1.

INTRODUCTION

1.21 The thermal conductivity in a particular plane wall depends as follows on the wall
temperature: k = A + BT, where A and B are constants. The temperatures are T
1

and T
2
on either side of the wall, and its thickness is L. Develop an expression for
q.






Solution:

dx
dT
k q =
( )
dx
dT
BT A q + =
( )dT BT A qdx + =
( )

+ =
L T
T
dT BT A dx q
0
2
1

2
1
2
2
1
T
T
BT AT qL
(

\
|
+ =
( ) ( )
(

+ =
2
1
2
2 1 2
2
1
T T B T T A qL
( ) ( )
L
T T B T T A
q
(

+
=
2
1
2
2 1 2
2
1


1.22 Find k for the wall shown in Fig. 1.21. Of what might it be made?

Figure 1.21.

1. INTRODUCTION


Solution:
L = 0.08 m
( )
( )
left
right left
T T h
L
T T
k q =

( )
( )( ) 20 100 200
08 . 0
0 20
=

k
k = 64 W/m.K

From Table A.1, @ 10 C, k = 64 W/m.K
This might be Steel, AISI 1010, k = 64.6 W/m.K

1.23 What are T
i
, T
j
, and T
r
in the wall shown in Fig. 1.22?

Fig. 1.22.

Solution:
L
1
= 2 cm = 0.02 m
k
1
= 2 W/m.C
1. INTRODUCTION
L
2
= 6 cm = 0.06 m
k
2
= 1 W/m.C
L
3
= 4 cm = 0.04 m
k
3
= 5 W/m.C
L
4
= 4 cm = 0.04 m
k
4
= 4 W/m.C

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
25
25 100
L
T T k
L
T k
L
T k
L
T k
q
r j j
i i

=
( ) ( )
2
2
1
1
25 100
L
T k
L
T k
i i

=

( )( ) ( )( )
06 . 0
25 1
02 . 0
100 2
=

i i
T T

25 6 600 =
i i
T T
i
T =89.29 C
( )
( )
3
3
1
1
25
100
L
T k
L
T k
j
i

( )( )
( )( )
04 . 0
25 5
02 . 0
29 . 89 100 2
j
T
=

j
T = 16.43 C
( )
( )
4
4
1
1
100
L
T T k
L
T k
r j
i

( )( ) ( )( )
04 . 0
43 . 16 4
02 . 0
29 . 89 100 2
r
T
=

( )( ) ( )( )
04 . 0
43 . 16 4
02 . 0
29 . 89 100 2
r
T
=

r
T = 5.72 C


1.24 An aluminum can of beer or soda pop is removed from the refrigerator and set on
the table. If h is 13.5 W/m
2
.K, estimate when the beverage will be at 15 C.
Ignore thermal radiation. State all of your other assumptions.


Solution:

Properties of aluminum, Table A.1, App. A
= 2707 kg/m
3

c
p
= 905 J/kg.K
k = 237 W/m.K
= 9.61 x 10
-5
m
2
/s

1. INTRODUCTION
Assume size of can is 50 mm diameter x 100 mm height
i
T = 0 C, and room at

T = 20 C
Time constant,
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
= =
DL
D
h
L
D
c
A h
cV
T

2
4
2
2

( ) L D h
cDL
T
2 2 +
=


D = 0.05 m
L = 0.10 m
h = 13.5 W/m
2
.K

( )( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
=
+
=
10 . 0 2 5 . 0 5 . 13 2
10 . 0 05 . 0 905 2707
T 648.1 ns
Eq. 1.22.
T
t
i
e
T T
T T

at T = 15 C

1 . 648
20 0
20 15
t
e

t = 898.5 s = 15 minutes


1.25. One large, black wall at 27 C faces another whose surface is 127 C. The gap
between the two walls is evacuated. If the second wall is 0.1 m thick and has a
thermal conductivity of 17.5 W.m.K, what is its temperature on the back side?
(Assume steady state).

Solution:

T
3
= temperature on the back side.
1. INTRODUCTION
( )
( )
L
T T k
T T q
2 3
4
1
4
2

= =
L = 0.1 m
T
1
= 27 C + 273 = 300 K
T
2
= 127 C + 273 = 400 K
= 5.6704 x 10-8 W/m
2
.K
k = 17.5 W/m.K
( )( )
( )( )
10 . 0
400 5 . 17
300 400 10 6704 . 5
3 4 4 8

= =

T
q
T
3
= 405.67 K = 132.67 C.

1.26. A 1-cm diameter, 1 % carbon steel sphere, initially at 200 C, is cooled by natural
convection, with air at 20 C. In this case, h is not independent of temperature.
Instead, h =3.51(t C)
1/4
W/m
2
.K. Plot T
sphere
as a function of t. Verify the
lumped-capacity assumption.

Solution:

Properties of 1% carbon steel, Table A.1
= 7801 kg/m
3

c
p
= 473 J/kg.K
k = 42 W/m.K
= 1.17 x 10
-5
m
2
/s

Verify the lumped-capacity assumption:
k
L h
Bi
t = 200 C 20 C = 180 C
h =3.51(180)
1/4
W/m
2
.K = 12.86 W/m
2
.K
3 4
3
4
2
3
r
r
r
A
V
L = = =

r = (1/2)(1 cm) = 0.005 m
L = 0.005 m / 3 = 0.001667 m
( )( )
42
001667 . 0 86 . 12
Bi = 0.00051 << 1, therefore valid.

