Nation of Nations PDF

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Nation of Nations
A Narrative History of the American Republic
Fifth Edition
James West Davidson William E. Gienapp
Harvard University
Christine Leigh Heyrman

University of Delaware
Mark H. Lytle
Bard College
Michael B. Stoff
University of Texas, Austin
Here is not merely a nation but a teeming nation of nations

Walt Whitman
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogot Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
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NATION OF NATIONS: A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright 2005, 2001, 1998, 1994, 1990 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN 0072870982 Vice president and editor-in-chief: Emily Barrosse Publisher: Lyn Uhl Sponsoring editor: Steven Drummond Development editor: Kristen Mellitt Marketing manager: Katherine Bates Senior Media Producer: Sean Crowley Production editor: Holly Paulsen Manuscript editor: Joan Pendleton Art director: Jeanne M. Schreiber Design manager: Gino Cieslik Cover designer: Gino Cieslik Interior designer: Maureen McCutcheon Art manager: Robin Mouat Art editors: Cristin Yancy and Emma Ghiselli Photo research coordinator: Nora Agbayani Photo researcher: Deborah Bull and Deborah Anderson, PhotoSearch, Inc. Illustrators: Patty Isaacs Production supervisor: Rich Devitto
The text was set in 10/12 Berkeley Medium by The GTS Companies, York, PA Campus, and printed on acid-free 45# Publishers Matte Thin Bulk by R.R. Donnelley, Willard. Cover images: (left to right) Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division [reproduction number LC-USZ62-15887]; Austrian Archives/Corbis; Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Edward S. Curtis Collection [reproduction number LC-USZC4-8819] The credits for this book begin on page C-1, a continuation of the copyright page. Text Permissions: Page 268 From Charles A. Johnson, Frontier Camp Meeting, copyright 1955, 1985 SMU Press. Reprinted with permission. 813 From Charles P Kindleberg, The World in Depression, 19291939 (revised ed., 1986), p. 170. Copyright 1986 The Regents of the University . of California. Reprinted by permission from University of California Press. 947, 1063 From Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution. 1987 Russell Sage Foundation. Used with permission of the Russell Sage Foundation. Reprinted with permission. 1063 (verse) From I Am Changing My Name to Chrysler, by Tom Paxton. Copyright 1980 Pax Music. All rights reserved. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nation of nations : a narrative history of the American republic / James West Davidson ... [et al.]. 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 0072870982 ISBN 0072870990 (v. 1 : pbk. : acid-free paper) ISBN 0072871008 (v. 2 : pbk. : acid-free paper) 1. United StatesHistoryTextbooks. I. Davidson, James West. E178.1.N346 973dc22 2004 2004052436
www.mhhe.com
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William E. Gienapp
19442003
Inevitably, contingency brings grief as well as joy. We are saddened to report the passing of our dear friend and co-author, William E. Gienapp. It would be hard to imagine a colleague with greater dedication to his work, nor one who cared more about conveying both the excitement and the rigor of history to those who were not professional historiansas has been attested by so many of his students at the University of Wyoming and at Harvard. Bill had a quiet manner, which sometimes hid (though not for long) his puckish sense of humor and an unstinting generosity. When news of his death was reported, the Harvard Crimson, a student newspaper known more for its skepticism than its sentimentality, led with the front-page headline: Beloved History Professor Gienapp Dies. Bill went the extra mile, whether in searching out primary sources enabling us to assemble a map on the environmental effects of the Lowell Mills, combing innumerable manuscript troves in the preparation of his masterful Origins of the Republican Party, or collecting vintage baseball caps from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to wear (in proper chronological sequence, no less) to his popular course on the social history of baseball. When an illness no one could have predicted struck him down, the profession lost one of its shining examples. His fellow authors miss him dearly.
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contents
List of Maps and Charts xix Preface to the Fifth Edition xxi Introduction xxx Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM xxxii
Part One
The Creation of a New America 21
Chapter 1
Old World, New Worlds (14001600) 26
Prologue
Settling and Civilizing the Americas 2
Preview 26 The Meeting of Europe, Africa, and America 29

The Portuguese Wave 29 The Spanish and Columbus 31
Preview 2 Peopling the Continents 2

Cultures of Ancient Mexico 4 Cultures of the Southwest 5 Cultures of the Eastern Woodlands 6
The European Background of American Colonization 33

Life and Death in Early Modern Europe 33 The Conditions of Colonization 34 Europeans, Chinese, and Aztecs on the Eve of Contact 34
Beyond the Mesoamerican Sphere 7

Cultures of the Great Plains 7 Cultures of the Great Basin 8 Cultures of the Subarctic and Arctic 8 Cultures of the Pacic Northwest 9
Spains Empire in the New World 35

Spanish Conquest 36 Role of the Conquistadors 36 Spanish Colonization 37 The Effects of Colonial Growth 39
North America and the Caribbean on the Eve of European Invasion 9

Enduring Cultures 10 The Rise of the Aztec Empire 12 Prologue Summary 14 Additional Reading 14 Signicant Events 15
The Reformation in Europe 39

Backdrop to Reform 39 The Teachings of Martin Luther 40 The Contribution of John Calvin 41 The English Reformation 42
Englands Entry into America 43

The English Colonization of Ireland 43 Renewed Interest in the Americas 44 The Failures of Frobisher and Gilbert 45 Raleighs Roanoke Venture 45 A Second Attempt 48
AFTER THE FACT
Historians Reconstruct the Past:

Tracking the First Americans 16
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Chapter Summary 50 Interactive Learning Additional Reading Signicant Events 50 50 51
v
84
The Founding of New England
The Puritan Movement 85 The Pilgrim Settlement at Plymouth Colony 86 The Puritan Settlement at Massachusetts Bay 87
Daily Lives: Barbaric DressIndian and European 46
New England Communities
89
Chapter 2
The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial South (16001750) 52
Stability and Order in Early New England 89 Congregational Church Order 91 Colonial Governments 92 Communities in Conict 92 Heretics 93 Goodwives and Witches 95 Whites and Indians in Early New England 97 Effect of Old World diseases 98
Preview 52 English Society on the Chesapeake
The Mid-Atlantic Colonies 54
98
The Mercantilist Impulse 55 The Virginia Company 55 Reform and a Boom in Tobacco 56 Settling Down in the Chesapeake 58 The Founding of Maryland and the Renewal of Indian Wars 59 Changes in English Policy in the Chesapeake 59
The Founding of New Netherlands 98 English Rule in New York 99 The League of the Iroquois 100 The Founding of New Jersey 101 Quaker Odysseys 101 Patterns of Settlement 102 Quakers and Politics 103
Chesapeake Society in Crisis
61
61
Adjustment to Empire 103

The Dominion of New England 104 The Aftershocks of the Glorious Revolution Leislers Rebellion 105 Royal Authority in America in 1700 106 Chapter Summary 107 Interactive Learning 107 107 108 Additional Reading Signicant Events 105
The Conditions of Unrest 61 Bacons Rebellion and Coodes Rebellion From Servitude to Slavery 62 Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade 63 A Changing Chesapeake Society 66 The Chesapeake Gentry 67
From the Caribbean to the Carolinas

Paradise Lost 69 The Founding of the Carolinas 70 Early Instability 73 White, Red, and Black: The Search for Order 74 The Founding of Georgia 75
68
Daily Lives: A World of Wonders and Witchcraft 94
Chapter 4
The Mosaic of Eighteenth-Century America (16891771) 110
The Spanish Borderlands

Chapter Summary 80 Interactive Learning Additional Reading Signicant Events 80 80 81
76
Preview 110 Forces of Division
112
Daily Lives: A Taste for Sugar
72
Immigration and Natural Increase 112 The Settlement of the Backcountry 113 Social Conict on the Frontier 116 Boundary Disputes and Tenant Wars 117 Eighteenth-Century Seaports 119 Social Conict in Seaports 121
Chapter 3
The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial North (16001700) 82
Slave Societies in the Eighteenth-Century South
122
Preview
82
The Slave Family and Community 123 Slavery and Colonial Society in French Louisiana 124 Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century British North America 125
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Contents
Enlightenment and Awakening in America 126
The Enlightenment in America 126 The First Great Awakening 127 The Aftermath of the Great Awakening 128 Chapter Summary 168 Interactive Learning 168 Additional Reading 168 Signicant Events 169 Daily Lives: Street Theater 158
Anglo-American Worlds of the Eighteenth Century 129

English Economic and Social Development 130 The Consumer Revolution 130 Inequality in England and America 131 Politics in England and America 132 The Imperial System before 1760 134
Chapter 6
The American People and the American Revolution (17751783) 170
Toward the Seven Years War 135

Chapter Summary 136 Interactive Learning 137 Additional Reading 137 Signicant Events 138 Daily Lives: Transatlantic Trials 114
Preview 170 The Decision for Independence 172

The Second Continental Congress 172 The Declaration 172 American Loyalists 175
The Fighting in the North 175

The Two Armies at Bay 176 Laying Strategies 177 The Campaigns in New York and New Jersey 178 Capturing Philadelphia 180 Disaster at Saratoga 182
Part Two
The Creation of a New Republic 139
The Turning Point 182

The American Revolution Becomes a Global War 182 Winding Down the War in the North 183 War in the West 184 The Home Front in the North 185
Chapter 5
Toward the War for American Independence (17541776) 144
The Struggle in the South 185

The Siege of Charleston 186 The Partisan Struggle in the South 186 Greene Takes Command 187 African Americans in the Age of Revolution 189
Preview 144 The Seven Years War 145

The Years of Defeat 145 The Years of Victory 147 Postwar Expectations 147
The World Turned Upside Down 190

Surrender at Yorktown 191 The Signicance of a Revolution 191 Chapter Summary 193 Interactive Learning 194 Additional Reading 194 Signicant Events 195 Daily Lives: Radical Chic and the Revolutionary Generation 178
The Imperial Crisis 149

New Troubles on the Frontier 151 George Grenvilles New Measures 151 The Beginning of Colonial Resistance 152 Riots and Resolves 154 Repeal of the Stamp Act 155 The Townshend Acts 156 The Resistance Organizes 157 The International Sons of Liberty 160 The Boston Massacre 160 Resistance Revived 161 The Empire Strikes Back 162
Chapter 7
Crisis and Constitution (17761789) 196
Toward the Revolution 163

The First Continental Congress 164 The Last Days of the British Empire in America 165 The Fighting Begins 166 Common Sense 167
Preview 196 Republican Experiments 197

The State Constitutions 198 From Congress to Confederation 199
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The Temptations of Peace 200
The Temptations of the West 200 Foreign Intrigues 200 Disputes among the States 202 The More Democratic West 203 The Northwest Territory 204 Slavery and Sectionalism 206 Wartime Economic Disruption 207
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Expansion and Turmoil in the West 241

The Resistance of the Miami 241 The Whiskey Rebellion 241 Pinckneys Treaty 242
The Emergence of Political Parties 242

Americans and the French Revolution 243 Washingtons Neutral Course 244 The Federalists and Republicans Organize 245 The 1796 Election 246 Federalist and Republican Ideologies 247
Republican Society 209

The New Men of the Revolution 209 The New Women of the Revolution 210 Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication 211 Republican Motherhood and Education 212 The Attack on Aristocracy 212
From Confederation to Constitutions 213

