CHME 407

Lecture 3: Laplace transformation

A tool to solve differential equations

Lecturer: Dr. Dhawal Shah

Chemical Engineering Program, METU-NCC 2012/13 : Semester 1

A brief overview
Introduction to process Dynamics and process Control. Servo problem and regulatory problem; Feed-back control strategy. Response time (residence time):

Process dynamics of heated blender, which involved ODE (Ordinary differential equation) What is we face with complicated differential equations?..second order differential equations?
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Examples
Previously we saw a differential equation of the type
dCa + Ca = Ca 3 dt The change in Ca3 was step down function and was easy to solve and put the limits.

In general we are going to face problems like

dy + y = x (t ) dt

x(t) can be step, ramp, exponential, sinusoidal, or random function. So how to solve such equations?
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Objective of the lecture

What is Laplace transform? How to use Laplace transform to solve differential equation?

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What is a transformation?
Convert a mathematic expression into another form (or dimension) do the operations and return to original form to make the operations simple.

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Example: Logarithmic transformation

Logarithm Transformation (a*b/c)(e/d) How to simplify the calculations? Solution: (e/d)*{log(a)+log(b)-log(c)} and then take antilog

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Laplace transform
Introduced by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1774. Why use Laplace transform? Shorthand notation in dynamics and control Converts mathematics to algebraic operations Predicts transient response for different inputs Advantageous for block diagram analysis Facilitates linear control system analysis (frequency response)

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How to perform Laplace transformation?

It converts a function (t) in time to frequency (s) domain

F ( s ) = L { f ( t )} =

e
0

st

f ( t ) dt

Inverse Laplace transform

-1{ F ( s )} = 1 lim f (t ) = L e st F ( s ) ds 2 i T iT

+ iT

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Laplace transformation of some standard functions

1 A*u(t): Define u(t) {step function} t t2 tn e-at tne-at sin(kt) cos(kt) Impulse function (t): define dirac-delta function
L{af (t ) + bg (t )} = aL{ f (t )} + bL{g (t )}

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Laplace of differential functions

df (t ) L = sF ( s) f (0) dt
dn f n L n = s F ( s ) s n 1 f (0) s n 2 f '(0) s n 3 f ''(0) ..... f ''''n 1 (0) dt

Example:
d3y d2y dy + 4 2 + 5 + 2y = 2 dt 3 dt dt
dx(0) d 2 x(0) = =0 x(0) = dt dt 2

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How to perform inverse Laplace

Inversion by partial fractions Example 1
5 dx + x =1 dt x(0) = 0

Example 2

d 3x d 2 x dx +2 2 2 x = 4 + e 2t dt 3 dt dt x (0) = 1; x '(0) = 0; x ''(0) = 1

Example 3

d 2x dx +2 + 2x = 2 2 dt dt x (0) = 0; x '(0) = 0

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Some other properties of Laplace

Final value theorem Initial-value theorem Translation of transform Translation of function Transformation of integral

lim[ f (t )] = lim[ sf ( s )]
t s 0

lim[ f (t )] = lim[ sf ( s )]
t 0 s

L{e at f (t )} = f ( s + a )

L{ f (t t0 )} = e st0 f ( s )
f (s) L{ f (t )dt} = s 0
t

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What about custom inputs?

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Summary
Solve differential equations using Laplace Transform. Getting familiar with the use of s. Different properties of Laplace transform. How to deal with custom inputs.

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What is next
Linear Open Loop Systems: Response of some first order system to various inputs

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