IS:

2026 (Part

Iq.1977

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION .FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART tt

( Reaffirmed 1996 )

TEMPERA-W RE-RISE

(First Revision)
Seventh Reprint JUNE 193
( Incorporating UDC
Amendment No. 1 )

621.3i4.222.6.017.71

@ Copyright BUREAU OF INDIAN

BAHADUR NEWDELHi

1982 STANDARDS
SHAH ZAFAR MARG llWO2

MANAKBHAVAN,9

Cr5

June 19?7

IS : 2626 (Part II) - 1977

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II ( TEMPERATURE-RISE

First Revision)
Sectional Committee,
Ck&TUUl SHRI U. K. PATWARDHAN

Transformers

ETDC

16

Prayog Electricals Pvt Ltd, Bombay

Members

Representing

Bharat Heavy Electricah Ltd (R&D Unit) SHIII S. AXMEERJAN Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras SHRI N. S. S. AROKIASWAMY SHRI M. K. SUNDARAEAJAN(Alternnte) Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore &RI B. G. B-Y DR B. N. JAYARAM (Alter&e) Gujarat Electricity Board, Vadodara SHRI A. V. B-u SHRI J, S. IYER (Altematej Bombay Electric Supply and Transport UnderSHRI S. D. &I-Y taking, Bombay SHRI Y. K. PALVANKAR (Alternate) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi DIRECTOR(TRANSbIISSION) DEPUTY -OR (TRANSMSSION)

SHRI T. K. GHOSE Smu P. K. BHA~AC~RJEE JOINT DIRFXXOR ~SUEMTATION)

(Ahmute)

Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, Calcutta

(Alfemte)

DEPUTY DIRECXIR STANDARDS (E~~cnx1c.4~) (Ahmute) Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals SHRI J. K. KHANNA (Inspection Wing), New Delhi SHRI K. L. GARO (Altemufe) Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHIU B. S. KOCHAR SHRIR. D. JAIN (Alternate) Indian Electrical Manufacture-Ix Association, SHRI J. R. MAHAJAN Bombay SI-IRIP. K. PII~IP (Alter&) Tata Hydra-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd,_ SHRI D. B. MEHTA Bombay SHRIR. CHANDRAHOULI (Ahmute) (conlind on #age 2) 10 Cqyrigkf 1977

Research. De&m Lu&low -

and Standards Oraanizatiou,

BUREAU

OF INDIAN

STANDARDS

of 1957) and reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permkaion of tbe publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

This publication is protected under the Zndiun C@yrigkt Act (XIV

IS : 2026 (Part U) - 1977

(Continued from page 1) h4embers
SHRI D.\'.&RXE SHRI ISHWAR CHANDRA (Alternate SHKI PRIM CHAND (Alternate 11) SHRI I. S. PATEL SHRI V. N. PIZAHLAD SHRI A. G. GURJAR (Ahnate) SIIRIK. N. RAMASWAMY

Re@senting Bharat I) Heavy Electric& Ltd

Hindustan Brown Boveri Ltd, Bombay National Electrical Industries Ltd, Bhopal Directorate General New Delhi of Technical Development,

SHRI S. K. PALIXAN (Alternate) Pradip Lamp Works, Patna SHRI CHANDRA K. ROIIATGI Siemens India Ltd, Bombay SHRI D. P. SAHC~L SHRI A. R. SALVI (Alternate) Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, New Delhi SHRI I. C. SXYGAK SHRI R. C, QI.~NNA (Alternate) NGEF Ltd, Bangalore SHRI K. G. SHA~WKIIAPPA SHRI P. S. RAMAN (Alternate) Karnataka J::r.ctricity Board, Bangalore SHIU M. A. SHARIFF SHRI B. C. ALVA (Alternate) Andhra Pra&=sh State Electricity Department SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (Electricity Projects and Board), Hyderabad (OPERATION) SUPERINTENDIKG ENGINEER TECHNICAL (PROJECTS)(Alternate) Crompton Grcaves Ltd, Bombay SHRI C. R. VARIER SHRI S. V. MANERIKAR (Ahmute) Director General, IS1 (Ex-o&cio Member) SHRI S. P. SACHDEV,

Director

(Elec tech)

Secretary
SHRI VIJAI Deputy Director (Elcc tech), IS1

Panel for ?&vision of IS : 2026 Specification for Power Transformers, ETDC 16: P6
Members Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay SHR~ S. V. MANER~K.~R Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd SHRI D. V. NARKE SHRI ISHWAR CHANDRA (Alternate I) SHRI PREM CHAND (Alternate II) SHRI S. SRINIVA~AN(Alternate III)