The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty 214 Shayss Rebellion 215 Framing a Federal Constitution 216 The Virginia and New Jersey Plans 217 The Deadlock Broken 217 Ratication 219 Changing Revolutionary Ideals 220 Chapter Summary 221 Interactive Learning 222 Additional Reading 222 Signicant Events 223 Daily Lives: The Spirits of Independence 214
The Presidency of John Adams 248

The Naval War with France 248 Suppression at Home 249 The Election of 1800 251 Political Violence in the Early Republic 252 Chapter Summary 254 Interactive Learning 254 Additional Reading 255 Signicant Events 255 Daily Lives: Exploring the Wondrous World 250
Chapter 9
The Jeffersonian Republic (18011824) 256
AFTER THE FACT

White and Black Southerners Worshiping Together 224
Preview 256 Jefferson in Power 258

The New Capital City 258 Jeffersons Character and Philosophy 259 Republican Principles 260 Jeffersons Economic Policies 260 John Marshall and Judicial Review 261 The Jeffersonian Attack on the Judiciary 262
Chapter 8
The Republic Launched (17891801) 228
Preview 228 1789: A Social Portrait 230

The Semisubsistence Economy of Crvecoeurs America 231 The Commercial Economy of Franklins America 232 The Constitution and Commerce 235
Jefferson and Western Expansion 262

The Louisiana Purchase 263 Lewis and Clark 264
Whites and Indians on the Frontier 265

The Course of White Settlement 265 A Changing Environment 266 The Second Great Awakening 266 Pressure on Indian Lands and Culture 270 The Prophet, Tecumseh, and the Pan-Indian Movement 271
The New Government 235

Washingtons Character 235 Organizing the Government 236 The Bill of Rights 237 Hamiltons Financial Program 237 Opposition to Hamiltons Program 239 The Specter of Aristocracy 241
The Second War for American Independence 273

The Barbary Pirates and Cultural Identities 274 Neutral Rights 276
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The Embargo 276 Madison and the Young Republicans 277 The Decision for War 277 National Unpreparedness 278 A Chance Such as Will Never Occur Again 278 The British Invasion 279 The Hartford Convention 281
The Rise of Factories 312

Technological Advances 313 The Postal System 314 Textile Factories 314 Lowell and the Environment 316 Industrial Work 317 The Shoe Industry 318 The Labor Movement 319
America Turns Inward 281

The Missouri Crisis 282 Monroes Presidency 283 Monroe Doctrine 284 Improved relations with Britain 284 The End of an Era 285 Chapter Summary 285 Interactive Learning 286 Additional Reading 286 Signicant Events 287 Daily Lives: The Frontier Camp Meeting 268
Social Structures of the Market Society 319

Economic Specialization 319 Materialism 320 The Emerging Middle Class 320 The Distribution of Wealth 322 Social Mobility 322 A New Sensitivity to Time 323 The Market at Work: Three Examples 323
Prosperity and Anxiety 325

The Panic of 1819 326 Chapter Summary 326 Interactive Learning 327 Additional Reading 327 Signicant Events 328 Daily Lives: Floating Palaces of the West 306
AFTER THE FACT

Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson 288
Part Three
The Republic Transformed and Tested 293
Chapter 11
The Rise of Democracy (18241840) 330
Chapter 10
The Opening of America (18151850) 298
Preview 330 Equality and Opportunity 332

The Tension between Equality and Opportunity 334
The New Political Culture of Democracy 334

The Election of 1824 335 Anti-Masonry and the Defense of Equality 335 Social Sources of the New Politics 336 Male suffrage in Europe and Latin America The Acceptance of Parties 338 The Politics of the Common Man 338
Preview 298 The Market Revolution 299

The New Nationalism 300 The Cotton Trade 300 The Transportation Revolution 301 The Canal Age 301 Steamboats and Railroads 302 Agriculture in the Market Economy 303 John Marshall and the Promotion of Enterprise 304 General Incorporation Laws 308
337
Jacksons Rise to Power 339

John Quincy Adamss Presidency 339 President of the People 340 The Political Agenda in the Market Economy 341
A Restless Temper 308

A People in Motion 308 Population Growth 309 The Federal Land Rush 310 Geographic Mobility 311 Urbanization 311
Democracy and Race 341

Accommodate or Resist? 342 Trail of Tears 343 Free Blacks in the North 345 The African American Community 346 The Minstrel Show 347
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The Nullication Crisis 348
The Growing Crisis in South Carolina 348 Calhouns Theory of Nullication 349 The Nulliers Nullied 350 Educational Reform 379 The Asylum Movement 379
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Abolitionism 380
The Beginnings of the Abolitionist Movement 381 The Spread of Abolitionism 382 Opponents and Divisions 384 The Womens Rights Movement 385 The Schism of 1840 385
The Bank War 350

The National Bank and the Panic of 1819 351 Biddles Bank 351 The Clash between Jackson and Biddle 352 The Bank Destroyed 352 Jacksons Impact on the Presidency 353
Reform Shakes the Party System 386

Women and the Right to Vote 386 The Maine Law 387 Abolitionism and the Party System 387 Chapter Summary 388 Interactive Learning 389 Additional Reading 389 Signicant Events 390 Daily Lives: Privacy Begins at Home 370
Van Buren and Depression 354

Van Ruins Depression 355 The Whigs Triumph 355
The Jacksonian Party System 356

Democrats, Whigs, and the Market 356 The Social Bases of the Two Parties 358 The Triumph of the Market 358 Chapter Summary 359 Interactive Learning 360 Additional Reading 360 Signicant Events 361 Daily Lives: The Plain Dark Democracy of Broadcloth 332
Chapter 13
The Old South (18201860) 392
Preview 392 The Social Structure of the Cotton Kingdom 394

The Boom Country Economy 394 The Upper Souths New Orientation 396 The Rural South 397 Distribution of Slavery 398 Slavery as a Labor System 399
Chapter 12
The Fires of Perfection (18201850) 362
Preview 362 Revivalism and the Social Order 363

Finneys New Measures 364 The Philosophy of the New Revivals 365 Religion and the Market Economy 365 The Rise of African American Churches 366 The Signicance of the Second Great Awakening 367
Class Structure of the White South 400

The Slaveowners 401 Tidewater and Frontier 401 The Master at Home 403 The Plantation Mistress 404 Yeoman Farmers 405 Poor Whites 406
The Peculiar Institution 407

Work and Discipline 407 Slave Maintenance 408 Resistance 409 Slave revolts in Latin America 409
Womens Sphere 367

Women and Revivalism 367 The Ideal of Domesticity 367 Domesticity in Europe 369 The Middle-Class Family in Transition 369
Slave Culture 410

The Slave Family 411 Slave Songs and Stories 412 Steal Away to Jesus 413 The Slave Community 416 Free Black Southerners 416
American Romanticism 370

Emerson and Transcendentalism 372 The Clash between Nature and Civilization 373 Songs of the Self-Reliant and Darker Loomings 374
The Age of Reform 375

Utopian Communities 375 The Mormon Experience 376 Socialist Communities 377 The Temperance Movement 378
Southern Society and the Defense of Slavery 417

The Virginia Debate of 1832 417 The Proslavery Argument 418 Closing Ranks 419 Sections and the Nation 420
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Chapter Summary 421 Interactive Learning 422 Additional Reading 422 Signicant Events 423
Contents
Chapter 15
The Union Broken (18501861) 456
Daily Lives: A Slaves Daily Bread 414
Preview 456 Sectional Changes in American Society 458

The Growth of a Railroad Economy 459 Railroads and the Prairie Environment 461 Railroads and the Urban Environment 462 Rising Industrialization 462 Immigration 463 The revolutions of 1848 464 Southern Complaints 465
Chapter 14
Western Expansion and the Rise of the Slavery Issue (18201850) 424
The Political Realignment of the 1850s 466

The Kansas-Nebraska Act 466 The Collapse of the Second American Party System 467 The Know-Nothings 468 The Republicans and Bleeding Kansas 469 The Caning of Charles Sumner 470 The Election of 1856 470
Preview 424 Manifest (and Not So Manifest) Destiny 427

The Roots of the Doctrine 427 The Mexican Borderlands 428 The Texas Revolution 429 The Texas Republic 430
The Worsening Crisis 472

The Dred Scott Decision 472 The Panic of 1857 473 The Lecompton Constitution 473 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 474 The Beleaguered South 476
The Trek West 431

The Overland Trail 431 Women on the Overland Trail 432 Indians and the Trail Experience 433
The Political Origins of Expansion 435

Tylers Texas Ploy 436 Van Overboard 436 To the Pacic 437 The Mexican War 437 Opposition to the War 439 The Price of Victory 439 The Rise of the Slavery Issue 440
The Road to War 477

A Sectional Election 477 Secession 479 The Outbreak of War 480 The Roots of a Divided Society 481 Chapter Summary 483 Interactive Learning 484 Additional Reading 484 Signicant Events 485 Daily Lives: Uncle Tom by Footlights 478
New Societies in the West 441

Farming in the West 441 The Gold Rush 441 Instant City: San Francisco 443 The Migration from China 444 The Mormons in Utah 445 Temple City: Salt Lake City 446 Shadows on the Moving Frontier 447
Chapter 16
Total War and the Republic (18611865) 486
Escape from Crisis 448

A Two-Faced Campaign 449 The Compromise of 1850 450 Away from the Brink 452 Chapter Summary 453 Interactive Learning 454 Additional Reading 454 Signicant Events 455 Daily Lives: Seeing the Elephant on the Overland Trail 434
Preview 486 The Demands of Total War 488

Political Leadership 489 The Border States 490
Opening Moves 491

Blockade and Isolate 491 Grant in the West 491 Eastern Stalemate 493
Emancipation 495
The Logic of Events 496
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The Emancipation Proclamation 496 African Americans Civil War 497 Black Soldiers 498 The Fourteenth Amendment 536 The Elections of 1866 537
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Congressional Reconstruction 537

Post-Emancipation Societies in the Americas 538 The Land Issue 538 Impeachment 539
The Confederate Home Front 498

The New Economy 499 New Opportunities for Southern Women 499 Confederate Finance and Government 500 Hardship and Suffering 501
Reconstruction in the South 540

Black Ofce Holding 540 White Republicans in the South 541 The New State Governments 542 Economic Issues and Corruption 542
The Union Home Front 502

Government Finances and the Economy 502 A Rich Mans War 504 Women and the Workforce 504 Civil Liberties and Dissent 506
Black Aspirations 543

Experiencing Freedom 543 The Black Family 545 The Schoolhouse and the Church 546 New Working Conditions 547 The Freedmens Bureau 548 Planters and a New Way of Life 549
Gone to Be a Soldier 507

Discipline 508 Camp Life 510 The Changing Face of Battle 511 Hardening Attitudes 513
The Unions Triumph 513

Confederate High Tide 514 Lincoln Finds His General 514 War in the Balance 516 Abolition as a global movement 517 The Twilight of the Confederacy 517
The Abandonment of Reconstruction 550

The Election of Grant 550 The Grant Administration 551 Growing Northern Disillusionment 553 The Triumph of White Supremacy 553 The Disputed Election of 1876 555 Racism and the Failure of Reconstruction 556 Chapter Summary 557 Interactive Learning 558 Additional Reading 558 Signicant Events 559 Daily Lives: The Black Sharecroppers Cabin 544
The Impact of War 520

