Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr.

Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Simplified Flexible Method

The subgrade soil is considered as an infinite array of individual springs unaffected from the deformation of others. The spring constant is the modulus of subgrade reaction. The following conditions are to be satisfied for this method to be applicable
Relative stiffness factor < 0.5 Variation of adjacent column load is less than 20% of the higher value.

The rigid analysis gives relatively more conservative design of the raft against bending moment resulting in much bigger section. Hence, flexible design is preferable from the point of view the economy of structure. Analysis using this approach has been covered under the course on Soil-Structure Interaction.
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Contact Pressure Distribution for Simplified Flexible Method

The contact pressure distribution is assumed to be linear with its maximum value below columns and minimum at the mid span. Contact pressure under p interior column.

Moment below interior column

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Contact Pressure Distribution for Simplified Flexible Method

Contact pressure below mid span

Moment at the mid span

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: Contact Pressure Distribution for Simplified Flexible Method

Moment below the exterior column, Me is taken as the minimum of following two values

Contact pressure below mid span, Me is taken from Eq. (a) above:

Contact pressure below mid span, Me is taken from Eq. (b) above:
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: General Flexible Method

This method is employed when there is significant variation is the column spacing or the intensity of column loads on the raft foundation. This method is based on the closed form solutions for plates on Winkler type elastic half space. The continuity of foundation and its effect on the analysis is not compromised. Numerical analysis using finite element or finite difference approach may be employed. Moment, shear force, and deflections are calculated for each column load individually and then the principal of superposition is used to find out the combined effect of all the column loads.
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: General Flexible Method Design Steps

Step 1: Assume thickness of the mat foundation. Step 2: Determine Flexural Rigidity D of the mat

Step 3: Determine the radius of effective stiffness

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Raft Foundation: General Flexible Method Design Steps

Step 4: Determine radial and tangential moment due to column load

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Design Step 4 Continued.

Deflection at any point and Shear force per unit width of mat

The moment in Cartesian coordinates can be obtained using the following relationship
y

Mt

My

Mr Mx

x
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Design Step 4 Continued.

The value of functions can be obtained using the adjacent plot The influence zone of a column load reaches to approximately 4-5 times the radius of effective stiffness. ff ti tiff

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Design Step 4 Continued.

In case the edges of mat are within the influence zone of a column load, determine the moment and shear force at the edges assuming the mat to be continuous and apply the same magnitude in opposite direction to satisfy the known boundary conditions. The Th moments, shear force, and deflection calculated f t h f d d fl ti l l t d for each column are superimposed to find their resultant values at each location. The reinforcement calculations can be performed assuming the raft as an inverted beam or slab.

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Ring Foundations
Used for fairly small and uniform column spacing and there is sufficient bending due to lateral forces (seismic, wind, etc.). For example water tank, t t k transmission t i i tower, etc. Sometimes annular slab with ring beam is used for more economical design when the column spacing is large and/or the soil is relatively more compressible.
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Ring Foundations: Rigid Foundation Analysis

Assumptions:
Foundation is rigid relative to soil and compressible layer is relatively shallow. The contact pressure distribution varies linearly throughout th foundation th h t the f d ti

The following conditions are to be satisfied for this method to be applicable

Relative stiffness factor K > 0.5 Spacing between the columns is less than 1.75xLe

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft

b r c a

A uniform distribution of pressure is assumed with the magnitude of p=p1+0 5p2. The load p1 +0.5p is due to dead load, and p2 is due to moment in presence of lateral loads.

p1 p2
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft

For a particular b/a ratio, the value of c/a ratio at which the maximum moment are minimum could be obtained from the following plot. The total area shall also satisfy the requirement of allowable bearing pressure

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft

Circumferential and radial moments For r < c
M t1 = pa 2 b 2 a 1 c 2 b 2 3b 2 r 2 4b 2 r a 2 + r 2 b 2 a + 3 2 2 ln 2 2 2 ln 4 1 + ln + + 16 r 2 c 2 2a 2 a 2 r 2 a a a a r r b

