CDMA Signalling Technique Using MATLAB

Arpit Agarwal, Kajal Gupta, Surabhi Mahawar, Surbhi Singh

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT, Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology, Bareilly(U.P.) Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow arpitagarwal4in4@gmail.com kajalgupta318@gmail.com surabhimahawar@gmail.com surbhisingh153@gmail.com Abstract This paper evaluates the performance of CDMA signaling technique using MATLAB using various codes and channels. Further it includes the performance of synchronous DS-CDMA systems over multipath fading channel and AWGN Channel. The synchronous DS-CDMA system is well known for eliminating the effects of multiple access interference (MAI) which limits the capacity and degrades the BER performance of the system. This paper investigates the bit error rate (BER) performance of a synchronous DS-CDMA system over AWGN and Rayleigh channel, which is affected by the different number of users, as well as different types spreading codes. Different MATLAB functions and MATLAB program segments are explained for the simulation of CDMA signaling system. This system retains the advantages of CDMA in combating multipath and rejecting interference, and provides variable and adaptive data rates through the use of Multi-Code scheme. The performance improvement of the proposed system to the MultiCode CDMA system is shown through simulations. WalshHadamard, PN sequence and Gold codes are explored as possible choices for multiple codes in system. KEYWORDS CDMA system, BER, SNR, Rayleigh Channel, AWGN channel, MATLAB program segment, PN Sequence, Walsh-Hadamard code, Gold Sequence. I. INTRODUCTION Future wireless systems like 4th generation (4G) cellular systems aim to integrate a variety of services such as voice, data, image, and video. These services have different requirements on the bandwidth and the rate of transmission on a wireless platform. To this end, future generation systems will have to handle a variety of bit rates. Moreover, wireless channels are characterized by multipath propagation and multiple access interference. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies. This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spreadspectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signaling,

since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.

Fig. 1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Fig. 2 CDMA Forward Link Transmitter Modulation

Fig. 3 CDMA Reverse Link Receiver Demodulation

II.

CDMA SIGNALING CODES

To modulate a signal spread spectrum techniques are used. Various codes that are used in spread spectrum techniques are as: A. Pseudo Noise Sequence B. Walsh-Hadamard codes C. Gold Code A. Pseudo Noise Sequence: PN code sequences are deterministically generated but have properties similar to random sequences generated by sampling a white noise process. They can be generated easily by a linear feedback shift register, thus, only a small amount of data must be known by transmitter and receiver. Since the PN sequences are not orthogonal, each additional user on the channel induces interference to the others. While there is no hard limit for the number of users that can be accommodated, the interference grows linearly with each additional user. It has good auto correlation but unacceptable cross correlation.

Fig. 6 Simulation Result

C. Gold Code: Combining two m-sequences creates Gold codes. These codes are used in asynchronous CDMA systems. Gold sequences are constructed from pairs of preferred msequences by modulo-2 addition of two maximal sequences of the same length.

Fig. 4 MATLAB Flowchart Fig. 7 MATLAB Flowchart

Fig. 5 Simulation Result

B. Walsh-Hadamard codes: These codes are orthogonal codes. It provides zero cross correlation among all users, but only if the codes are aligned in time or used in synchronous channels. Therefore, CDMA systems that use these codes require synchronization to ensure that users with different codes do not interfere with each other. Spread substreams are transmitted over different channels and arrive at the correlator receiver at the same time to produce an autocorrelation peak.

Fig. 8 Simulation Result

III. DS-CDMA Direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DSCDMA) is currently the subject of much research as it is a promising multiple access capability for third and fourth generations mobile communication systems. In this paper, we introduce the Rayleigh and AWGN Channel, and investigated the bit error rate (BER) performance of a synchronous DSCDMA system over these channels. In the DS-CDMA system, the narrowband message signal is multiplied by a large bandwidth signal, which is called the spreading of a signal. The spreading signal is generated by convolving PN sequence

or Gold sequence code with a chip waveform whose duration is much smaller than the symbol duration. All users in the system use the same carrier frequency and may transmit simultaneously. The receiver performs a correlation operation to detect the message addressed to a given user and the signals from other users appear as noise due to decorrelation.

Fig. 9 MATLAB Flow Chart

Fig. 10 Simulation Result

The synchronous DS-CDMA system is presented for eliminating the effects of multiple access interference which limits the capacity and degrades the BER performance of the system. MAI (multiple access interference)refers to the interference between different direct sequences.