The wars effect on the cotton trade worldwide 521 Chapter Summary 522 Interactive Learning 523 Additional Reading 523 Signicant Events 524 Daily Lives: Hardtack, Salt Horse, and Coffee 508
AFTER THE FACT

What Caused the New York Draft Riots? 525
Part Four
The United States in an Industrial Age 561
Chapter 17
Reconstructing the Union (18651877) 530
Chapter 18
The New South and the TransMississippi West (18701896) 566
Preview 530 Presidential Reconstruction 531

Lincolns 10 Percent Plan 532 The Mood of the South 533 Johnsons Program of Reconstruction 533 The Failure of Johnsons Program 534 Johnsons Break with Congress 535
Preview 566 The Southern Burden 568

Agriculture in the New South 568 Tenancy and Sharecropping 569 Debt peonage in India, Egypt, and Brazil 570 Southern Industry 570 Timber and Steel 572 The Sources of Southern Poverty 573
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Contents
Life in the New South 573
Rural Life 574 The Church 574 Segregation 576 Finance Capital 618 The Corporation 618 An International Pool of Labor 619
Railroads: Americas First Big Business 620

A Managerial Revolution 621 Competition and Consolidation 621 The Challenge of Finance 622
Western Frontiers 578

Western Landscapes 579 Indian Peoples and the Western Environment 579 Whites and the Western Environment: Competing Visions 580
The Growth of Big Business 624

Strategies of Growth 624 Carnegie Integrates Steel 625 Rockefeller and the Great Standard Oil Trust 626 The Mergers of J. Pierpont Morgan 627 Corporate Defenders 628 Corporate Critics 629 The Costs of Doing Business 630
The War for the West 582

Contact and Conict 582 Custers Last Standand the Indians 583 Killing with Kindness 585 Borderlands 587 Ethno-Racial Identity in the New West 588
The Workers World 631

Industrial Work 631 Children, Women, and African Americans 633 The American Dream of Success 633
Boom and Bust in the West 589

Mining Sets a Pattern 589 The Transcontinental Railroad 591 Cattle Kingdom 593
The Systems of Labor 634

Early Unions 635 The Knights of Labor 635 The American Federation of Labor 636 The Limits of Industrial Systems 636 Management Strikes 638 Chapter Summary 640 Interactive Learning 640 Additional Reading 640 Signicant Events 641 Daily Lives: The Rise of Information Systems 616
The Final Frontier 595

A Rush for Land 595 Farming on the Plains 595 A Plains Existence 596 The Urban Frontier 597 The West and the World Economy 599 Packaging and Exporting the Wild West 600 Chapter Summary 602 Interactive Learning 603 Additional Reading 603 Signicant Events 604 Daily Lives: The Frontier Kitchen of the Plains 598
Chapter 2 0
The Rise of an Urban Order (18701900) 642
AFTER THE FACT

Where Have All the Bison Gone? 605
Preview 642 A New Urban Age 643

The Urban Explosion 644 The Great Global Migration 644 The Shape of the City 647 Urban Transport 648 Bridges and Skyscrapers 649 Slum and Tenement 650
Chapter 19
The New Industrial Order (18701900) 610
Preview 610 The Development of Industrial Systems 612

Natural Resources and Industrial Technology 613 Systematic Invention 614 Transportation and Communication 615
Running and Reforming the City 651

Boss Rule 651 Rewards, Costs, and Accomplishments 652 Nativism, Revivals, and the Social Gospel 653 The Social Settlement Movement 654
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City Life 654
The Immigrant in the City 654 Urban Middle-Class Life 657 Victorianism and the Pursuit of Virtue 657 Challenges to Convention 659 From Colonial War to Colonial Rule 702 An Open Door in China 703 Chapter Summary 704 Interactive Learning 705 Additional Reading 705 Signicant Events 706 Daily Lives: The New Navy 692
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City Culture 659

Public Education in an Urban Industrial World 659 Higher Learning and the Rise of the Professional 661 Higher Education for Women 661 A Culture of Consumption 662 Leisure 663 City Entertainment at Home and on the Road 664 Chapter Summary 668 Interactive Learning 668 Additional Reading 668 Signicant Events 669 Daily Lives: The Vaudeville Show 666
AFTER THE FACT

Engendering the Spanish-American War 707
Chapter 22
The Progressive Era (18901920) 712
Chapter 2 1
The Political System under Strain (18771900) 670
Preview 712 The Roots of Progressive Reform 714

The Progressive System of Beliefs 715 The Pragmatic Approach 715 The Progressive Method 716
Preview 670 The Politics of Paralysis 672

Political Stalemate 672 The Parties 673 The Issues 674 The White House from Hayes to Harrison 676 Ferment in the States and Cities 677
The Search for the Good Society 717

Poverty in a New Light 717 Expanding the Womans Sphere 718 Social Welfare 719 Woman Suffrage 720 Militant suffragists 720
Controlling the Masses 722

Stemming the Immigrant Tide 723 The Curse of Demon Rum 724 Prostitution 725 For Whites Only 725
The Revolt of the Farmers 678

The Harvest of Discontent 678 The Origins of the Farmers Alliance 679 The Alliance Peaks 680 The Election of 1892 681 The Rise of Jim Crow Politics 682 The African American Response 682
The Politics of Municipal and State Reform 726

The Reformation of the Cities 727 Progressivism in the States 727
The New Realignment 684

The Depression of 1893 684 The Rumblings of Unrest 685 The Battle of the Standards 686 McKinley in the White House 688
Progressivism Goes to Washington 729

TR 729 A Square Deal 730 Bad Food and Pristine Wilds 732 The Troubled Taft 734 Roosevelt Returns 735 The Election of 1912 736
Visions of Empire 689

European Expansion Worldwide 689 The Shapers of American Imperialism 690 Looking to Latin America 695 Reprise in the Pacic 695
Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality 737

Early Career 737 The Reforms of the New Freedom 737 Labor and Social Reform 739 The Limits of Progressive Reform 739 Chapter Summary 740
The Imperial Moment 696

Mounting Tensions 696 The Imperial War 698 War in Cuba 698 Peace and the Debate over Empire 699
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Interactive Learning 741 Additional Reading 741 Signicant Events 742
Contents
The Roaring Economy 786
Technology and Consumer Spending 786 The Booming Construction Industry 787 The Automobile 787 The Business of America 790 Welfare Capitalism 790 The Consumer Culture 791
Daily Lives: Amusing the Million 722
Chapter 23
The United States and the Old World Order (19011920) 744
A Mass Society 792

A New Woman 793 Mass Media 796 Youth Culture 798 Aint We Got Fun? 798 The Art of Alienation 799 A New Negro 800
Preview 744 Progressive Diplomacy 746

Big Stick in the Caribbean 746 A Diplomatist of the Highest Rank 747 Dollar Diplomacy 748
Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy 748

Missionary Diplomacy 749 Intervention in Mexico 750
Defenders of the Faith 800

Nativism and Immigration Restriction 801 The Noble Experiment 802 Fundamentalism versus Darwinism 804 KKK 805
The Road to War 751

The Guns of August 752 Neutral but Not Impartial 753 The Diplomacy of Neutrality 755 Peace, Preparedness, and the Election of 1916 756 Wilsons Final Peace Offensive 756
Republicans Ascendant 807

The Politics of Normalcy 807 The Policies of Mellon and Hoover 808 Distress Signals at Home and Abroad 809 The Election of 1928 810
War and Society 758

The Slaughter of Stalemate 758 Youre in the Army Now 759 Mobilizing the Economy 760 War Work 761 Great Migrations 763 Propaganda and Civil Liberties 763 Over There 765 The Inuenza Pandemic of 19181919 766
The Great Bull Market 811

The Rampaging Bull 812 The Great Crash 812 The Sickening Slide in Global Perspective 813 The Causes of the Great Depression 814 Chapter Summary 815 Interactive Learning 816 Additional Reading 816 Signicant Events 817 Daily Lives: The Beauty Contest 794
The Lost Peace 768

The Treaty of Versailles 769 The Battle for the Treaty 771 Red Scare 772 Chapter Summary 776 Interactive Learning 776 Additional Reading 776 Signicant Events 777 Daily Lives: The Doughboys Abroad 770
Chapter 2 5
The Great Depression and the New Deal (19291939) 818
Preview 818 The Human Impact of the Great Depression 819

Hard Times 820 The Golden Age of Radio and Film 821 Dirty Thirties: An Ecological Disaster 822 Mexican Americans and Repatriation 824 African Americans in the Depression 825
Part Five
The Perils of Democracy 779
The Tragedy of Herbert Hoover 825

The Failure of Relief 826 The Hoover Depression Program 827 Stirrings of Discontent 828 The Bonus Army 829 The Election of 1932 830
Chapter 24
The New Era (19201929) 784
Preview 784
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The Early New Deal (19331935) 831 Those Who Fought 875
xv
The Democratic Roosevelts 831 Saving the Banks 832 Relief for the Unemployed 833 Planning for Industrial Recovery 834 Planning for Agriculture 836 Recovery in Global Perspective 837
Minorities at War 875 Women at War 877
War Production
877
A Second New Deal (19351936)

Voices of Protest 838 The Second Hundred Days 840 The Election of 1936 841
838
Finding an Industrial Czar 878 Science Goes to War 879 War Work and Prosperity 880 Organized Labor 881 Women Workers 881 Global Labor Migrations 882
A Question of Rights
883
The American People under the New Deal 842

The New Deal and Western Water 842 The Limited Reach of the New Deal 843 Tribal Rights 845 A New Deal for Women 846 The Rise of Organized Labor 847 Campaigns of the CIO 848 Art for the Millions 850
Little Italy 883 Concentration Camps 884 Minorities on the Job 886 At War with Jim Crow 887 The New Deal in Retreat 888
Winning the War and the Peace 888

The Fall of the Third Reich 889 Two Roads to Tokyo 890 Big Three Diplomacy 891 The Road to Yalta 893 The Fallen Leader 895 The Holocaust 895 A Lasting Peace 897 Atom Diplomacy 897 Chapter Summary 899 Interactive Learning Additional Reading Signicant Events 852 900 900 901
The End of the New Deal (19371940)

Packing the Courts 851 The New Deal at Bay 853 Recovery abroad 854 The Legacy of the New Deal Chapter Summary 857 Interactive Learning Additional Reading Signicant Events 857 858 859
851
855
Daily Lives: Post Ofce Murals
Daily Lives: Air Power Shrinks the Globe 892
Chapter 2 6
Americas Rise to Globalism (19271945) 860
AFTER THE FACT

Did the Atomic Bomb Save Lives? 902
Preview 860 The United States in a Troubled World

Pacic Interests 862 Becoming a Good Neighbor 863 The Diplomacy of Isolationism 863 Neutrality Legislation 864 Inching toward War 866 Hitlers Invasion 866 Retreat from Isolationism 867 Disaster in the Pacic 869
862
Part Six
The United States in a Nuclear Age 907
Chapter 27
Cold War America (19451954) 912
A Global War
870
Strategies for War 870 Gloomy Prospects 872 A Grand Alliance 873 The Naval War in the Pacic 873 Turning Points in Europe 874
Preview 912 The Rise of the Cold War
913
915
Cracks in the Alliance 914 The View from West and East Toward Containment 915 The Truman Doctrine 916
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Contents
The Marshall Plan 917 The Fall of Eastern Europe 917 The Atomic Shield versus the Iron Curtain 918 Atomic Deterrence 920 Brinkmanship in Asia 959 The Covert Side of the New Look 961 Rising Nationalism 962 The Response to Sputnik 964 Thaws and Freezes 964
Postwar Prosperity 921