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II TEMPERATURE-RISE

( First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 24 February 1977, after the draft finalized by the Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electrotechnical Division Council. 0.2 The first revision of IS : 2026-1962* has been undertaken with a view to bring it in line with the revision of IEC Pub 76 (1967) Power transformers. 0.3 In this revision the requirements for power transformers are covered in. four parts as follows : Part I General Part II Temperature-rise Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests Part IV Terminai markings, tappings and connections 0.4 This standard (Part II) has been based on IEC Pub 76-2 (1976) Power transformers, Part 2 Temperature-rise, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission. 0.5 This part shall be read in conjunction with IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977?, IS : 2026 (Part III)-1977: and IS : 2026 (Part IV)-I977$ 0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard iscomplied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-196011. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard. * Specif~catiou for power fransformers. t Specifkation for power transformers: Part I General.
r Spesihation 8 Specification
II

for power transformers: for power trausformcrs: off nunpical

Part III Insulation levels and diekctric tests. Part #IV Terminal markings, tapping~and connec(retied).

tiOnS.

Rules for rounding

values

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard (Part II) covers temperature-rise transformers. 2. IDENTIFICATION ACCORDING requirements of power

TO COOLING

METHOD

2.1 Identification Symbols - Transformers shall be identified according to the cooling method employed. Letter svmbols for use in connection with each cooling method shall be as given in Table 1.
SOTE In transformers with forced directed oil circulation a certain proportim of the forced ojl flow is channelled so as to pass through the windings. Certain windings, however, may have a non-directed oil flow, for instance, separate tapping windings, auxiliary windings and stabilizing windings.

TABLE

1 LETTER
(Clause 2.1)

SYMBOLS Symbol 0 k W A

i) Kittd of Coolitlg Medium a) Mineral oil or equivalent flammable synthetic insulating liquid b) Non-flammable synthetic insulating liquid c) Gas dj \Vater c) Air ii) hiud of Circulation al Natural bj Forced (oil not directed) c) Forced (directed oil)

2.2 Arrangement of Symbols - Transformers shall be identified by four symbols for each cooling method for which a rating is assigned by the manufacturer. 2.2.1 Dry-type transformers without protective enclosures are identified by two symbols only for the cooling medium that is in contact with the windings of the surface coating of windings with an overall coating (for example, epoxy resin). 2.2.2 The order in which the symbols are used shall be as given in Table 2. Oblique strokes shall be used to separate the group symbols for different cooling methods. 2.2.3 For example, an oil-immersed transformer with forced directed oil circulation and forced air circulation shall be designated ODAF. 2.2.4 For oil-immersed transformers in which the alternatives of natural or forced cooling with non-directed oil flow are possible, typical designations. are : ONAN/OFAF ONAN/ONAF 4

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 2.2.5. The cooling method of a dry-type transformer without a protective enclosure or with a ventilated enclosure and with natural air cooling is designated by : AN 2.2.6 For a dry-type transformer in a non-ventilated protective enclosure with natural air cooling inside and outside the enclosure the designation is : ANAN

TABLE

ORDER

OF SYMBOLS

(Clause 2.2.2) rst Letter Kind of cooling medi- Kind um indicating the COOL incz medium that is in c&tact with the windings

2nd Letter
of circulation

3rd Let&r
Kind of cooling medium indicating the cooling medium that is in contact with the external cooling systems Kind

4th Letter
of circulation

3. LIMIT!3

OF -TEMPERATURE-RISE

3.1 Normal Temperature-Rise Limits - The temperature-rises of the windings, cores and oil, of transformers designed for operation at altitudes not exceeding those given in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* and with cooling medium tempetitures as described in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* shall not exceed the limits specified in Tables 3 and 4 when tested in accordance with 4. For multi-winding transformers, the temperature-rise of the top oil refers to the specified loading combination for which the total losses are highest. Individual winding temperature-rises shall be considered relative to that specified loading combination khich is the most severe for the particular w .nding under consideration. 3.1.1 The method of ve&ication of the forced directed oil flow shall be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, normally at the time of tender. 3.1.2 The temperature-rises of transformers immersed in non-flammable synthetic insulating liquids and using insulating materials whose temperature classes are &&rent from A may be raised by an amount to be agreed by manufacturer and purchaser. 3.1.3 In certain types of transformers with concentric windings and vertical axes of core and windings two or more windings can be arranged
*Specification for powertransformers: Part I Cjeneral.

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 one above the other. If these windings are identical, the arithmetic mean value of their temperature-rises shall not exceed the permissible temperaturerises given in Tables 3 and 4. If the windings are not identical, their temperature-rises shall be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. In this case, the axial dimensions of each winding are to be considered.
TABLE 3 TBMP_TFUIFUIFWIS~iS FOR DRY-TYPE

(Clauses 3.1, 3.1.3, 3.3, 4.3 and 4.5.1) No.