Fig. 11 Conventional DS-CDMA Detector

1.) AWGN Channel: Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a channel model in which the only impairment to communication is a linear addition of the wideband or white noise with the constant spectral density and a Gaussian distribution of

amplitude. The model does not account for fading, frequency selectivity, interference, nonlinearity or dispersion. However, it produces simple and tractable mathematical models which are useful for gaining insight into the underlying behavior of a system before these other phenomena are considered. Wideband Gaussian noise comes from many natural sources, such as the thermal vibrations of atoms in conductors, shot noise, black body radiation from the earth and other warm objects and from celestial sources such as the Sun. The AWGN channel is a good model for many satellite and deep space communication links. It is not a good model for most terrestrial links because of multipath, terrain blocking, interference etc. However, for terrestrial path modeling, AWGN is commonly used to simulate background noise of the channel under study, in addition to multipath, terrain blocking, interference and self interference that modern radio systems encounter in terrestrial operation. AWGN Channel Noise Level: The relative power of noise in an AWGN channel is typically described by quantities such as: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per sample. This is the actual input parameter to the AWGN function. Ratio of bit energy to noise power spectral density (Eb/No). This quantity is used by BER Tool and performance evaluation functions in this toolbox. Ratio of symbol energy to noise power spectral density (Es/No) Relationship between Es/No and Eb/No: The relationship between Es/No and Eb/No, both expressed in dB, is as follows: Es/No(dB) = Eb/No(dB) +10log10(k) where k is the number of information bits per symbol. In a communication system, k might be influenced by the size of the modulation alphabet or the code rate of an error-control code. For example, if a system uses a rate-1/2 code and 8-PSK modulation, then the number of information bits per symbol (k) is the product of the code rate and the number of coded bits per modulated symbol: (1/2) log2(8) = 3/2. In such a system, three information bits correspond to six coded bits, which in turn correspond to two 8-PSK symbols. Relationship between Es/No and SNR, both expressed in dB, is as follows: for complex input signals: Es/No(dB) = 10log10(Tsym/Tsamp) + SNR(dB) for real input signals: Es/No(dB) = 10log10(0.5Tsym/Tsamp) + SNR(dB) where Tsym is the signal's symbol period and Tsamp is the signal's sampling period.

For example, if a complex baseband signal is oversampled by a factor of 4, then EsNo exceeds the corresponding SNR by 10 log10(4). Behaviour for Real and Complex Input Signals: The following figures illustrate the difference between the real and complex cases by showing the noise power spectral densities Sn(f) of a real band pass white noise process and its complex low pass equivalent.

Fig. 12 Behaviour for Real and Complex Input Signals

2.) Multipath Fading: Multipath is simply a term used to describe the multiple paths a radio wave may follow between transmitter and receiver. Such propagation paths include the ground wave, ionospheric refraction, radiation by the ionospheric layers, reflection from the earths surface or from more than one ionospheric layer, and so on. Fig. 13. shows a few of the paths that a signal can travel between two sites in a typical circuit.

Fig. 13 Multipath Fading

The radio waves that are received in the phase rein force each other and produce a stronger signal at the receiving site, while those that are received out of the phase produce a weak or fading signal. Small alterations in the

transmission path may change the phase relationship of the two signals, causing periodic fading. Multipath fading may be minimized by practices called SPACE DIVERSITY and FREQUENCY DIVERSITY. In space diversity, two or more receiving antennas are spaced some distance apart. Fading does not occur simultaneously at both antennas. Therefore, enough output is almost always available from one of the antennas to provide a useful signal. In frequency diversity, two transmitters and two receivers are used, each pair tuned to a different frequency, with the same information being transmitted simultaneously over both frequencies. One of the two receivers will almost always produce a useful signal. Bit Error Rate: In digital transmission, the number of the bit errors is the number of the received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unit less performance measure, often expressed as a percentage. Bit Error Probability: The bit error probability Pe is the expectation value of the BER. The BER can be considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors. IV. DETECTION TECHNIQUES Different detection techniques employed in the proposed complementary codes (CC) based CDMA system used to detect the received signal. Detection techniques are as: A. Maximum Ration Combing Technique: In Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), the signal all the branches are co-phased and individually weighed to provide the optimal SNR at the output. It can be shown that the output SNR is maximized when the signals in each of the diversity branches are weighed by their own envelopes. In case of a two-fold diversity scheme, the combining equation is given by: Zk = r1kZ1k + r2kZ2k

B. Selection Diversity Technique: Selection Diversity is one of the simplest diversity techniques. The receiver simply picks the signal with the largest SNR as given in figure.