Postwar Adjustments 921 Truman under Attack 924 A Welfare Program for GIs 926 The Election of 1948 927 The Fair Deal 928
The Cold War along a New Frontier 965

The Election of 1960 965 The Hard-Nosed Idealists of Camelot 966 The (Somewhat) New Frontier at Home 967
Kennedys Cold War 968

Cold War Frustrations 968 Confronting Khrushchev 969 The Missiles of October 970 Chapter Summary 973 Interactive Learning 974 Additional Reading 974 Signicant Events 975 Daily Lives: The New Suburbia 950
The Cold War at Home 928

The Shocks of 1949 929 The Loyalty Crusade 930 HUAC, Hollywood, and Unions 930 The Ambitions of Senator McCarthy 931
From Cold War to Hot War and Back 933

Police Action 933 The Chinese Intervene 935 Truman versus MacArthur 936 The Global Implications of the Cold War 936 The Election of 1952 937 The Fall of McCarthy 938 Chapter Summary 940 Interactive Learning 940 Additional Reading 940 Signicant Events 941 Daily Lives: Jackie Robinson Integrates Baseball 924
Chapter 2 9
Civil Rights and the Crisis of Liberalism (19471969) 976
Preview 976 The Civil Rights Movement 979

The Changing South and African Americans 979 The NAACP and Civil Rights 980 The Brown Decision 981 Latino Civil Rights 982 A New Civil Rights Strategy 983 Little Rock and the White Backlash 984
Chapter 2 8
The Suburban Era (19451963) 942
Preview 942 The Rise of the Suburbs 944

A Boom in Babies and in Housing 944 The boom worldwide 944 Cities and Suburbs Transformed 946
A Movement Becomes a Crusade 985

Riding to Freedom 986 Civil Rights at High Tide 987 The Fire Next Time 989 Black Power 989 Violence in the Streets 990
The Culture of Suburbia 948

American Civil Religion 949 Homemaking Women in the Workaday World 949 A Revolution in Sexuality? 952 The Flickering Gray Screen 953
Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 991

The Origins of the Great Society 993 The Election of 1964 994 The Great Society 994 Immigration reform 995 Evaluating the Great Society 996 The Reforms of the Warren Court 996
The Politics of Calm 954

Eisenhowers Modern Republicanism 954 The Conglomerate World 955
The Counterculture 998

Activists on the New Left 998 Vatican II and American Catholics 1000 The Rise of the Counterculture 1000 The Rock Revolution 1001 The West Coast Scene 1004
Cracks in the Consensus 956

Critics of Mass Culture 956 The Rebellion of Young America 957
Nationalism in an Age of Superpowers 958

To the Brink? 959
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Contents
Chapter Summary 1005 Interactive Learning 1006 Additional Reading 1006 Signicant Events 1007 Daily Lives: The Politics of Dress 1002
xvii
Watergate and the Politics of Resentment 1048

Nixons New Federalism 1048 Stagation 1049 Social Policies and the Court 1049 Us versus Them 1050 Triumph 1051 The Presidents Enemies 1051 Break-In 1052 To the Oval Ofce 1052 Resignation 1054
Chapter 3 0
The Vietnam Era (19631975) 1008
Preview 1008 The Road to Vietnam 1011

Lyndon Johnsons War 1012 Rolling Thunder 1013
A Ford, Not a Lincoln 1054

Kissinger and Foreign Policy 1055 Global Competition and the Limits of American Inuence 1055 Shuttle Diplomacy 1057 Dtente 1057 The Limits of a Post-Watergate President 1058 Fighting Ination 1059 The Election of 1976 1060
Social Consequences of the War 1015

The Soldiers War 1015 The War at Home 1017
The Unraveling 1018

Tet Offensive 1018 The Shocks of 1968 1021 Chicago 1022 Revolutionary clashes worldwide 1022 Whose Silent Majority? 1023
Jimmy Carter: Restoring the Faith 1061

The Search for Direction 1061 A Sick Economy 1062 Leadership, Not Hegemony 1063 The Wavering Spirit of Dtente 1064 The Middle East: Hope and Hostages 1065 A President Held Hostage 1066 Chapter Summary 1067 Interactive Learning 1067 Additional Reading 1067 Signicant Events 1068 Daily Lives: Fast-Food America 1046
Nixons War 1024

Vietnamizationand Cambodia 1025 Fighting a No-Win War 1025 The Move toward Dtente 1026
The New Identity Politics 1030

Latino Activism 1030 The Choices of American Indians 1032 Asian Americans 1033 Gay Rights 1034 Feminism 1034 Equal Rights and Abortion 1036 The Legacy of Identity Politics 1036
AFTER THE FACT

The Contested Ground of Collective Memory 1069
The End of an Era 1037

Chapter Summary 1038 Interactive Learning 1039 Additional Reading 1039 Signicant Events 1040 Daily Lives: The Race to the Moon 1028
Chapter 32
The Conservative Challenge (19801992) 1074
Preview 1074 The Conservative Rebellion 1076
Chapter 3 1
The Age of Limits (19651980) 1042
Preview 1042 The Limits of Reform 1043

Consumerism 1044 Environmentalism 1045
The conservative tide worldwide 1076 Born Again 1077 The Catholic Conscience 1078 The Media as Battleground 1078 The Election of 1980 1079
Prime Time with Ronald Reagan 1080

The Great Communicator 1080
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Contents
The Reagan Agenda 1081 The Reagan Revolution in Practice 1082 The Supply-Side Scorecard 1082 The Military Buildup 1084
The United States in a Networked World 1123

The Internet Revolution 1123 American Workers in a Two-Tiered Economy 1125
Standing Tall in a Chaotic World 1085

Terrorism in the Middle East 1085 Mounting Frustrations in Central America 1086 The Iran-Contra Connection 1086 Cover Blown 1088 From Cold War to Glasnost 1089 The Election of 1988 1090
Multiculturalism and Contested American Identity 1126

African Americans and the Persistence of the Racial Divide 1126 African Americans in a Full-Employment Economy 1128 Global Pressures in a Multicultural America 1130 Chapter Summary 1132 Interactive Learning 1133 Additional Reading 1133 Signicant Events 1134 Daily Lives: Motels as an Ethnic Niche 1108
An End to the Cold War 1090

A PostCold War Foreign Policy 1090 The Gulf War 1091 Domestic Doldrums 1092 The Conservative Court 1093 Disillusionment and Anger 1096 The Election of 1992 1097 Chapter Summary 1098 Interactive Learning 1099 Additional Reading 1099 Signicant Events 1100 Daily Lives: Life in the Underclass 1094
Epilogue
Fighting Terrorism in a Global Age (20002003) 1136
Chapter 33
Nation of Nations in a Global Community (19802000) 1102
Preview 1136 The Bush Agenda 1138

Conservative Domestic Initiatives 1139 Unilateralism in Foreign Affairs 1141
Preview 1102 The New Immigration 1104

The New Look of AmericaAsian Americans 1105 The New Look of AmericaLatinos 1107 Illegal Immigration 1107 Links with the Home Country 1110 Religious Diversity 1110
Wars on Terrorism 1141

The Roots of Terror 1142 Afghanistan and a1 Qaeda 1143 The War on Terror: First Phase 1145 The Invasion of Iraq 1147 A Messy Aftermath 1149 Chapter Summary 1150 Additional Reading 1151 Signicant Events 1152
The Clinton Presidency: Managing a New Global Order 1111

Clinton: Ambitions and Character 1112 The New World Disorder 1112 Yugoslavian Turmoil 1113 Middle East Peace 1114 Global Financial Disorder 1115
Appendix A-1
The Clinton Presidency on Trial 1116

Recovery without Reform 1116 The Conservative Revolution Reborn 1117 Conservatives and the Feminist Agenda 1118 Scandal 1119 The Politics of Surplus 1120 Hanging by a Chad: The Election of 2000 1121
The Declaration of Independence A-1 The Constitution of the United States of America A-4 Presidential Elections A-14 Presidential Administrations A-18 Justices of the Supreme Court A-30 A Social Prole of the American Republic A-32
Credits C-1 Index I-1
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list of maps & charts

Early Peoples of North America 3 Indians of North America, circa 1500 11 Principal Routes of European Exploration 28 Spanish America, ca. 1600 38 European Exploration: Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 48 Colonies of the Chesapeake 60 African Transatlantic Slave Trade, 14501760 64 The Carolinas and the Caribbean 71 Spanish Missions in North America, ca. 1675 79 Early New England 88 Patterns of Settlement in the Eighteenth Century 118 Estimated Population of Colonial Cities, 17201770 119 Estimated Population by Region, 17201760 120 Distribution of the American Population, 1775 122 Overseas Trade Networks 135 The Seven Years War 146 European Claims in North America, 1750 and 1763 149 The Appalachian Frontier, 17501775 150 Patterns of Allegiance 174 The Fighting in the North, 17751777 181 The Fighting in the South, 17801781 188 Western Land Claims, 17821802 202 The Ordinance of 1785 205 Ratication of the Constitution 220 Semisubsistence and Commercial America, 1790 234 Hamiltons Financial System 238 Election of 1800 252 Exploration and Expansion: The Louisiana Purchase 263 The Indian Response to White Encroachment 272 The United States and the Barbary States, 18011815 274 The War of 1812 280 The Missouri Compromise and the Unions Boundaries in 1820 283 Travel Times, 1800 and 1830 303 The Transportation Network of a Market Economy, 1840 305 Western Land Sales and the Price of Corn and Wheat 310 Development of the Lowell Mills 317 Election of 1824 335 Indian Removal 344 The Spread of White Manhood Suffrage 346 Election of 1840 356 Annual Consumption of Distilled Spirits, per Capita, 17101920 378 The Diverse South 394 Cotton and Other Crops of the South 398 The Spread of Slavery, 18201860 399 Southern Population, 1860 400 A Plantation Layout 402 Sioux Expansion and the Horse and Gun Frontiers 426 The Mexican Borderlands 430 The Overland Trail 432 Election of 1844 436 The Mexican War 438 Territorial Growth and the Compromise of 1850 451 Proportion of Western Exports Shipped via New Orleans, 18351860 459 Railroads, 1850 and 1860, with Track Gauges 460 Prices of Cotton and Slaves 465 The Kansas-Nebraska Act 467 Election of 1860 480 The Pattern of Secession 481 Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861 488 The War in the West, 18611862 492 The War in the East, 18611862 495 The Changing Magnitude of Battle 512 The War in the East, 18631865 515 The War in the West, 18631865 519 The Attrition of War: Company D, 7th Virginia Infantry, Army of Northern Virginia 521 The Southern States during Reconstruction 539 A Georgia Plantation after the War 548 Election of 1876 555 Tenant Farmers, 1900 570 xix
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xx
List of Maps and Charts