SL

PART

CooLrNG hfETHOD
(3) Air, natural or forced

TEMPERATURE CLASS OF INSUL_~TI~~N* (9

(1) 3

(2)
Wjndings (Temperaturerise measured by resistance method)

ii)

Cores and other parts a) Adjacent to windings b) Not adjacent to windings

All All

4 W

Same values windings

as for

The temperature shall in no case reach a value thatwill damage the core itself, other adjacent parts or materials

NOTE - Insulating materials may be used separately or in combination provided that in any application each material shall not be subjected to a temperature in excess of that for which it is suitable, if operated under rated conditions.

*In accordance with IS : i271-1958 Classification of insulating material for electrical machinery and apparatus in relation to their thermalstability in service. tFor certain insulating materials, temperature-rises in excess of 140C may be adopted by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

3.2 Reduced Temperature-Rises for Transformers Designed for H5&~~ng-Medmm Tempe+yes or Spec+l Cooling-Medium - If the transformer is designed for servrce where the temperature of the cooling-medium exceeds one of the maximum values shown in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977* by no more than lo%, the allowable temperature-rises for the windings, cores and oil shall be reduced. *Specification powertransformers: for Part I General.

IS : 2026 (Part
TARLE 4 TEMPERATURE-RISE LIMITS FOR TYPE TRANSFORMERS OIL-IMMERSED

II) - 1977

(Claax~ 3.1, 3.1.3, 3.3, 4.3, 4.4and4.5.1)

20.
(1) 9

PART

---

TEMPEKATURE-RISE EXTERNAL COOLING MELXUM *

-1

Air (3) C

Water (4) C 60, when the oil circulation is natural or forced nondirected 65, when the oil circulation is forced directed 55, when the transformer is equipped with a conservator or sealed 50, when the transformer is neither equipped with a conservator nor sealed The temlkature shall in no case reach a value that will damage the core itself, other parts or adjacent materials

(2)
Windings (temperature-rise measured by resistance method) tiolIA

55, when the oil circulation is natural or forced nondirected is forced directed

ii) Temperature class of insula- 60, when the oil circulation iii) Top
oil (temperature-rise measured by thermometer) 50, when the transformer is equipped with a conservator or sealed 45, when the transformer is neither equipped with a conservator nor sealed iv) Cores, metallic parts, and adjacent materials The temperature shall in no case reach a value that wills damage the core its&, other parts or adjacent materials

Nora -The temperature-rise limits of the windings (measured by resistance method) are chosen to give the same hot-spot temperature-rise with different types of oil circdation: The hot-spot temperature-rise cannot normally be measured directly. Transformers with forced directed oil flow have a difference between the hot-spot and the avenge temperature-rise in the windings which is smaller than that in transformers with natural or forced but not directed oil flow. For this reason the windings of transformers with forced directed oil flow can have temperature-rise limits (measured by resistance method) which are 5C higher than in other transformcnx

If the rated power is 10 MVA or greater, the reduction shall correspond to the excess temperature. For smaller rated powers the allowable temperature-rises shall be reduced as follows : a) by 5C if the excess temperature is less than or equal to 5C, and b) by 10C if the excess temperature is greater than 5C and less than or equal to 10C. Where for air-cooled transformers the excess temperature specified above exceeds IO%, or for water-cooled transformers the temperature of the cooling water exceeds 3OC, the allowable temperature-rises shall be agreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser. 7

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 Any site conditions which may either impose restrictions on the air cooling or produce high ambient air temperatures shall be specified by the purchaser. 3.3 Reduced Temperature-R&es for Transformers Designed for High Altitudes - Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser for air-cooled transformers designed for operation at an altitude greater than 1 000 m but tested at normal altitudes, the limits of temperature-rise given in Tables 3 and 4 shall be reduced by the following amounts for each 500 m by which the intended working altitude exceeds 1 000 m : 2-O percent a) Oil-immersed, natural air-cooled transformers 2.5 percent b) Dry-type, natural air-cooled transformers 3-O percent c) Oil-immersed, forced air-cooled transformers 5.0 percent d) Dry-type, forced air-cooled transformers
Norel - If air-cooled transformers, which are designed for operation below 1 000 m, are tested at altitudes above 1 000 m, the measured temperature-rises are to be reduced by the above mentioned amounts for each 50 m by which the test altitude exceeds 1OOOm. NOTE Z-These reductions in temperature-rise limits or in measured temperaturerises are not applicable to water-cooled transformers.

