Quantum physics: new theory that governs the realm of atom. Classical physics: the old thoery of newton.

Blackbody: a body with a perfectly abosrbing(and emitting) surface.when such a b ody is cold and emits no radiation of its own, it looks black because it does no t reflect any of the illumination reaching it from the outside. But when a black body is hot, its surface emits more thermal radiation than any other hot body. Blackbody radiation(cabity radiation): the hole then act as a blackbody--any rad iation incident on the hole from outside will be completely absorbed. Because of this equivalence between a black body and a hole in a cavity, the terms blackbo dy radiation and cavity radiation are used interchangeably. the sun is an almost perfect blackbody radiator. untraviolet catastrophe: energy distribution from rayleigh's calculation gave re asonable results at the long-wavelength end of the blackbody spectrum, but it ga ve disastrous results at the short-wavelength end: the number of possible standi ng-wave modes of very short wavelength is infinitely large, and if each of these modes had energy kT, the total energy in the cavity would be infinite!. Planck's constant: is the constant h in the equation E=0,hf,2hf,3hf,... the valu e of the constant is h=6.63*10^-34(J*s) energy quantum: the energy hf is called an energy quantum from E=0,hf,2hf,3hf,.. . quantum number n: E=nhf n=0,1,2,3,... the interger n is called the quantum numbe r of the oscillator. wien's displacement law: asserts that lambda max is inversely proportional to th e temperature T. This means that an increase of temperature shift the location o f maximum to shorter wavelengths. stefan-boltzmann law: see equation sheet. photon:the particle like energy packets of magnitude hf are called photons. Photoelectric effect: with this concept of light as a stream of photons, Einstei n was also able to offer an explanation of the photoelectric effect. stopping potential: K=eVstop where Vstop is the critical potiatial that stops th e flow of electrons from emitter to collector. work function phi: when an electron absorbs a photon its acquires an energy hf. but before this electron can emerge from the electrode, it must overcome the res training forces that bind it to the metal of the electrode. the energy required for this is called the work function of the metal designated by phi. threshold frequency:f..threas=phi/h characteristic spectrum: in the plot of the energy distribution the shape and lo cation broad peak of the bremsstrahlung portion of the spectrum depend on the en ergy of the incident electrons. but the locations of the spikes do not depend on the electron energyl instead they depend on the material of the target. The spi kes are called the characteristic spectrum. cuttoff wavelength: the minimum wavelength emitted by the electrons. cuttoff frequency: the case that electrons emits only one sigle photon, with a m

aximum energy and a maximum frequency, or cutoff frequency. wavicle: photons are neither classical particles nor classical waves. this new k ind of object is a wavicle: coined by arther eddington.