World War II in Europe and North Africa 871 The U-Boat War 872 The Impact of World War II on Government Spending 888 The Pacic Campaigns of World War II 891 Cold War Europe 919 Election of 1948 927 The Korean War 934 The United States Birthrate, 19001989 945 Average Annual Regional Migration, 19471960 947 Asian Trouble Spots 960 Election of 1960 966 The World of the Superpowers 970 The Spontaneous Spread of Sit-ins, February 1960 985 Civil Rights: Patterns of Protest and Unrest 991 Growth of Government, 19551990 996 The War in Vietnam 1014 Levels of U.S. Troops in Vietnam (at Year End) 1019 Election of 1968 1024 Oil and Conict in the Middle East, 19481988 1056 OPEC Oil Prices, 19731987 1059 Income Projections of Two-Income Families, 19671984 1063 Election of 1980 1080 Poverty in America, 19701993 1083 The Federal Budget and Surplus/Decit, 19451995 1084 Central American Conicts, 19741990 1087 War with Iraq: Operation Desert Storm 1092 Election of 1992 1097 Projected Population Shifts, 19802050 1105 Election of 2000 1123 Terrorist Incidents by Region, 19682002 1145 The War on Terror: Afghanistan and Iraq 1146 Map of the World Map of the United States
Spending on Education in the South before and after Disfranchisement 578 Natural Environment of the West 581 The Indian Frontier 584 The Mining and Cattle Frontiers 591 Steel Production, 1880 and 1914 614 Occupational Distribution, 1880 and 1920 619 Railroads, 18701890 623 Boom and Bust Business Cycle, 18651900 630 Immigration and Population, 18601920 645 Growth of New Orleans to 1900 648 The Voting Public, 18601912 672 Election of 1896 687 Balance of U.S. Imports and Exports, 18701910 689 Imperialist Expansion, 1900 691 The Spanish-American War 700 The United States in the Pacic 701 Woman Suffrage 721 Election of 1912 736 Panama CanalOld and New Transoceanic Routes 746 American Interventions in the Caribbean, 18981930 749 The Course of War in Europe, 19141917 754 Election of 1916 757 The Final German Offensive and Allied Counterattack, 1918 764 Spread of Inuenza Pandemic: Second Stage, Autumn 1918 768 Areas of Population Growth 801 Election of 1928 811 Declining World Trade, 19291933 813 Election of 1932 830 Unemployment Relief, 1934 834 The Tennessee Valley Authority 835 Unemployment, 19251945 840 Federal Budget and Surplus/Decit, 19201940 854 What the New Deal Did . . . 856
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preface to the fth edition
ll good history begins with a good story: that has been the touchstone of Nation of Nations. Narrative is embedded in the way we understand the past; hence it will not do simply to compile an encyclopedia of American history and pass it off as a survey. Yet the narrative keeps changing. A world that has become suddenly and dangerously smaller requires, more than ever, a history that is broader. That conviction has driven our revision for the fth edition of Nation of Nations. The events following on the heels of September 11, 2001, have underlined the call historians have made over the past decade to view American history within a global context. From its rst edition, published in 1990, Nation of Nations has taken such an approach, with global essays opening each of the books six parts to establish an international framework and a global timeline correlating events nationally and worldwide. In the fourth edition, we added global focus sections within chapter narratives and a nal chapter (Nation of Nations in a Global Community) highlighting the ties of the United States to the rest of the world.
Information comparing debt peonage in the New South with similar circumstances in India, Egypt, and Brazil in Chapter 18 A section on worldwide recovery from the Great Depression in Chapter 25 A map on the global spread of the inuenza pandemic in autumn 1918 in Chapter 23 More on global labor migrations in Chapter 26 A section about Vatican II and American Catholics in Chapter 29 Other important content and pedagogical changes include Two new After the Fact essays exploring cultural history topics that have received recent scholarly attention. The new essay in Part Two focuses on Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson, and the new essay in Part Four, Engendering the SpanishAmerican War, looks at contemporary constructions of gender as the United States went to war with Spain in 1898. Updates to Chapter 33, including a new section and map on the election of 2000 and material on recent court cases regarding afrmative action. To conclude the book, a new epilogue, Fighting Terrorism in a Global Age, which includes a chart showing terrorist incidents by region and a map on the war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq. The addition of date ranges to chapter titles, to provide students with more guidance as to the chronology of events. An Interactive Learning section at the end of every chapter, directing students to relevant materials on the Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM. xxi
Changes to the Fifth Edition

The fth edition expands on the global coverage that has been so important to our text by adding new narratives that place American history in an international perspective. These narratives are not separate special features. Sometimes only a paragraph in length, sometimes an entire section, they are designed to be an integral part of the text. New material includes A section on the Barbary pirates and cultural identities in Chapter 9
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Preface to the Fifth Edition

Jay Antle Johnson County Community College Alan C. Atchison Southwest Texas State Eirlys M. Barker Thomas Nelson Community College Vince Clark Johnson County Community College P. Scott Corbett Oxnard College Mary Paige Cubbison Miami Dade Community College George Gerdow Northeastern Illinois University Ronald Goldberg Thomas Nelson Community College Michael Hamilton Seattle Pacic University Reid Holland Midland Technical College Lisa Hollander Jefferson College Carol Keller San Antonio College Lawrence Kohl University of Alabama Janice M. Leone Middle Tennessee State University Daniel Littleeld University of South Carolina Susan Matt Weber State University Randy D. McBee Texas Tech University Robert M. S. McDonald United States Military Academy Paul C. Milazzo Ohio University Roberto M. Salmn University of Texas, Pan American Richard Straw Radford University William Woodward Seattle Pacic University
In addition to the Additional Readings feature at the end of each chapter, a full bibliography for the book can be found at www.mhhe.com/ davidsonnation5.
Information about Supplements

The supplements listed here accompany Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic, Fifth Edition. Please contact your local McGraw-Hill representative for details concerning policies, prices, and availability, as some restrictions may apply.
For the Student

Packaged free with every copy of the book, Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM (007295700X) includes hundreds of documents to explore, short documentary movies, interactive maps, and more. Find more information about the CD-ROM where it is packaged in your book. Located on the books Web site (www.mhhe.com/ davidsonnation5), the Student Online Learning Center offers interactive maps with exercises, extensive Web links, quizzes, counterpoint essays with exercises, a bibliography, and more.
For the Instructor

A set of Overhead Transparencies (0072956976) includes maps and images from the textbook. An Instructors Resource CD-ROM (0072456992) provides materials for instructors to use in the classroom, including PowerPoint presentations and electronic versions of the maps in the textbook. An instructors manual and computerized test bank are also included. Located on the books Web site (www.mhhe.com/ davidsonnation5), the Instructor Online Learning Center offers PowerPoint presentations, an image bank, an instructors manual, a bibliography, and more.
Acknowledgments
Wayne Ackerson Salisbury State University Robert Alderson Georgia Perimeter College
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Preface to the Fifth Edition

In addition, friends and colleagues contributed their advice and constructive criticism in ways both small and large. We owe a debt to Myra Armstead, Lawrence A. Cardoso, Dinah Chenven, Christopher Collier, James E. Crisp, R. David Edmunds, George Forgie, Erica Gienapp, Richard John,Virginia Joyner, Philip Kuhn, Stephen E. Maizlish, Drew McCoy, James McPherson, Walter Nugent, Vicki L. Ruiz, Jim Sidbury, David J. Weber, Devra Weber, and John Womack. The division of labor for this book was determined by our respective elds of scholarship: Christine Heyrman, the colonial era, in which Europeans, Africans, and Indians participated in the making of both a new America and a new republic; William Gienapp, the 90 years in which the young nation rst ourished, then foundered on the issues of section and slavery; Michael Stoff, the postCivil War era, in which industrialization and urbanization brought the nation more centrally into an international system regularly disrupted by depression and war; and Mark Lytle, the modern era, in
xxiii
which Americans nally faced the reality that even the boldest dreams of national greatness are bounded by the nite nature of power and resources both natural and human. Finally, because the need to specialize inevitably imposes limits on any project as broad as this one, our fth author, James Davidson, served as a general editor and writer, with the intent of tting individual parts to the whole as well as providing a measure of continuity, style, and overarching purpose. In producing this collaborative effort, all of us have shared the conviction that the best history speaks to a larger audience.
James West Davidson William E. Gienapp Christine Leigh Heyrman Mark H. Lytle Michael B. Stoff
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A Guided Tour of Nation of Nations:

A Narrative History of the American Republic, Fifth Edition
Global Essay
Each of the books six parts begins with an essay that sets American events into a global context.
Global Timeline
Each global essay includes a timeline comparing political and social events in the United States with developments elsewhere.
PA R T
GLOBAL EVENTS
Luther launches Bubonic plague reaches Europe; Protestant Reformation population of 50 million drops 1517 30 to 40 percent by 1400 13471500 Vasco da Gama reaches India 14981500 Dutch East India Company founded 1602 Restoration of English monarchy; Charles II ascends throne 1660 Outbreak of English Civil War 1642
ONE
GLOBAL EVENTS
Isaac Newtons Principia Mathematica , on gravitation, published 1687 War of the Austrian Succession 17401748 Glorious Revolution in England; constitutional monarchy of William III and Mary 1688 War of the John and Charles Wesley War of the Spanish begin preaching League of Succession Methodism in England Augsburg 17021713 1738 1689-1697
Mongols begin 60-year conquest of China 1215 Marco Polo travels to China from Venice 12711295
Reconquista drives Muslim Arabs from Spain 1492
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1625
1650
1675
1700
1725
1750
Columbus reaches America Formation of the Iroquois League 1492 late 1400s European diseases waste central Mexico; population of ca. 25 million drops 90 to 95 percent by 1600 1520s Corts conquers Aztec empire 1521 Silver boom in Mexico, Bolivia 1550s
Sugar boom in Caribbean 1640s Pilgrims land at Plymouth 1620 Santa Fe founded 1610 Jamestown established 1607
Carolinas founded 1663
Rise of the Aztec empire 1300
Chesapeake labor system depends increasingly on black slavery Rice boom in South Carolina 1680s 1700s La Salle follows the Mississippi 1682 Glorious Revolution in America 16881691 King Williams War 16891697
Queen Annes War 17021713 The Great Awakening 1730s1750s King Georges War 17401748 Benjamin Franklin founds the American Philosophical Society 1743
Leif Ericsson establishes Vinland in Newfoundland ca. 10011015
French found New Orleans 1718
AMERICAN EVENTS
AMERICAN EVENTS
the late twentieth century but with the fresh eyes of an earlier era. Then the foregone conclusions vanish. How does the American nation manage to unite millions of square miles of territory into one governable republic? How do New York and San Francisco (a city not even in existence in Lewis and Clarks day) come to be linked in a complex economy as well as in a single political system? Such questions take on even more signicance when we recall that Europeroughly the same size as the United Statesis today still divided into more than four dozen independent nations speaking some 33 languages, not to mention another 100 or so spoken within the former Soviet Union. A united Europe has not 22
emerged and, indeed, seems even farther away after the momentous breakup of the Soviet empire.
How, then, did this American republicthis teeming nation of nations, to use Walt Whitmans
phrasecome to be? In barest outline, that is the question that drives our narrative across half a millennium. The problem looms even larger as we move toward the beginning of our story. In 1450, about the time Christopher Columbus was born, Europeans were only beginning to expand westward. To be sure, Scandinavian seafarers led by Leif Ericsson had reached the northern reaches of the Americas, planting a settlement in Newfoundland around 1000 C.E. But news of Vinland, as Leif called his colony, never reached most of Europe. The site was soon abandoned and forgotten. In Columbuss day localism still held sway. Italy was divided into ve major states and an equal number of smaller
Chapter 1
territories. The Germanic peoSeine River, greedy tollkeepers ples were united loosely in the lay in wait every six or seven Holy Roman Empire. French miles. Travel across the Mediterkings ruled over only about half ranean Sea and along Europes of what is now France. Spain was northern coastlines was possible, divided into several kingdoms, but storms and pirates made the with some areas held by Chrisgoing dangerous and slow. Under tians and others by Islamic good conditions a ship might Moors, whose forebears came reach London from Venice in from Africa. England, a cononly 9 days; under bad it might tentious little nation, was begintake 50. ning a series of bitter civil conEuropean peoples at this time icts among the nobility, known had limited but continuous dealeventually as the Wars of the ings with Africa, mostly along the Roses. Mediterranean Sea. There, North Localism was also evident in African culture had been shaped the patterns of European trade. since the seventh century by the Goods moving overland were before them. Islam, whose inuence ll the world lay religion of Or so it seemed to mariners usually carried by wheeled cartss seafaring coasts, pushing westward toward spread as well into Spain. Below from England or pack animals unknown lands inthe Sahara desert the Bantu, an over rutted the far Atlantic. paths. Along rivers and canals, of agricultural people, rstnot the sight The scent the new land came had migrated lords repeatedly taxedit, but that smells, the course of 2000 years from over wafted from beyond the horizon, of boats the crossed their territories. Onto sailors whoWest felt nothing but theto their had African homeland rolling delicious the
Old World, New Worlds