Fig. 15 Selection Diversity Technique

In the case of a two-fold diversity, the diversity combining strategy for selective combining is given by: Zk = Z1k, if |Z1k| > |Z2k| Z2k, if |Z2k| > |Z1k| where, Z1k and Z2k are decision variables at the first and second diversity paths and Zk is the decision variable at the output of the diversity combiner. Let be the threshold SNR that must achieved for proper demodulation and detection of the received signal. Let there be L diversity branches and let k be the instantaneous SNR for the kth branch. Using the expression for the pdf for the instantaneous SNR we can get an expression for the outage probability (probability that the SNR falls below the threshold) for all the branches as: P(y1,.,yL) = (1-e-/y`c)L where, y`c is the average SNR at every diversity branch, assuming all the branches have the same average SNR. It is given by: y`c = (Eb/No)E{R2} The improvement in the SNR due to selective combining is evident from above equation. C. Equal Ration Combing Technique: In Equal Gain Combining (EGC), all the received signals are co-phased at the receiver and added together without any weighting. The performance of EGC is only marginally inferior to the optimal maximal ratio combiner. In case of a two-fold diversity scheme, the combining equation is given by: Zk = Z1k + Z2k

Fig. 14 Maximum Ration Combing Technique

Fig. 16 Equal Ration Combing Technique

After analysis, the diversity technique that produces the lowest BER rate would be the best technique to be the proposed detection techniques for complementary codes based CDMA system. Thus the transmitter, channel and complementary code design must be constant. The only difference is between their receivers that employs the different detection techniques. V. COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF DSSS AND FHSS USING MATLAB

In order for the receiver to decode the transmitted information, it must be synchronized with the transmitter. For FHSS it is relatively easy as the transmitter simply waits on one of the channels and waits for a decodable transmission. Once it finds that out, it can then follow the sequence being used to follow the transmitter which jumps across the different channels. With DSSS, it is not as simple. A timing search algorithm needs to be employed for the receiver to correctly establish synchronization. A side effect of de spreading is its ability to establish relative timing between the receiver and transmitter. With multiple transmitters that are in known locations, the relative timing can be used to establish the relative distances of the receiver from each transmitter. This is the working principle behind positioning systems like GPS. Since the receiver can calculate how far it is from each transmitting satellite, it is then able to triangulate its location. This ability is not present is FHSS. VI. CONCLUSION This paper work emphasize on those effects that have a strong influence on the performance of CDMA system like walsh-code and gold sequence. According to the result obtained, we have found a good CDMA transmitter behavior in the terms of auto correlation and cross correlation properties. The modulated data when transmitted in the channel is subjected to AWGN and multipath fading effect. In this, comparison would be carried out in the received signal between the received data bit stream and the transmit data bit stream in terms of BER. This paper also includes the performance comparison of CDMA system using various diversity techniques. Further this would be extended to evaluate comparison of the performance of DSSS and FHSS in CDMA system. VII. FUTURE SCOPE Work presented in this paper can be extended to evaluate the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Transmitter and Receiver System.

Spread spectrum is a group of techniques that utilizes a much larger bandwidth in transmitting information than would otherwise occupy a fraction of the bandwidth used. This is done to achieve a certain effect. FHSS and DSSS, which stand for Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, are two spread spectrum techniques. The main difference is in how they spread the data into the wider bandwidth. FHSS utilizes frequency hopping while DSSS utilizes pseudo noise to modify the phase of the signal. Frequency hopping is achieved by dividing the large bandwidth into smaller channels that would fit the data. The signal would then be sent pseudo-randomly into a different channel. Because only one of the channels is in use at any given time, we are actually wasting bandwidth equivalent to the data bandwidth multiplied by the number of channels minus one. DSSS spreads the information across the band in a very different manner. It does so by introducing pseudorandom noise into the signal to change its phase at any given time. This results in an output that closely resembles static noise and would appear as just that to others. But with a process called de-spreading, the original signal can be extracted from the noise as long as the pseudo-random sequence is known.

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