4. TEST OF TEMPERATURE-RISE 4.1 Measurement of Temperature

(TYPE TEST) of Cooling Air

4.1.1 General - The cooling-air temperature shall be measured by means of several thermometers arranged according to 4.1.2 and 4.1.3. They shall be protected from draught and abnormal heat radiation. To avoid errors due to the time lag between variations in the temperature of the transformer and that of the cooling air, the thermometers may be inserted in cups filled with liquid, having a time constant of about two hours. The value to be adopted for the temperature of the cooling air for a test is the average of the readings taken on these thermometers at equal intervals of time during the last quarter of the test period. The temperature of the cooling air should be as constant as possible during the test period, especially during the last quarter. 4.1.2 Natural Air-Cooling - The thermometers (at least three) shall be placed at different points around the transformer, at a level approximately fzsazy up the cooling surface, at a distance of 1 to 2 m from the cooling . 4.1.3 Forced Air-Cooling - If there is a well defined flow of air from the surroundings towards the intakes of the coolers, without much recirculation of warm air, the thermometers should be placed in this intake stream. They should be-far enough away from the tank and cooler surfaces to prevent disturbance by radiant heating (distance of 1 m to 2 m). If these conditions cannot be fulfilled, the temperatures shall be measured 8

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 around the complete tr%nsformer, outside the recirculation ferably on the side without cooler, if any. streams, pre-

4.2 Measurement of Temperature of Cooling Water - The cooling water temperature shall be measured at the intake of the cooler and the temperature shall be taken as the average of at least three readings taken at approximately equal intervals not greater than one hour. The readings shall be taken in the last quarter of the test period. 4.3 Determination of Winding Temperature - The winding temperatures shall in principle be ascertained using the resistance method. The temperature-of a winding ( 0, ) at the end of a test period shall be calculated from its measured resistance (R,) at that temperature and its measured resistance (RX) at some other temperature ( 8, ) using the formula : S,=
e,=

3
1 2

(235+8,)-235

for copper

(225+8,) -225 for aluminium I where 8r and 6, are measured in C, The resistance (RJ is generally the cold resistance measured in accordance with 16.2 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977*. Theresistance (Z&) is measured either after switching off the supply, having regard to the corrections indicated in 4.9, or without interruption of the supply by means of the superposition method (see Appendix A) which consists of injecting into the winding a dc measuring current of low value superposed on the load current. In case of transformers with concentric windings and vertical axes of core and windings where two or more identical windings are arranged one above the other, all these windings can be connected in series for the test of temperature-rise. The measured temperature-rise of these series-connected windings shall not exceed the appropriate value given in Tables 3 and 4. If the windings have a resistance of 0.005 ohm or greater the winding temperatures shall be ascertained by means of the resistance method. Practical difficulties due to the short time available for the measurement of hot resistances may affect the accuracy of such measurement by about one percent. For winding having a value less than O-005 ohm, the resistance method may be inaccurate. In such casesthe temperature-rise at the end of a temperature test shall be determined as follows : The temperature of the oil shall be measured by a thermometer placed in a thermometer pocket. The temperature-rise so determined shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given in Table 4. Any one method shall be used for the determination of the winding temperatures.

l SpecScatibn for powertransformers:Part

I General.

16 : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 4.4 Measurement of Top Oil Temperature - The temperature of the top oil shall be measured by a thermometer placed in an oil-filled thermometer pocket on the cover or in the outlet pipe to the cooler, but in the case ofsrparate coolers it shall be located in the outlet pipe adjacent to the transformer. Should the tank not be completely filled with oil, the pocket shall be long enough, or placed in an appropriate position on the tank, to ensure true measurement of the top oil temperature; alternatively, an opening shall be provided through which the thermometer can be inserted. The temperature-rise so determined shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given in Table 4. 4.5 Duration of Test of Temperature-Rise - The test shall be continued until the requirements of one of the following methods have been met. The method shall bc chosen by the manufacturer. 4.5.1 Method (1-Evidence shall be obtained that the highest temperaturerise will not errcecl the value given in Table 3 or 4, as appropriate. even if the test were continued until thermal equilibrium is reached. Temperatures shall be taken \rhere possible during operation, as well as when the supply to the transformer is switched-off. The test shall not be regard,ed as completed until the temperature-rise increment is less than 3C in 1 hour. The method shown in Fig. 1 shall be employed for the determination of the final temperature-rise. 4.5.2 Method b - It shall bc demonstrated that the top oil temperaturerise does not vary more than 1C per hour during 4 consecutive hourly readings. If the test is performed initially with reduced cooling or without any cooling, it shall be continued for sufficient time with full cooling to prevent errors in the measurement of the final oil temperature-rise. 4.6 Test Method for Dry-Type Transformers* -The method shah be one involving excitation of the core at normal flux density. The input test current It shall be held constant at a value as near as possible to the rated value Ix and at least equal to 90 percent of this value, and the run continued until the temperature-rise, et, of the windings, is steady. The temperature-rise of the windings above the temperature of the coolir@ air. for rated load conditions, 0x, is calculated from the formula :

The value of q shall be taken as follows : AN transformers = I.6 .4F transformers = I.8
NOTE -

For loading method scc 4.8.