Preview
A preview introduces each chapters main themes.
sea for weeks on end. In northerly latitudes around June, it would be the scent of r trees or the sight of shore 23 birds wheeling about the masts. Straightaway the captain would call for a lead to be thrown overboard to sound the depths. At its end was a hollowed-out socket with a bit of tallow in it, so some of the sea bottom would stick when the lead was hauled up. Even out of sight of land, a good sailing master could tell where he was by what came upoosy sand or perhaps soft worms or popplestones as big as beans. If the ship was approaching unknown shores, the captain would hope to sight land early in the day, 14001600 allowing time to work caupreview In the century after 1492, Europeans expanded boldly and often tiously toward an untried harruthlessly into the Americas, thanks to a combination of technological advances bor on uncharted tides. Since the time of King in sailing and rearms, the rise of new trading networks, and stronger, more Arthur, the English living along centralized governments. Spain established a vast and protable empire but at the rugged southwestern coasts fearful human cost. A diverse Mesoamerican population of some 20 million was of Devon and Cornwall had reduced to only 2 million through warfare, European diseases, and exploitation. followed the sea. From the wharves of Englands West Country seaports like Bristol, ships headed west and north to Ireland, bringing back animal hides as well as timber for houses and barrels. Or they turned south, fetching wines from France and olive oil or gs and raisins from the Spanish and Portuguese coasts. In return, West Country ports offered woven woolen cloth and codsh, caught wherever the best prospects beckoned. Through much of the fteenth century the search for cod drew West Country sailors north and west, toward Iceland. In the 1480s and 1490s, however, a few English tried their luck farther west. Old maps, after all, claimed that the bountiful Hy-BrasilGaelic for Isle of the Blessedlay somewhere west of Ireland. These western ventures returned with little to show for their daring until the coming of an Italian named Giovanni Caboto, called John Cabot by the English. Cabot, who hailed from Venice, obtained the blessing of King Henry VII to hunt for unknown lands. From the port of Bristol his lone ship set out to the west in the spring of 1497. Cabot discovers This time the return voyage brought news of a new-found island where the Newfoundland trees were tall enough to make ne masts and the codsh were plentiful. After returning to Bristol, Cabot marched off to London to inform His Majesty, received 10 pounds as his reward, and with the proceeds dressed himself in dashing silks. The multitudes of London ocked after him, wondering over the Admiral; then Cabot returned triumphantly to Bristol to undertake a more ambitious search for a northwest passage to Asia. He set sail with ve ships in 1498 and was never heard from again. 26
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AFTE R TH E FACT A F T E R T H E Reconstruct the Past Historians F A C T

Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson
The rumors began in Albemarle County, Virginia, more than two hundred years ago; they came to the notice of a journalist by the name of James Callender. A writer for hire, Callender had once lent his pen to the Republicans, but turned from friend into foe when the party failed to reward him with a political appointment. When his story splashed onto the pages of the Recorder, a Richmond newspaper, the trickle of rumor turned into a torrent of scandal. Callender alleged that Thomas Jefferson, during his years in Paris as the American minister, had contracted a liaison with one of his own slaves. The woman was the presidents mistress even now, he insisted, in 1802. She was kept at Monticello, and Jefferson had fathered children with her. Her name was Sally Hemings. Solid information about Sally Hemings is scarce. She was one of six children, we know, born to Betty Hemings and her white master, John Wayles, a Virginia planter whose white daughter, Martha Wayles Skelton, married Jefferson in 1772. We know that Betty Hemings was the child of an African woman and an English sailor, which means Bettys children with Wayles, Sally among them, were quadroons light-skinned men and women whose ancestry was one-quarter African. We know that Sally accompanied one of Jeffersons daughters to Paris as her maid in 1787 and that, upon returning to Virginia a few years later, she performed domestic work at Monticello. We know that she had six children and that the four who survived to adulthood escaped from slavery into freedom: Jefferson assisted her two eldest children, Beverly and Harriet, in leaving Monticello in 1822, and her two younger children, Madison and Eston, were freed by Jeffersons will in 1827. We know that shortly after Jeffersons death, his daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, freed Sally Hemings and that she lived with her two younger sons in Charlottesville until her own death in 1835. We know, too, that Jeffersons white descendants stoutly denied (and, to this day, some still deny) any familial connection with the descendants of Sally Hemings. Even though Callenders scandal quickly subsided, doing Jefferson no lasting political damage, his white grandchildren were still explaining away the accusations half a century later. In the 1850s, Jeffersons granddaughter, Ellen Coolidge Randolph, claimed that her brother, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, had told her that one of Jeffersons nephews, Samuel Carr, fathered Hemingss children. In the 1860s, Henry Randall, an early biographer of Jefferson, recalled a conversation with Thomas Jefferson Randolph in the 1850s in which he attributed paternity to another nephew, Samuels brother Peter Carr. Until the end of the twentieth century, most scholars resolved the discrepancy of this dual claim by suggesting that one of the Carr nephews had fathered Sally Hemingss children. And all of Jeffersons most eminent twentieth-century biographers Douglass Adair, Dumas Malone, John Chester Miller, and Joseph J. Elliscontended that a man of Jeffersons character and convictions could not have engaged in a liaison with a slave woman. After all, Jefferson was a Virginia gentleman and an American philosophe who believed that reason should rule over passion; he was also an eloquent apostle of equality and democracy and an outspoken critic of the tyrannical power of masters over slaves. And despite his opposition to slavery, Jefferson argued in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) for the likelihood that peoples of African descent were inferior intellectually and artistically to those of European descent. Because of that conviction, he warned of the dire consequences that would attend the mixing of the races. The ofcial version of events did not go unchallenged. Madison Hemings, a skilled carpenter who, a year after his mothers death, moved from Virginia to southern Ohio, publicly related an oral tradition repeated among his family. When interviewed by a Pike County, Ohio, newspaper in 1873, Madison reported that his mother had been Thomas Jeffersons concubine and that Jefferson had fathered all of her children. Even so, nearly a century passed before Madison Hemingss claims won wider attention. In 1968, the historian Winthrop Jordan noted that Sally Hemingss pregnancies coincided with Jeffersons stays at Monticello. In 1975, Fawn Brodies best-selling intimate history of Jefferson portrayed his relationship with Sally Hemings as an enduring love affair; four years later, the African American novelist Barbara Chase-Rimboud set Brodies ndings to ction. 289
Jefferson owned 5000 acres of land in Albemarle County, Virginia, his home farm of Monticello and three quarter farmsLego, Tufton, and Shadwell. Sally Hemings and her children lived at the Monticello plantation.
This view of Monticello was painted shortly after Jeffersons death. It portrays his white descendants surrounded by a serene landscape.
288
After the Fact: Historians Reconstruct the Past

The book includes eight essays that demonstrate the methods used by historians to analyze a variety of sources, ranging from typescript drafts of presidential memoirs or handwritten notations in church records to military casualty estimates, public monuments, and even climate data derived from the analysis of tree rings.
34
Part One The Creation of a New America

keep pace with the Price Revolution, landlords raised rents, adding to the burden of the peasantry. To Europes hopeful and desperate alike, this climate of disorder and uncertainty led to dreams that the New World would provide an opportunity to renew the Old. As Columbus wrote eagerly of Hispaniola: This island and all others are very fertile to a limitless degree. . . . There are very large tracts of cultivated land. . . . In the interior there are mines and metals. Columbus and many other Europeans expected that the Americas would provide land for the landless, work for the unemployed, and wealth beyond the wildest dreams of the daring.
The Conditions of Colonization

Sixteenth-century Europeans sought to colonize the Americas, not merely to escape from scarcity and disruption at home. They were also propelled across the Atlantic by dynamic changes in their society. Revolutions in technology, economics, and politics made overseas settlement practical and attractive to seekers of prot and power. The improvements in navigation and sailing also fostered an expansion of trade. By the late fteenth century Europes merchants and bankers had devised more efcient ways of transferring money and establishing credit in order to support commerce across longer distances. And although rising prices and rents pinched Europes peasantry, that same ination enriched those who had goods to sell, money to lend, and land to rent. Wealth owed into the coffers of sixteenthcentury traders, nanciers, and landlords, creating a pool of capital that those investors could plow into colonial development. Both the commercial networks and the private fortunes needed to sustain overseas trade and settlement were in place by the time of Columbuss discovery. The direction of Europes political development also paved the path for American colonization. After 1450 strong monarchs in Europe steadily enlarged the sphere of royal power at the expense of warrior lords. Henry VII, the founder of Englands Tudor dynasty, Francis I of France, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain began the trend, forging modern nation-states by extending their political control over more territory, people, and resources. Those larger, more centrally organized states were able to marshal the resources necessary to support colonial outposts and to sustain the professional armies and navies capable of protecting empires abroad.
Expansion of trade and capital
Political centralization
Global Coverage
A section of the narrative in each chapter discusses American history from a global perspective, showing that the United States did not develop in a geographic or cultural vacuum and that the broad forces shaping it also inuenced other nations.
Europeans, Chinese, and Aztecs on the Eve of Contact

