Trigonometric Identities

2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos 1
1 tan sec
cot 1 csc
x x
x x
x x
+ =
+ =
+ =

2 2
2
2
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos sin
1 2sin
2cos 1
x x x
x x x
x
x
=
=
=
=

1
cot
tan
1
sec
cos
1
csc
sin
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=

Parametrics
dy
dt
dx
dt
dy
dx
= ,
( )
2
2
dy d
dx dt
dx
dt
d y
dx
=
2 2 b
a
dx dy
Length dt
dt dt
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

2 2
2
b
x axis
a
dx dy
Surface Area y dt
dt dt

| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

2 2
2
b
y axis
a
dx dy
Surface Area x dt
dt dt

| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

Vector Valued Functions
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) r t x t i y t j z t k = + +

Position = ( ) r t

, Vel= ( ) '( ) v t r t =

, Accel= ( ) '( ) a t v t =


Speed= [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 2 2
( ) '( ) '( ) '( ) v t x t y t z t = + +

Unit Tangent Vector:
'( )
( )
'( )
r t
T t
r t
=

Unit Normal Vector:
'( )
( )
'( )
T t
N t
T t
=
T
d v a
a v a T
dt v

= = =

2 2
N T
v a
a v T a N a a
v

= = = =

Arc Length = [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 2 2
'( ) '( ) '( )
b
a
x t y t z t dt + +

Vectors
terminal initial terminal initial
, Component Form x x y y =
2 2 2
x y x
v v v v = + +

x x y y z z
u v v u v u v u = + +


x y z
x y z
i j k
u v u u u
v v v
=




Angle btwn vctrs: cos
u v
u v

=


Proj
v
v u
u v
v v

Equation of Plane:
0 0 0
, ,
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
n normal vector a b c
a x x b y y c z z
= =
+ + =

Angle between planes:
1 2
1 2
cos
n n
n n

=



Distance point (Q) to plane containing P:
PQ n
d
n

Polars Polars Polars Polars
2 2
r x y = + , tan
y
x
=
cos x r = , sin y r =
2
1
2
b
a
Area r d =

2
2
b
a
dr
Arc Length r d
d

| |
= +
|
\

' sin cos
' cos sin
r r
Slope
r r


+
=

2 2
2 cos ( ')
b
x axis
a
Surface Area r r r d

2 2
2 sin ( ')
b
y axis
a
Surface Area r r r d

Multivariable
partial derivrespect to x
( , )
slope of in x-direction
x
f
f x y
f x

= =

Differential:
z z
dz dx dy
x y

= +


Directional Deriv:
( , ) ( , ) cos ( , )sin
u x y
D f x y f x y f x y = +
Gradient:
f f
f i j
x y

= +



Tangent Plane: Tan to f(x,y,z)=c at ( )
0 0 0 0
, , P x y z =
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
x y z
f P x x f P y y f P z z + + =
Normal Line:
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
0 0
x
y
z
x f P t x
y f P y
z f P z
= +
= +
= +

Chain Rule:
dw w dx w dy w dz
dt x dt y dt z dt

= + +


Implicit:
( , )
( , )
x
y
f x y dy
dx f x y

= , when ( , ) 0 f x y =
If 0
x y
f f = = , then ( , ) f a b at ( , ) a b is a
max if
2
0 and 0
xx xx yy xy
f f f f < >
min if
2
0 and 0
xx xx yy xy
f f f f > > .
saddle point if
2
0
xx yy xy
f f f < .
Summary of Convergence Tests
Name Test comments
Geometric
Series Test
If a
n
is a geometric sequence,
1
n
n
a

converges iff 1. r <

1
1
1
n
n
a
a
r

=
=

Divergence
Test
If lim 0
n
a
a

, then
1
n
n
a

diverges.
lim 0
n
a
a

= does
NOT prove
convergence
Integral Test
If a
n
=f(x) is a positive, decreasing, and continuous
function on [k, ) , then
n
n k
a

and ( )
k
f x dx

both
converge or both diverge.
1
n
n
a

( )
k
f x dx

p-Series
1
1
p
n
n

diverges if 1 p , and converges if 1 p > .

Direct
Comparison
Test
Let 0
n n
a b < for all n, then if
1
n
n
b

converges, then
1
n
n
a

converges, and
1
n
n
a

diverges, then
1
n
n
b

diverges.

Limit
Comparison
Test
0, 0
n n
a b > > , and lim
n
n
n
a
L
b

= , where L is a positive
finite number, then both
1
n
n
a

and
1
n
n
b

converge or both diverge.

Alternating
Series Test
Let 0
n
a > .
1
( 1)
n
n
n
a

and
1
1
( 1)
n
n
n
a

converge iff
lim 0
n
n
a

= and
1 n n
a a
+
< for all n.
If lim 0,
n
n
a

the
series diverges.
Ratio Test




1
lim
n
n
n
a
L
a
+

= .
1
n
n
a

converges when L<1.

1
n
n
a

diverges when L>1.

Inconclusive if
L=1.

Root Test



lim
n
n
n
a L

= .
1
n
n
a

converges when L<1.

1
n
n
a

diverges when L>1.

Inconclusive if
L=1.