*It is assure-d that the transformer has no tappings. or if it has, that the t,est is made on the principal tapping. If the test is made on ahother tapping, it is necessary to replace in the text the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and appropriate tapping current.

IO

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 4.7 Test Method for Oil-Immersed Type Transformersp - Temperature-rise tests of oil-immersed type transformers include the determination of top oil tcmpcraturc-rise and of winding temperature-rises.
XOTE 1 -During measured. IOTE 2 -For

the test the power loading method SEC 4.8.

required

for the pumps and fans may be

4.7.1 To! Oil Tenrjerature-Rise - Tbc top oil temperature-rise shall be obtained by subtracting the cooling medium test temperature from the measured top oil tcmpcrdturc, the transformer being supplied with the total losses. The input powrr shall be maintained at a steady value. If the total losses (taken as the sum of the measured load losses, corrected to the refcrcncc temperature and the measured no-load lossts) [see 16.1 and 16.4 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977t] cannot be obtained, different losses, as Ilear ac po%siblr to the above losses, but in any cave not less than 80 percent, &all be supplied and the following correction factor applied to the top oil temperature-rise SO dctermincd : Iolal losses .Y c Pest losses value 0f.r shall be as follows : For natural air circulation : 0.8 For forced air circulation and water cooling : I.0

The

SOTE In cast's where irsting facililies are not available for carrying out the test at 80 percent of the total losses, the losses at which the test is to be conducted and the details of the test shall be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

4.7.2 Winding Temperature-Rises - Winding temperature-rises shall be obtained on all windings by subtracting the external cooling medium test temperature from the average temperature of the windings as measured by resistance, after circulating the rated current at rated frequency in the Gxling under test. If the rated current cannot be supplied, the tests may be performed with a current not less than 90 percent of the rated current. -4lternatively, a current providing the total losses may be supplied. I,n either case the following correction factor shall be applied to the determinetl temperature-rise of the windings above average oil temperature : Rated current _y _ Test current c The value of y shall be as follows : For natural-and forced non-directed oil circulation : 1% For forced directed oil circulation : 2.0

*It is assured that the transformer has no tappings, or if it has, that the test is made on the principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to replace in the text the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and appropriate tapping current. tSpecification for power transformers: Part I General. 12

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977

NATE - In casts where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at 90 percent of rated current the current at which the test is to be conducted and the details of the test &al1 be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

The average oil temperature may be determined by any of the following ways : a) For all cooling methods the average oil temperature in the stirroundings of the different windings shall be calculated according to Fig. 2 from the resistance R where the straight line L cuts the ordinate. The winding resistances shall be determined after switching-off the supply according to 4.9.

t
L
\ , ,w Y t R2 \ , \

TEST READINGS
(corrected for diffrrmce in average oil trmpora-

--t
I __ -i

AR
RESISTANCE .INCREMENT

i -At+At+At4AatY I I I I f p ; 1 ( I
(All three scales are linear)

I 1
TIME
c

FIG. 2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE WINDINGRESISTANCEAT THE INSTANT SWITCHING-OFF OF THE SUPPLY, ANDTHE AVERAGEOIL TEMPERATURE b) In transformers with ON, OF and OD cooling the average oil temperature shall be determined as the difference between the top oil temperature and half the temperature-drop in the cooling cquipment. For tanks with tubes or radiators mounted on them, the temperaturedrop shall be taken as the difference between the surface temperatures at the top and the bottom of a cooling tube or radiator element, 13

IS : 2828 (P&t ll) - 1977 the tube or radiator element chosen being as near as practicable to the middle of a side of the tank. In the case of a separate cooler, the temperature-drop shall be taken as the difference in readings of thermometers in thermometer pockets adjacent to the main tank in the inlet and outlet pipes to and from the cooler. For transformers having rated powers up to 2 500 kVA with natural oil circulation and plain or corrugated tanks or with tubes or radiators mounted on the tanks, the average oil temperature-rise is taken approximately as 0.8 times top oil temperature-rise. Allowances shall be made for variation in average oil temperature during tests, as explained in detail in 48.3.