It was the growing power of monarchs as well as commercial and technological development that allowed early modern Europeans to establish permanent settlements even empiresin another world lying an ocean away. But that conclusion raises an intriguing question: why didnt China, the most advanced civilization of the early modern world, engage in expansion and colonization? Or for that matter, if events had fallen out a little differently, why didnt the Aztecs discover and colonize Europe? The Chinese undoubtedly possessed the capability to navigate the worlds oceans and to establish overseas settlements. A succession of Ming dynasty emperors and their efcient bureaucrats marshaled Chinas resources to develop a thriving shipbuilding industry and trade with ports throughout southeast Asia and India. By the opening of the fteenth century, the Chinese seemed poised for even greater maritime exploits. Seven times between 1405 and 1433, Chinas treasure
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Daily Lives
POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT Exploring the Wondrous World
In 1786 Charles Willson Peale, painter and jack-of-all-trades, opened a museum of natural history in his home on Lombard Street in Philadelphia. Americans had always been fascinated by freaks of nature and remarkable providences (see Daily Lives, A World of Wonders and Witchcraft, on pages 9495). But unlike seventeenth-century colonials, Peale was not searching for signs of the supernatural in everyday life. A student of the Enlightenment, Peale intended his museum to be a school of useful knowledge that would attract men and women of all ages and social ranks. By studying natural history, Peale believed, citizens would gain an understanding of themselves, their country, and the world and thereby help sustain civilization in the United States. The sign over the door read, Whoso would learn wisdom, let him enter here! Inside, the visitor found a wide assortment of items from
around the world. Peale displayed nearly a hundred paintings he had completed of leading Americans, stuffed birds and animals, busts of famous scientists, cases of minerals, and wax gures representing the races of the world. Among the technological innovations that were showcased, a machine called a physiognotrace produced precise silhouettes. Moses Williams, a former slave, operated the machine and did a thriving business, selling 8880 proles in the rst year. Peales backyard soon contained a zoo with a bewildering assortment of animals, including two grizzly bear cubs, an eagle, numerous snakes, monkeys, and a hyena. Prominent acquaintances such as Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson sent specimens, and the collection eventually totaled some 100,000 items. Peales most famous exhibit was a skeleton of a mastodon (he misnamed it a mammoth, thereby adding a synonym for huge to the American vocabulary). Assembled from several digs he had conducted with great publicity in upstate New York, it stood 11 feet high at the shoulder and was the rst complete mastodon skeleton ever mounted. Billed the ninth wonder of the world, it was
housed in a special Mammoth Room that required a separate admission fee. In gathering and mounting his specimens, Peale sought to bring into one view a world in miniature. He carefully labeled plants, animals, insects, and birds and
In this self-portrait, Charles Willson Peale lifts a curtain to reveal the famous Long Room of his museum. Partially visible on the right behind Peale is the great mastodon skeleton, at which a woman gazes in awe, while in the rear a father instructs his son on the wonders of nature.
arranged them according to accepted scientic classications. He also pioneered the grouping of animals in their natural habitat. Stuffed tigers and deer stood on a plaster mountainside, while below, a glass pond was lled with sh, reptiles, and birds. For the safety of visitors who could not resist handling the exhibits, the birds, whose feathers were covered with arsenic, were eventually put in glass-fronted cases with painted habitats behind them. Peale refused to indulge the popular taste for spectacles and freaks. He hesitated before accepting a ve-legged cow with two tails, fearing it would lower the institutions dignity and compromise its serious purpose. He declined to display a blue sash belonging to George Washington because it had no educational value, and only after Peales death was it exhibited. He put curiosities away in cabinets and showed them only on request. Peales museum was an expression of its founders republican ideals of order, stability, and harmony. It was, in his mind, an institute of eternal laws, laid bare for the masses to see and understand. Peale hoped the museum would instill civic responsibility in its patrons, and he often told the
story of how two hostile Indian chiefs, meeting by accident in the museum, were so impressed with its harmony that they agreed to sign a peace treaty. The museum attracted thousands of curious customers and prospered in its early years. It was one of the major attractions in Philadelphia and became famous throughout the nation. Yet Peales vast collection soon overwhelmed his scientic classication scheme, and his grandiose plans always outran his funds and soon his space as well. Refusing to slow his collection efforts, Peale moved his museum in 1794 to Philosophical Hall, and then in 1802 he took over the second oor of Independence Hall. Before he retired in 1810, Peale tried vainly to interest the national government in acquiring his collection and creating a national museum. Under the direction of his son, the museum struggled on, but it was unable to satisfy the growing popular appetite for showmanship rather than education. The museum nally closed its doors in 1850, but during the Republics formative years it offered thousands of Americans a unique opportunity, as the ticket of admission promised, to explore the wondrous world.
limits and threatened the liberties of citizens, states had the right to interpose their authority. But Jefferson and Madison were not ready to rend a union that had so recently been forged. The two men intended for the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions only to rally public opinion to the Republican cause. They opposed any effort to resist federal authority by force. Furthermore, other states openly rejected the doctrine of interposition. During the last year of the Adams administration, the Alien and Sedition Acts quietly expired. Once in power, the Republicans repealed the Naturalization Act. 250
The Election of 1800

With a naval war raging on the high seas and the Alien and Sedition Acts sparking debate at home, Adams suddenly shocked his party by negotiating a peace treaty with France. It was a courageous act, for Adams not only split his party in two but also ruined his own chances for reelection by driving Hamiltons pro-British wing of the party into open opposition. The nation beneted, however, for France signed a peace treaty ending its undeclared war. Adams, who bristled with pride and independence, termed this act the most disinterested, the most determined and the most successful of my whole life. 251
Daily Lives
Every chapter contains an essay focusing on one of ve themes that give insight into the lives of ordinary Americans: clothing and fashion; time and travel; food, drink, and drugs; public space/private space; and popular entertainment.
542
Part Three The Republic Transformed and Tested
From the beginning of Reconstruction, African Americans demanded the right to vote as free citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment, ratied in 1870, secured that right for black males. In New York, black citizens paraded in support of Ulysses Grant for president. Parades played a central role in campaigning: this parade exhibits the usual banners, ags, costumes, and a band. Blacks in both the North and the South voted solidly for the Republican party as the party of Lincoln and emancipation, although white violence in the South increasingly reduced black turnout.
Marginal Headings
Succinct notes in the margins highlight key terms and concepts.
The New State Governments

New state constitutions The new southern state constitutions enacted several signicant reforms. They put in place fairer systems of legislative representation, allowed voters to elect many ofcials who before had been appointed, and abolished property requirements for ofceholding. In South Carolina, for the rst time, voters were allowed to vote for the president, governor, and other state ofcers.* The Radical state governments also assumed some responsibility for social welfare and established the rst statewide systems of public schools in the South. Although the Fourteenth Amendment prevented high Confederate ofcials from holding ofce, only Alabama and Arkansas temporarily forbade some ex-Confederates to vote. All the new constitutions proclaimed the principle of equality and granted black adult males the right to vote. On social relations they were much more cautious. No state outlawed segregation, and South Carolina and Louisiana were the only states that required integration in public schools (a mandate that was almost universally ignored). Sensitive to status, mulattoes pushed for prohibition of social discrimination, but white Republicans refused to adopt such a radical policy.
Race and social equality
Economic Issues and Corruption

The war left the southern economy in ruins, and problems of economic reconstruction were as difcult as those of politics. The new Republican governments encouraged industrial development by providing subsidies, loans, and even
*Previously, presidential electors as well as the governor had been chosen by the South Carolina legislature.
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80
Part One The Creation of a New America

before them) turned for labor to the African slave trade. Only after slavery became rmly established as a social and legal institution did Englands southern colonies begin to settle down and grow: during the late seventeenth century for the Chesapeake region and the early eighteenth for the Carolinas. That stubborn reality would haunt Americans of all colors who continued to dream of freedom and independence.
Summary
A bulleted summary reinforces each chapters main points.
chapter summary
During the seventeenth century, plantation economies based on slavery gradually developed throughout the American South. Native peoples everywhere in the American South resisted white settlement, but their populations were drastically reduced by warfare, disease, and enslavement.
Interactive Learning
Lists at the end of every chapter direct students to relevant interactive maps, short documentary movies, and primary source materials located on the Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM.
Thriving monocultures were established throughout the regiontobacco in the Chesapeake, rice in the Carolinas, and sugar in the Caribbean. African slavery emerged as the dominant labor system in all the southern colonies. Instability and conict characterized the southern colonies for most of the rst century of their existence. As the English colonies took shape, the Spanish extended their empire in Florida and New Mexico, establishing military garrisons, missions, and cattle ranches.
interactive learning
The Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM offers the following materials related to this chapter: Interactive maps: The Atlantic World, 14001850 (M2) and Growth of the Colonies, 16101690 (M3) A collection of primary sources on the English colonization of North America, such as an engraving that
illustrates the dress and customs of Native Americans living near Jamestown, letters and documents about the peace resulting from the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, and the terrible collapse of that peace captured in a contemporary engraving of the Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers. Also included are several sources on the origins of slavery in America: a document that presents one of the earliest restrictive slave codes in the British colonies, images of Portuguese slave trading forts on the coast of West Africa, and a sobering diagram of the human cargo holds of that eras slave-trading ships.
Additional Reading
Annotated references to both classic studies and recent scholarship encourage further pursuit of the topics and events covered in the chapter.
additional reading
The best treatment of early Virginia is Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (1975). A more intimate portrait of an early Virginia community can be found in Darrett and Anita Rutmans study of Middlesex County, A Place in Time (1984). Karen Kupperman offers an excellent overview of relations between whites and Indians not only in the early South but throughout North America in Settling with the Indians (1980), while James Merrell sensitively explores the impact of white contact on a single southern tribe in The Indians New World (1989). Two other notable treatments of slavery
and race relations in Britains southern colonies are Richard Dunns study of the Caribbean, Sugar and Slaves (1972), and Peter Woods work on South Carolina, Black Majority (1974). And for the Spanish borderlands, see David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (1992). The Chesapeake has always drawn more notice from early American historians than South Carolina has, but in recent years some important studies have redressed that neglect. The best overview of that colonys development remains Robert Weir, Colonial South Carolina (1982); for ne explorations of more specialized topics, see Daniel C. Littleeld, Rice and Slaves (1981); Peter Colclanis, The Shadow of a Dream (1989); and Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside (1990). For a fuller list of readings, see the Bibliography at www.mhhe. com/davidsonnation5.
Signicant Events
A chronology at the end of each chapter shows the temporal relationship among important events.
significant events
1820 18191823 Panic and depression 1822 Denmark Vesey conspiracy 1823 Biddle becomes president of the Bank of the United States 1824 Tariff duties raised; Jackson finishes first in presidential race 1825 1825 House elects John Quincy Adams president 1826 William Morgan kidnapped 1827 Cherokees adopt written constitution 1828 Tariff of Abominations; South Carolina Exposition and Protest; Jackson elected president
1830 1831 Anti-Masonic party holds first nominating convention 18331834 Biddles panic 1835
1830 Webster-Hayne debate; Indian Removal Act 1832 Worcester v. Georgia; Jackson vetoes recharter of the national bank; Jackson reelected; South Carolina nullifies tariff; Jacksons Proclamation on Nullification 1833 Force Bill; tariff duties reduced; Jackson removes deposits from the Bank of the United States 1834 Whig party organized
18301838 Indian removal
1836 Specie Circular; Van Buren elected president 1837 Charles River Bridge case; economic panic 1838 Trail of Tears Second Seminole war 18351842 1840 1840 Independent Treasury Act; Harrison elected president 1842 First professional minstrel troupe
18391843 Depression
361
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Printer Ornaments and Initial Blocks

History records change over time in countless ways. The ow of history is reected not only in the narrative of this text but in the decorative types used in its design. Over the years printers have used ornamental designs to enliven their texts. Each chapter of Nation of Nations incorporates an ornament created during the period being written about. Often these ornaments are from printers specimen books, produced by type manufacturers so printers could buy such designs. In other chapters the ornaments are taken from printed material of the era. The initial blocksthe large decorative initials beginning the rst word of every chapter are drawn from type styles popular during the era covered by each of the books six parts.
Part 1 uses hand-engraved initials of the sort imported from England and Europe by colonial printers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Part 2 displays mortised initial blocks. These ornaments had holes cut in the middle of the design so a printer could insert the initial of choice. These holes provided greater exibility when the supply of ornaments was limited. Part 3 features initial blocks cut from wood, an approach common in the early and middle nineteenth century. This design, Roman X Condensed, allowed more letters to be squeezed into a limited space.
T T T
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Part 4 makes use of a more ornamental initial block common in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some Victorian designs became quite ornate. This font, a style that is relatively reserved, is Latin Condensed. Part 5 illustrates an initial block whose clean lines reect the Art Deco movement of the 1920s and 1930s. Printers of the New Era turned away from the oftenflowery nineteenth-century styles. This font is Beverly Hills. Part 6 features an informal style, Brush Script Regular. First introduced during World War II, this typeface reects the more casual culture that blossomed during the postwar era.
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about the authors