M r1 =

pa 2 16

b 2 a 1 c 2 b 2 b 2 r 2 4b 2 r a 2 r 2 b 2 a 4 1 2 ln + 2 3 2 + 2 + 1 2 2 ln 2 2 2 ln r a a a a r r b r c 2 2a a

For r > c
M t 2 = M t1 +

pa 2 b 2 c 1 c 2 4 1 ln + 16 a 2 r 2 2r 2 pa 2 b 2 c 1 c 2 4 1 ln + 16 a 2 r 2 2r 2
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M r 2 = M r1 +

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft with Ring Beam

The condition of maximum pressure not exceeding allowable bearing pressure and non-negative minimum pressure are satisfied if
b c a

a = e.x +

( e.x )

A 2

b = a2 +

W+A.o qa-net+o e q1
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x=
A=

qa net + ( o q1 )
qa net 2W ( o q1 )

qa net ( o q1 )

Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft with Ring Beam

W = Total weight of the structure above ground e = Eccentricity of vertical load on base due
to lateral loads

A = Area of annular raft o = Overburden pressure due to depth q1 = Minimum net soil pressure desired
For a given number of columns the ring beam will have less moment when the ring perimeter is small. Curve A and B in the figure on next slide give the most economical location of ring beam under uniform and linearly varying pressure conditions.
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of foundation

1.0 Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant B (For linearly varying pressure) 0.8 c/a for minimum moment

A (For uniform pressure) 0.6 C (Centroid of Ring element) 0.4 Centroid Ring beam 0.2

0 0 0.2 0.4 b/a 0.6 0.8 1.0

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft with Ring Beam Tangential moments are critical at the inner edge, under bearing and outer edge. Radial moment are critical under the ring beam for sagging and at some point in the raft for sagging

b c a

po

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft with Ring Beam

Tangential and radial moments for uniform pressure conditions For r < c
M t1 = M r1 = 4b2 r a 2 + r 2 b2 b po a 2 b2 1 c c 2 r 2 b 2 3b 2 4 1 + ln 2 + 2 + 2 2 3 2 ln 2 2 2 ln a 2a a a r a 16 r 2 2 a a a b r 4b 2 r a 2 r 2 b 2 b po a 2 b 2 1 c c2 r 2 b2 b2 4 1 ln 2 + 3 2 2 + 2 3 2 ln 2 2 2 ln 16 r 2 2 ae 2a a a r a a a a b r

For r > c
M t 2 = M t1 + pa 2 b 2 c 1 c 2 4 1 ln + 16 a 2 r 2 2r 2 pa 2 b 2 c 1 c 2 4 1 ln + 16 a 2 r 2 2r 2

M r 2 = M r1 +

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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant

Rigid Foundation Analysis: Annular Raft with Ring Beam

Tangential and radial moments for varying pressure conditions For r < c

Mt =

p 2b 4 2 2 8 4 5 2 2 a2 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 3a b r 5 + 2r r + 3b a r + 3 2 + 1 a c r + 3b cos 96ar 3 b2 + a 2 3 3 c a2 p 2b 4 2 Mr = 5 8r 4 3a 2b 2 2r 2 5a 2 r 2 5r 4 3b 4 + 3 3 2 + 1 a 2 c 2 r 4 b4 cos 3 96ar b + a 2 c

)(

)(

For r > c

2b 4 2 2 8 4 5 3a b r 5 + 2r 2 r 4 + 3b 4 a 2 r 2 2 2 3 3 p b +a cos Mt = 4 4 2 96ar 3 + r 4 + 3a 4 3b c 2 2a 2 r 4 + 3b4 3a 2 r 2 + 3b r 2 2 a c

Mr =

2b 5 8r 4 3a 2b2 2r 2 5a 2 r 2 5r 4 3b 4 2 2 p b +a 4 96ar 3 +3 a 4 r 4 c 2 3b 6 a 2 r 2 a 2 r 2 b 4 c2
4

cos

)(

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