmium from 70% ISFS concrete mixtures was within
acceptable limits of 5 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively, specified by United States
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Environmental Protection Agency, which otherwise was higher than these limits in
raw ISFS. This ensured the environmental suitability of ISFS as sand in concrete.
5. ISFS can be used as sand in concrete up to 50% volumetric replacement of sand, with
special attention in proportioning the mixture for replacements higher than 50% to
ensure suitable proportion of fines in order to achieve a cohesive concrete mixture.
It can be broadly concluded from the present study that ISFS is a useful raw material for
concrete in place of sand. The study also reveals that inclusion of granular ISFS improves the
mechanical properties of concrete at lower w/c. Further, it is realized that the data presented
here is useful in promoting ISFS as sand in concrete; however, further work on durability
aspects is needed.
Acknowledgements
Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by The Department of
Science and Technology, New Delhi, under Women Scientist scheme (Sanction number SR/
WOA/ ET39/2009) to accomplish this study.
Supplemental Data
Tables S1S4 are available online in the ASCE library (www.ascelibrary.org).
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Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB), Government of Rajasthan, India.
Sorlini, S., Collivignarelli, C., Plizzari, G., and Foglie, M.D. (2004). Reuse of waelz slag as
recycled aggregate for structural concrete. Proc., Conf. on Use of Recycled Materials
in Buildings and Structures, RILEM, Barcelona, Spain, Abstract number 299.
Tashiro, C., Takahashi, H., Kanaya, M., Hirakida, I., and Yoshida, R. (1977). Hardening
property of cement mortar adding heavy metal compound and solubility of heavy metal
from hardened mortar. Cement and Concrete Research, 7(3), 283290.
USEPA. (1992). Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure. Method 1311, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
Weeks, C., Hand, R.J., and Sharp, J.H. (2008). Retardation of cement hydration caused by
heavy metals present in ISF slag used as aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites,
30(10), 970978.
J. Mater. Civ. Eng.
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Figure list
Fig. 1. Grainsize distribution of sand and ISFS
Fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope images of (a) ISFS particle (18), (b) ISFS particle
(100), and (c) sand particle (25)
Fig. 3. Compressive strength at (a) 7-day, (b) 28-day, and (c) 90-day age
Fig. 4. Flexural strength at (a) 7day age and (b) 28day age
Fig. 5. Pulloff strength of control and ISFS concrete
Fig. 6. Depth of wear in control and ISFS concrete

Figure Caption List
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Table list
Table 1. Chemical composition of ISFS (B.K. Singh, personal communication 2010, with
permission from Hindustan Zinc Limited)
Table 2. Chemical composition of cement (D.C. Maheshwari, personal communication 2010,
with permission from UltraTech Cement Limited)
Table 3. Mixture proportions and properties of fresh concrete
Table 4. TCLP results of raw ISFS and concrete mixtures containing 70% ISFS

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Fig. 1. Grainsize distribution of sand, ISFS, and coarse aggregates
0
20
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60
80
100
0.1 1 10 100
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Particle Size (mm)
Sand
ISFS
Aggregate (10mm)
Aggregate (20 mm)
Fig. 1.pdf
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Fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope images oI (a) ISFS particle (18), (b) ISFS particle
(100), and (c) sand particle (25)
(a)
SphericaI
protuberance
Cavity
(b) (c)
Fig 2.pdf
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Fig. 3. Compressive strength at (a) 7day, (b) 28day, and (c) 90day age

20
30
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50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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0.55 w/c 0.50 w/c
0.45 w/c 0.40 w/c
(a)
20
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70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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(c)
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Fig. 4. Flexural strength at (a) 7day and (b) 28day age

2
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0.55 w/c 0.50 w/c
0.45 w/c 0.40 w/c
(a)
2
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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(b)
Fig. 4.pdf
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Fig. 5. Pulloff strength of control and ISFS concrete

0
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7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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Percentage of ISFS
0.55 w/c 0.50 w/c
0.45 w/c 0.40 w/c
Fig. 5.pdf
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Fig. 6. Depth of wear in control and ISFS concrete