c>

- It shall be accepted that the average oil temperature-rise may vary with the losses according to the law given in 4.7.1 for the top oil temperature-rise. 4.8 Loading Methods* - At the choice of the manufacturer, for twowinding transformers any one of the loading methods according to 4.8.1 to 4.8.3 may be applied for oil-immersed type transformers and either of the loading methods according to 4.8.1 and 4.8.2 for dry-type transformers. 4.8.1 Direct Loading Method - One winding of the transformer shall be excited at rated vohage with the other connected to a suitable load such that rated currents flow in both windings. No correction for average oil temperature need be applied to the winding temperature-rise of oil-immersed type transformer. 4.8.2 Back-to-Back Method - Two transformers, one of which is the transformer under test, shall be connected in parallel and excited at the rated voltage of the transformer under test. By means of different voltage ratios or an injected voltage, rated current shall be made to flow in the transformer under test. No correction for average oil temperature need be applied to the winding temperature-rise of oil-immersed type transformers. 48.3 Short-Circuit Method - To determine the temperature-rise ofthe oil, the sum of the no-load and load losses at the reference temperature shall be supplied to the transformer, one of its windings being excited and an.orher short-circuited at its terminals. The top oil temperature-rise and the average oil temperature-rise shall be recorded. The input shall then be reduced to a value which results in the circulation of rated current at rated frequency in the windings, and this value shall be maintained for 1 hour. The temperature of the windings shall then be The drop in average oil temperature determined by the resistance method. during this hour is taken into account when calculating the temperature&e of the windings above the average pi1 temperature. . *It is assured that the transformer has nd tappings, or if it has, that the test is made on the principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it IS necessary to replace in the text the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and appropriate tapping current. 14

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 The temperature-rise of the windings above the average oil temperature, determined in the second part of the test, added to the average oil temperature-rise, determined in the first part of the test, shall give the temperaturerise of the windings above the cooling medium temperature for total losses al rated current, rated frequency and rated voltage. Alternatively, the temperature-rise of the windings above the cooling medium temperature for total losses at rated current and rated voltage ma! be derived from the temperature-rise of the windings at the end of the run with total losses, mentioned in the first sentence of 4.8.3, by correcting the difference between the temperature of the windings and the average oil temperature to the conditions corresponding to rated current and rated frequency. 4.8.4 Loading of Multi- Winding Transformers - In the case of multiwinding transformers where more than two windings can be loaded simultaneously in service the temperature-rise tests shall normally be performed by separate two-winding tests. In certain casesthe rated powers of the individual windings may preclude the testing of the transformer at the full total losses. For such cases the correction of the top oil temperature-rise of oil-immersed type transformers shall be made as described in 4.7.1. Calculated corrections according to 4.7.2 shall be made, where necessary, to determine the individual winding temperature-rises at the specified loadIn ing combination which is the most severe for the particular winding. these calculations the manufacturer may take account of the stray and eddy current losses at this loading combination. 4.9 Temperktnre Correction switching-off the SuppIy for Cooling of Transformers After

4.9.1 General -Winding temperature measurement may be made while the transformer is in operation by the superposition method mentioned in 4.3 or by taking resistance readings after the supply to transformer is switched-off. In the latter case, to provide for the interval between the instant of switching-off the supply and the measurement of the temperature, a correction shall be applied so as to-obtain as nearly as practicable the temperature at the instant of switching-off the supply. Readings shall be taken as soon as possible after switching-off the supply, but allowing sufficient time for the inductive effect to disappear, as indicated from the cold resistance measurements [see 16.2.1 of IS : 2026 (Part I)1977*1. When the supply to transformer is switched-off, the fans and water pumps shall be stopped but the oil pumps shall remain running. Correction of the temperature-rise as determined by the resistance method to the instant of switching-off the supply shall be made by extrapolation back *Spcciftcationfor powertransforrncrs: Part I General. 15

IS : 2026 (Part

II) - 1977 the supply from time/temperature curves or

to the instant of switching-off time/resistance curves.

4.9.2 Method of Extrapolation Using Linear Scales-The correction shall be determined approximately by making a series of resistance measurements and from this plotting a time/resistance curve, which is extrapolated back to the instant of switching-off the supply. The highest winding temperature shall then be cakulated from the resistance at the instant of switching-off the supply. This extrapolation shall be done according to Fig. 2, where the resistances R are determined at equal intervals of time At. In taking actual resistance measurements by some bridge methods it is more accurate to determine times for fixed changes in resistance AR, that is, time as noted at the moment the indicator of the pre-set bridge passes through zero. The decreases in resistance, AR, corresponding to equal time interval. are put down horizontaJly at the appropriate points of the ordinate and give the straight line L. R, is the resistance of the winding at the instant of switching-off the supply. 4.9.3 Method of Extrapolation Using Log- Linear Scales - The difference AR between the measured resistance and the resistance R, corresponding to the temperature to which the winding is cooling after switching-off the supply shall be drawn on log-linear graph paper with time as linear and AR as the logarithmic axis. The resistance R shall be chosen in such a way that the test points plotted appear almost on a straight line. The resistance at the instant of switching-off the supply shall then be equal to R + AR,,, where AR,-, is found-by drawing a straight line through the point on the graph and extrapolating it back to zero time. 4.9.4 Tmjwrature cf Hot-Spot in Winding - For the purpose of calibrating winding-temperature indicators, the temperature of the hot-spot in a winding shall be taken as the sum of the temperature at the top oil (&+cooling air temperature) and 1 *l times the temperature-rise of the winding above average oil temperature.

