Valve Handbook

Philip L. Skousen
Valtek International

McGraw-Hill
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Contents
Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii

Chapter 1. Introduction to Valves

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Chapter 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 The Valve 1 The History of Valves 2 Valve Classification According to Function 7 Classification According to Application 13 Classification According to Motion 16 Classification According to Port Size 16 Common Piping Nomenclature 17 2 . Valve Selection Criteria Valve Coefficients 21 Flow Characteristics 22 Shutoff Requirements 36 Body End Connections 37 Pressure Classes 47 Face-to-Face Criteria 49 Body Material Selection 50 Gasket Selection 58 Packing Selection 65

21

vi Chapter 3.1 3.2 3.3 ^.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Chapter 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 3 . Manual Valves Introduction to Manual Valves 85 Manual Plug Valves 87 Manual Ball Valves 101 Manual Butterfly Valves 111 Manual Globe Valves 132 Manual Gate Valves 147 Manual Pinch Valves 161 Manual Diaphragm Valves 170 4 . Check Valves Introduction to Check Valves 177 Lift Check Valves 179 Swing Check Valves 188 Tilting-Disk Check Valve 192 Double-Disk Check Valves 198 Diaphragm Check Valves 204

Contents 85

177

Chapter 5. Pressure Relief Valves 5.1 Introduction to Pressure Relief Valves Chapters. Control Valves 6.1 Introduction to Control Valves 221 6.2 Globe Control Valves 222 6.3 Butterfly Control Valves 261 6.4 Ball Control Valves 285 6.5 Eccentric Plug Control Valves 305

209 209 221

Chapter 7. Manual Operators and Actuators 7.1 Introduction to Manual Operators and Actuators 7.2 Manual Operators 324 7.3 Pneumatic Actuators 335 7.4 Nonpneumatic Actuators 363 7.5 Actuator Performance 369 7.6 Positioners 370 7.7 Auxiliary Handwheels 376 7.8 External Failure Systems 384 7.9 Common Accessories 390 7.10 Electrical Equipment Certifications 403

321 321

Contents

vii

Chapter 8. Smart Valves and Positioners

8.1 Process Control 411 8.2 Intelligent Systems for Control Valves 8.3 Digital Positioners 423 Chapter 9 . Valve Sizing 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Introduction to Valve Sizing 429 Valve-Sizing Nomenclature 433 Body Sizing of Liquid-Service Control Valves 439 Body Sizing of Gas-Service Control Valves 458 Pressure-Relief-Valve Sizing 471 417

411

429

Chapter 10. Actuator Sizing 10.1 Actuator-Sizing Criteria 479 10.2 Sizing Pneumatic Actuators 487 10.3 Sizing Electromechanical and Electrohydraulic Actuators 497 Chapter 1 1 . Common*Valve Problems 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 High-Pressure Drops 499 Captation 503 Flashing 526 Choked Flow 528 High Velocities 529 Water -Hammer Effects 530 High Noise Levels 531 Noise Attenuation 552 Fugitive Emissions 573

479

499

Chapter 12. Valve Purchasing Issues 12.1 Life-Cycle Costs 595 12.2 Spare Parts 599

595

Bibliography Appendix A. Common Conversion Factors Appendix B. Fluid Data

609 613 637

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Contents

Appendix C. Method 21Determination of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks Abbreviations of Related Organizations and Standards Glossary Index 709

657 665 667