1.2
1.6
2
2.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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Percentage of ISFS
0.55 w/c 0.50 w/c
0.45 w/c 0.40 w/c
Fig. 6.pdf
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Table 1. Chemical composition of ISFS (B.K. Singh, personal communication 2010, with
permission from Hindustan Zinc Limited)
Element Weight percentage
SiO
2
18.08
Fe
2
O
3
34.28
Al
2
O
3
8.17
CaO 17.91
MgO 1.93
Na
2
O 0.68
K
2
O 0.71
Mn
2
O
3
1.33
ZnO 9.21
PbO 1.22
Sulphide Sulphur 1.41
Insoluble residue 6.28
Loss on ignition (LOI) (+)5.68
R2 Tables ASCE.docx
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Table 2. Chemical composition of cement (D.C. Maheshwari, personal communication 2010,
with permission from UltraTech Cement Limited)
Components % mass

0.88
1.18
Insoluble residue 2.82
Magnesia 0.85
Sulphuric Anhydride 2.46
Total loss on ignition 2.74
Total chlorides 0.02

3
2 2 3 2 3
0.7
2.8 1.2 0.65

CaO SO
SO Al O Fe O

2 3 2 3
/ Al O Fe O
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Table 3. Mixture proportions and properties of fresh concrete
SR
(%)
Materials (kg/m
3
)
CF
Density
(kg/m
3
) w/c Sand Cement Slag CA SP
0 0.55 604.5 377.8 0 1208.9 0 0.96 2335
10 0.55 544.0 377.8 83.2 1208.9 0 0.94 2390
20 0.55 483.6 377.8 166.4 1208.9 0 0.94 2326
30 0.55 423.1 377.8 249.7 1208.9 0 0.94 2398
40 0.55 362.7 377.8 332.9 1208.9 0 0.94 2452
50 0.55 302.2 377.8 416.1 1208.9 0 0.93 2428
60 0.55 241.8 377.8 499.3 1208.9 0 0.93 2476
70 0.55 181.3 377.8 582.6 1208.9 0 0.90 2582
0 0.50 604.5 377.8 0 1208.9 1.133 0.92 2351
10 0.50 544.0 377.8 83.2 1208.9 1.133 0.92 2414
20 0.50 483.6 377.8 166.4 1208.9 1.209 0.92 2406
30 0.50 423.1 377.8 249.7 1208.9 1.209 0.92 2420
40 0.50 362.7 377.8 332.9 1208.9 1.247 0.92 2425
50 0.50 302.2 377.8 416.1 1208.9 1.247 0.92 2494
60 0.50 241.8 377.8 499.3 1208.9 1.322 0.92 2428
70 0.50 181.3 377.8 582.6 1208.9 1.436 0.90 2593
0 0.45 604.5 377.8 0 1208.9 2.267 0.94 2343
10 0.45 544.0 377.8 83.2 1208.9 2.267 0.93 2452
20 0.45 483.6 377.8 166.4 1208.9 2.342 0.94 2400
30 0.45 423.1 377.8 249.7 1208.9 2.342 0.93 2445
40 0.45 362.7 377.8 332.9 1208.9 2.342 0.93 2483
50 0.45 302.2 377.8 416.1 1208.9 2.380 0.92 2501
60 0.45 241.8 377.8 499.3 1208.9 2.380 0.93 2552
70 0.45 181.3 377.8 582.6 1208.9 2.569 0.90 2603
0 0.40 604.5 377.8 0 1208.9 4.458 0.93 2340
10 0.40 544.0 377.8 83.2 1208.9 4.458 0.93 2444
20 0.40 483.6 377.8 166.4 1208.9 4.496 0.92 2459
30 0.40 423.1 377.8 249.7 1208.9 4.496 0.92 2474
40 0.40 362.7 377.8 332.9 1208.9 4.533 0.92 2481
50 0.40 302.2 377.8 416.1 1208.9 4.533 0.94 2504
60 0.40 241.8 377.8 499.3 1208.9 4.533 0.92 2559
70 0.40 181.3 377.8 582.6 1208.9 4.735 0.90 2662
SR = Sand Replacement; CA = Coarse Aggregate; SP = Superplasticizer; CF = Compacting Factor

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Table 4. TCLP (ppm) results of raw ISFS and ISFS concrete mixtures
Toxic
elements
Raw
ISFS

Water cement ratio
0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40
Lead 25.102 2.920 3.535 2.942 3.582
Zinc 126.181 16.420 13.575 15.720 17.955
Cadmium 2.304 0.068 0.142 0.113 0.166

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Strength and Abrasion Characteristics of ISF Slag Concrete

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Strength and Abrasion Characteristics of ISF Slag Concrete

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Corresponding author, Fax: +91-141-2529029, Tel: +91-141-2713273

C. Moulds were covered with plastic sheet

C for 24 hours. For

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