APPENDIX (CZuwe4.3)

TEMPEBATURE-RUE OF WINDINGS BY RESISTANCE MEASURED BY THE SUPERPOSITION METHOD A-l. PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD

A-l.1 A small auxiliary dc current, supplied preferably from a storage battery is shperposed on the ac load current in the transformer winding under consideration. Measurements are made pf the magnitude of the superposed current circulating in the winding and also the voltage drop at 16

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 the terminals of the winding due to this direct current. These measurements are made at least at the beginning and end of the temperature-rise test and are used to determine the mean temperature of the windings by the variation of resistance, the accuracy being in the order of 1C. The method is equally applicable to temperature-rise tests carried out by means of the direct loading, back-to-back or short-circuit methods. The test arrangements vary according to the winding connections; the two most frequent connections are described in A-2 and A-3. A-2. STAR WINDINGS WITH NEUTRAL BROUGHT OUT

A-2.1 The injection of dc through the winding neutral does not present any difficulty. Nevertheless it is necessary to arrange for a return neutral point which will generallv be that of the supply transformer or a neutral point of the external circuit, or, in the case of a short-circuited winding, theshortOne point of the injection circuit connection at the phase terminals. circuit should preferably be earthed. Fig. 3 shows the circuit for a star/star transformer with the neutrals brought out from both windings, the temperature test being carried out by the shortcircuit method. For each of the two windings, the sum I of the dc currents injected into the three phases is measured by means of a millivoltmeter connected across a shunt placed in the injection circuit. For the energized winding, a microammeter is connected between the neutral point of the windipg and the neutral point of three reactors connecThese reactors are for the purpose of ted in star to the phase terminals. limiting the circulation of alternating current, and to &is effect, voltage transformers may be used. Provided that the resistance of the voltage transformer winding in sach phase is equal, then the microammeter measures a current i proportional to the sum of the dc voltages at the terminals of the three phases of the transformer. If R is the mean resistance of the three-phase windings of the transformer under test, ri the resistance per phase of the reactors or voltage transformer and r the circuit resistance, then

R=

(3r+5) r again being the resistance becomes simply :

In the case of the windings on short-circuit, of the voltage measuring circuit the relation R=f~3r A-3. DELTA WINDING

BLE NEUTRAL

OR STAR WINDING

WITHOUT

ACCE!W-

A-3.1 Such winding connections do not lend themselves to the injection of

dc when they are short-circuited. The phase terminals shall necessarily be 17

IS : 2026 (Part II) - 1977 connected to an externah,circuit such as a supply transformer or a loading circuit. The dc injection may be made through one of the phase terminals but the three phases of the winding do not play symmetrical roles and intervene in the measurement with different weights. Return of the dc may often be effected by an accessible neutral point of the external circuit, which is then earthed, The injection circuit must include in series a reactor capable of withstanding the ac phase voltage. In the absence of such an available neutral point in the internal circuit, return of the dc may be effected in another way, for example, by a second phase terminal. One point in the injection circuit is then fixed at earth potential and reactors interposed between this point and the two-phase terminals used. Fig. 4 shows the circuit for a delta-connected winding and where the neutral point is available on the supply transformer. The dc is injected via terminal U,, and the measuring shunt shall be placed between the terminal and the point ofinjection. The shunt is thus at phase voltage and the millivoltmeter shall be read at a distance. The direct current I which flows via terminal Vi divides equally between the two-phase windings each of resistance R connected to this terminal and flows out via terminals Vi and W,. To measure the dc voltage between terminal U, and the combination of terminals I, and W,, three reactors are arranged as shown in the figure. These may consist of voltage transformers supplemented, if necessary, by additional resistors, the primary purpose of which is to ensure that overall Adequate capacitances are connected resistances r, and r3 are equal. between the ends of the reactances and earth to suppress residual alternating voltages. If i is the current in the microammeter, the mean resistance of the two phases included in the measurement is :

A-4. MEASURING

EQUIPMENT

AA.1 Shunts - The shunts placed in the neutral connection do not present any difficulty. For the shunt inserted in a phase conductor, in the case of a delta-connected winding, it is necessary to consider possible thermocouple effects due to the alternating current which is of the order of 100 times the dc measuring current. It shall therefore be constructed with particular care to completely eliminate these thermocouple effects. A-1.2 Microammeter and Millivoltmeter - These instruments shall be accurate and linear. The accuracy class shall be 0.5. Roth instruments shall be filtered so that the presence of alternating current does not affect the instrument. 20

BUREAU

OF

INDIA@!