James West Davidson
received his Ph.D. from Yale University. A historian who has pursued a full-time writing career, he is the author of numerous books, among them After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (with Mark H. Lytle), The Logic of Millennial Thought: Eighteenth-Century New England, and Great Heart: The History of a Labrador Adventure (with John Rugge). He is coeditor, with Michael Stoff, of the Oxford New Narratives in American History and is at work on a study of Ida B. Wells for the series.
William E. Gienapp
has a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley and taught at the University of Wyoming before going to Harvard University, where he was Professor of History until his death in 2003. In 1988 he received the Avery O. Craven Award for his book The Origins of the Republican Party, 18521856. He edited The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, and most recently published Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America and a companion volume, This Fiery Trial: The Speeches and Writings of Abraham Lincoln. is Professor of History at the University of Delaware. She received a Ph.D. in American Studies from Yale University and is the author of Commerce and Culture: The Maritime Communities of Colonial Massachusetts, 16901750. Her book Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt was awarded the Bancroft Prize in 1998.
Christine Leigh Heyrman
Mark H. Lytle,
who received a Ph.D. from Yale University, is Professor of History and Environmental Studies and Chair of the History Program at Bard College. He was recently reappointed Mary Ball Washington Professor of History at University College, Dublin, in Ireland. His publications include The Origins of the Iranian-American Alliance, 19411953, After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (with James West Davidson), and An Environmental Approach to American Diplomatic History in Diplomatic History. His most recent book, The Uncivil War: America in the Vietnam Era, will be published in 2005, and he is completing a biography of Rachel Carson. is Associate Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. The recipient of a Ph.D. from Yale University, he has received many teaching awards, most recently the Friars Centennial Teaching Excellence Award. He is the author of Oil, War, and American Security: The Search for a National Policy on Foreign Oil, 19411947 and coeditor (with Jonathan Fanton and R. Hal Williams) of The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. He is currently working on a brief narrative of the bombing of Nagasaki.
Michael B. Stoff
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introduction
istory is both a discipline of rigor, bound by rules and scholarly methods, and something more: the unique, compelling, even strange way in which we humans dene ourselves. We are all the sum of the tales of thousands of people, great and small, whose actions have etched their lines upon us. History supplies our very identitya sense of the social groups to which we belong, whether family, ethnic group, race, class, or gender. It reveals to us the foundations of our deepest religious beliefs and traces the roots of our economic and political systems. It explores how we celebrate and grieve, how we sing the songs we sing, how we weather the illnesses to which time and chance subject us. It commands our attention for all these good reasons and for no good reason at all, other than a fascination with the way the myriad tales play out. Strange that we should come to care about a host of men and women so many centuries gone, some with names eminent and familiar, others unknown but for a chance scrap of information left behind in an obscure letter. Yet we do care. We care about Sir Humphrey Gilbert, devoured and swallowed up of the Sea one black Atlantic night in 1583; we care about George Washington at Kips Bay, red with fury as he takes a riding crop to his retreating soldiers. We care about Octave Johnson, a slave eeing through Louisiana swamps trying to decide whether to stand and ght the approaching hounds or take his chances with the bayou alligators; we care about Clara Barton, her nurses skirts so heavy with blood from the wounded, that she must wring them out before tending to the next soldier. We are drawn to the fate of Chinese laborers, chipping away at the Sierras looming granite; of a Georgian named Tom Watson seeking to forge a colorblind political alliance; and of desperate immigrant mothers, kerosene lamps in hand, storming Brooklyn butcher shops that had again raised prices. We follow, with a mix of awe and amusement, the fortunes of the quirky Henry Ford (Everybody wants to be somewhere he aint), turning out identical automobiles, insisting his factory workers wear identical expressions (Fordization of the Face). xxx
We trace the career of young Thurgood Marshall, crisscrossing the South in his own little old beat-up 29 Ford, typing legal briefs in the back seat, trying to get black teachers to sue for equal pay, hoping to get his people somewhere they werent. The list could go on and on, spilling out as it did in Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass: A southerner soon as a northerner, a planter nonchalant and hospitable, / A Yankee bound my own way . . . a Hoosier, a Badger, a Buckeye, a Louisianian or Georgian. . . . Whitman embraced and celebrated them all, inseparable strands of what made him an American and what made him human:
In all people I see myself, none more and not one a barleycorn less; And the good or bad I say of myself, I say of them.
To encompass so expansive an America, Whitman turned to poetry; historians have traditionally chosen narrative as their means of giving life to the past. That mode of explanation permits them to interweave the strands of economic, political, and social history in a coherent chronological framework. By choosing narrative, historians afrm the multicausal nature of historical explanationthe insistence that events be portrayed in context. By choosing narrative, they are also acknowledging that, although long-term economic and social trends shape societies in signicant ways, events often take on a logic (or an illogic) of their own, jostling one another, being deected by unpredictable personal decisions, sudden deaths, natural catastrophes, and chance. There are literary reasons, too, for preferring a narrative approach, because it supplies a dramatic force usually missing from more structural analyses of the past. In some ways, surveys such as this text are the natural antithesis of narrative history. They strive, by definition, to be comprehensive: to furnish a broad, orderly exposition of their chosen eld. Yet to cover so much ground in so limited a space necessarily deprives readers of the context of more detailed accounts. Then, too, the resurgence of social historywith its concern for class and race, patterns of rural and urban life, the
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Introduction
spread of market and industrial economieslends itself to more analytic, less chronological treatments. The challenge facing historians is to incorporate these areas of research without losing the storys narrative drive or the chronological ow that orients readers to the more familiar events of our past. With the cold war of the past half-century at an end, there has been increased attention to the worldwide breakdown of so many nonmarket economies and, by inference, to the greater success of the market societies of the United States and other capitalist nations. As our own narrative makes clear, American society and politics have indeed come together centrally in the marketplace. What Americans produce, how and where they produce it, and the desire to buy cheap and sell dear have been dening elements in every era. That market orientation has created unparalleled abundance and reinforced striking inequalities, not the least a society in which, for two centuries, human beings themselves were bought and sold. It has made Americans powerfully provincial in protecting local interests and internationally adventurous in seeking to expand wealth and opportunity. It goes without saying that Americans have not always produced wisely or well. The insistent drive toward material plenty has levied a heavy tax on the
xxxi
global environment. Too often quantity has substituted for quality, whether we talk of cars, education, or culture. When markets ourish, the nation abounds with condence that any problem, no matter how intractable, can be solved. When markets fail, however, the fault lines of our political and social systems become all too evident. In the end, then, it is impossible to separate the marketplace of boom and bust and the world of ordinary Americans from the corridors of political maneuvering or the ceremonial pomp of an inauguration. To treat political and social history as distinct spheres is counterproductive. The primary question of this narrativehow the edgling, often tumultuous confederation of these United States managed to transform itself into an enduring republicis not only political but necessarily social. In order to survive, a republic must resolve conflicts between citizens of different geographic regions and economic classes, of diverse racial and ethnic origins, of competing religions and ideologies. The resolution of these conicts has produced tragic consequences, perhaps, as often as noble ones. But tragic or noble, the destiny of these states cannot be understood without comprehending both the social and the political dimensions of the story.
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primary source investigator CD-ROM
istory comes alive through narrative; but the building blocks of that narrative are primary sources. McGraw-Hills Primary Source Investigator (PSI) CD-ROM provides instant access to hundreds of the most important and interesting documents, images, artifacts, audio recordings, and videos from our past. You can browse the collection across time, source types, subjects, historical questions, textbook chapters, or your own custom search terms. Clicking on a source opens it in our Source Window, packed with annotations, investigative tools, transcripts, and interactive questions for deeper analysis. As close companions to the primary sources, original secondary sources are also included on the PSI: 5to 8-minute documentaries and interactive maps complete with underlying statistical data. Together these features weave a rich historical narrative or argument on topics that are difcult to fully grasp from primary sources alone. Each secondary source also provides links back to related primary sources, enabling you to test a secondary sources argument against the historical record.
While examining any of these sources you can use our notebook feature to take notes, bookmark key sources, and save or print copies of all the sources for use outside the archive. After researching a particular theme or time period, you can use our argumentoutlining tool to walk you through the steps of composing a historical essay or presentation. Through its browsing and inspection tools, Primary Source Investigator helps you practice the art of historical detection using a real archive of historical sources. This process of historical investigation follows three basic steps: Ask Use our browsing panels to search and lter the sources. Research Use the Source Window to examine sources in detail and the Notebook to record your insights. Argue Practice outlining historical arguments based on archival sources.
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dav70982_fm_i-xxxii.

Christine Leigh Heyrman

Here is not merely a nation but a teeming nation of nations

Preview 26 The Meeting of Europe, Africa, and America 29

Preview 2 Peopling the Continents 2

The European Background of American Colonization 33

Beyond the Mesoamerican Sphere 7

Spains Empire in the New World 35

North America and the Caribbean on the Eve of European Invasion 9

The Reformation in Europe 39

Englands Entry into America 43

AFTER THE FACT

Historians Reconstruct the Past:

The Founding of New England

Daily Lives: Barbaric DressIndian and European 46

New England Communities

Preview 52 English Society on the Chesapeake

The Mid-Atlantic Colonies 54

Chesapeake Society in Crisis

Adjustment to Empire 103

From the Caribbean to the Carolinas

Daily Lives: A World of Wonders and Witchcraft 94

The Spanish Borderlands

Preview 110 Forces of Division

Daily Lives: A Taste for Sugar

Slave Societies in the Eighteenth-Century South

Anglo-American Worlds of the Eighteenth Century 129

Toward the Seven Years War 135

Preview 170 The Decision for Independence 172

The Fighting in the North 175

The Turning Point 182

The Struggle in the South 185

Preview 144 The Seven Years War 145

The World Turned Upside Down 190

The Imperial Crisis 149

Toward the Revolution 163

Preview 196 Republican Experiments 197

Expansion and Turmoil in the West 241

The Emergence of Political Parties 242

Republican Society 209

From Confederation to Constitutions 213

The Presidency of John Adams 248

AFTER THE FACT

Historians Reconstruct the Past:

Preview 256 Jefferson in Power 258

Preview 228 1789: A Social Portrait 230

Jefferson and Western Expansion 262

Whites and Indians on the Frontier 265

The New Government 235

The Second War for American Independence 273

The Rise of Factories 312

America Turns Inward 281

Social Structures of the Market Society 319

Prosperity and Anxiety 325

AFTER THE FACT

Historians Reconstruct the Past:

Preview 330 Equality and Opportunity 332

The New Political Culture of Democracy 334

Preview 298 The Market Revolution 299

Jacksons Rise to Power 339

A Restless Temper 308

Democracy and Race 341

The Bank War 350