STANDARDS

fleedquertm : Menak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg. NEW DELHI 11(KXt2 Tefaphorias: 331 01 31 lolagrams : Manaksansths 331 13 76 (Common to all Offii Region81 Offices : Telephone Central : Manak Bhavan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg. NEW DELHI l10002 *Eastern : 1114 C.I.T. Suhama Vll M, V.I.P. Road, .Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700064 Northern : SC0 445-448, Sector 35-C CHANEBGARH 180036 21843 412910 : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 tW= 632929% *Manakalaya, E9 MIDC. Marol. Andhari (East), BOMBAY 4OfX93-&*Ilcb Offices :.

PushpA, NurmohamedShaikh Marg, Khanpur, ANMADABAD 38oool t Paanya Industrial Araa;lstStaga. Bangalore-Tumkur Road. BANGALORE 680968 GaB~o$~~&35t+fldgr, Bltadbhada Road. T.T. Nagar.
Plot No. 82183, Labis Ruad, BHUBANESHWAR 761002 Kalai Katftir Building>,&48-A Avanad Road, COIMBATORE 841837 Quality Marking Carma! N.H. IV, N.1.T.. FARIDABAD t2lb91 Savitri Complex, 116 0. T.Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 53/5 Ward No. 29, R.G. Barua Road. 6th y-lane. B GUWAHATI 781OC3 S-8-58C L. N. Gupta Marg, ( Nampally Station Road) HYDERABAD 59gogl R14 Yudhist& Marg, C Schar& JAIPUR 392& 117/418 B Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 2o8005 Plot No. A-9, House No. 581/83. Sindhu Nagar, Kanuur React. LUCKNOW 226005 Patliputra%dustrial Estate, PATNA 89W13 D?tri& a;m&;;tre Complex, Bagh-e-Ali Maidan. SRfNM T. C. No, 14/1421, University P. 0.. Palayam, THIR WANANTHAPURAM 895034 inspection Offices (With Sala Paint) : Pushpanjali. First Floor, 205-A Wast High Court~Road. Shankar Nagar Square, NAGPUR 449910 Institution of Engineers (India) Buffding, 1332 Shivaji Nagar. PUNE 411006 Sales Office Calcu~is at 5 Chominghaa Approa&, P. 0. Princep Street, CALCUTTA t Salds OffNa is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, BOMBAY f sSl~/Gffi~ is at Unity Building, Narasimharaja Square, BANGALORE Reprography Unit, BIS. New Delhi,

28348 394966 6s 40 21 83627 2 67 05 8-71 19 98 33177 231083 8 34 71 218876 s 66 07 82305

821 09

62 51 71 5 24 36 27 88 00 89 86 28 22 39 71

India

AMENDMENT NO. 2 TO

OCTOBER 1984

IS:2026(Part 2)-1977 SPECIFICATION FOR POJER TRAHSFORMERS PART 2

(First

TEMPERATURE-RISE Revisial

(Page 6, cZcruse.3.1) - Delete para 2 of this clause. [Page 7, Tab&z 4, co2 (1) 072d (2)] - Substitute tk follovilq for tk existing mtter a.gainstSl No. i1 sod II) azriremmkr subsequent Serial Aos. accordin@:c. (1, (2) Windings (temperature-rise measured by resistance method) temperature class of insulation A

i)

(Rzge 8, clame 3.3) - Add the folloving nev clause after this clause: "3.4 Choice of TaD~~_f~r_T~meeLe~ise-m-w-- Test aa----Temperature-rise test shall be performed at the tapping as desired by the purchaser. If nothing has been stated 'Bfthe purchaser, the test shall be carried out as indicated belov: a) For tapping ranges less than or equal to 10 percent tapping OE negative side, the test shall be performed on the losresttap at appropriate current relating to this tapping; and

b) Fos tappir.): ran,-es exceedin: 10 perc~~.t c:: negative side, ti:e tea:; shall k perform3 at -10 Dercent tk;?ing vitn appropriate c?L;rrer.: relati.ng to this xpping.
ROTE 1 - ;Sni7 above rcentioned &e tapping 3fi3its my be ap?li.csble in respect of tenperature-rise test mly, there shall be no injury to the trmrforrizr unen deliverir,g the appropriate rated curzxt on ar!y tap including the CXke!iIe ne -olive Lap. NOT2 2 - A trz?.sfGr?;.er rxay be evected to operate h-ithC3t p5rmr:ent injury so long as it is operating vit k.in the obsolute temperature limits and. other ccnditions specifi.e3. in 1~:6600-1072 GuiZe for loadins of oil irmrse2 transfomers .

kprography Unlit, BIS, New Dcllli,India