Use Lumped-Capacity Method

T = 20 C
i
T = 200 C

dt
dU
Q =
1. INTRODUCTION
( )
( ) [ ]
dt
T T cV d
T T hA
ref

or
( ) ( )
cV
T T hA
dt
T T d

( ) ( ) K m W T T K m W T h . / 51 . 3 . / 51 . 3
2
4 / 1
2
4 / 1

= =
( ) ( )
cV
T T A
dt
T T d

4 / 5
51 . 3


=

( )
( ) cV
Adt
T T
T T d

51 . 3
4 / 5

( ) ( )
cV
Adt
T T d T T

51 . 3
4 / 5

=

( ) ( )
cV
At
T T
T
T
i

51 . 3
4
4
1

=
(

( )
cV
At
T T
T
T
i

51 . 3
1
1
1
4
5
4
5

=
(

|
|

\
|
+
+

( ) ( ) cV
At
T T T T
i

8775 . 0 1 1
4 / 1 4 / 1
=

r V
A 3
=
Then,
( ) ( )
( )
cr
t
t
r c T T T T
i

6325 . 2 3 8775 . 0 1 1
4 / 1 4 / 1
= |

\
|
=

Substitute value,
( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) 005 . 0 473 7801
6325 . 2
20 200
1
20
1
4 / 1 4 / 1
t
T
=

( )
273012 . 0 000143 . 0
20
1
4 / 1
+ =

t
T

( )
273012 . 0 000143 . 0
1
20
4 / 1
+
=
t
T
( )
1909
6993
20
4 / 1
+
=
t
T
C
t
T 20
1909
6993
4
+
|
|

\
|
+
=

Tabulation:
t,s T, C
0 200
1. INTRODUCTION
100 166.8
200 140.9
300 120.4
400 104.7
500 91
600 80.4
800 64.4
1000 53.4
1200 45.6
1400 40
1600 35.8
1800 32.6
2000 30.2

Plot:


1.27. A 3-cm diameter, black spherical heater is kept at 1100 C. It radiates through an
evacuated space to a surrounding spherical shell of Nichrome V. The shell has a 9
cm inside diameter and is 0.3 cm thick. It is black on the inside and is held at 25 C
on the outside. Find (a) the temperature of the inner wall of the shell and (b) the
heat transfer, Q. (Treat the shell as a plane wall.)

Solution:

Properties of Nichrome V, Table A.1, Appendix A.
= 8,410 kg/m
3

c
p
= 466 J/kg.K
k = 10 W/m.K
1. INTRODUCTION
= 0.26 x 10
-5
m
2
/s


Radiation
( )
4
2
4
1 1
T T A Q
rad
=
T
1
= 1100 C = 1373 K
T
3
= 25 C + 273 = 298 K
= 5.6704 x 10-8 W/m
2
.C

Conduction
( )
L
T T kA
Q
cond
2 3 2

=
2
1 1
4 r A = , r
1
= (1/2)(3 cm) = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m
( )
2
1
015 . 0 4 = A m
2

2
2 2
4 r A = , r
2
= (1/2)(9 cm) = 4.5 cm = 0.045 m
( )
2
1
045 . 0 4 = A m
2
L = 0.3 cm = 0.003 m

Then
cond rad
Q Q =
( )
( )
L
T T kA
T T A
3 2 2
4
2
4
1 1

=
( )( )( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )( ) ( )
003 . 0
298 045 . 0 4 10
1373 015 . 0 4 10 6704 . 5
2
2
4
2
4 2
8

=

T
T


( ) ( ) 298 10 290632 . 5 1373
2
11
4
2
4
= T T

By trial and error method.

(a) Inner Wall Temperature = T
2
= 304.7 K = 31.7 C
(b) Heat Transfer, Q

( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] W T T A Q 4 . 568 7 . 304 1373 015 . 0 4 10 6704 . 5
4 4 2
8
4
2
4
1 1
= = =




1.28. The sun radiates 650 W/m2 on the surface of a particular lake. At what rate (in
mm/hr) would the lake evaporate if all of this energy went to evaporating water?
Discuss as many other ways you can think of that this energy can be distributed
(h
fg
for water is 2,257,000 J/kg). Do you suppose much of the 650 W/m
2
goes to
evaporation?

Solution:

1. INTRODUCTION
q = 650 W/m
2
= 2,340,000 J/hr.m
2


Evaporation rate =
kg J
m hr J
/ 000 , 257 , 2
. / 000 , 340 , 2
2
= 1.036774 kg/hr.m
2

Density of water = 1000 kg/m
3

Evaporation rate =
|
|

\
|
m
mm
m kg
m hr kg
1
1000
/ 1000
. / 036774 . 1
3
2
=1.036774 mm/hr

There are other ways that this energy can be distributed such as cloud barrier,
heating up of the lake up to evaporation, haze or atmosphere.
Yes, much of the 650 W/m
2
goes to evaporation especially on a clear day.


1.29. It is proposed to make picnic cups, 0.005 m thick, of a new plastic for which k =
k
o
(1 + aT
2
), where T is expressed in C, k
o
= 15 W/m.K, and a = 10
-4
C
-2
. We are
concerned with thermal behavior in the extreme case in which T = 100 C in the
cup and 0 C outside. Plot T against position in the cup wall and find the heat loss,
q.

Solution:

dx
dT
k q =
( )dT aT k qdx
o
2
1+ =
( )

+ =
2
1
2
1
T
T
o
dT aT k x q
[ ]
2
1
3
3
1
T
T o
aT T k x q + =
( ) ( ) [ ]
3
1 3
1
1
3
2 3
1
2
aT T aT T k x q
o
+ + =
( ) ( )
3
1 3
1
1
3
2 3
1
2
aT T aT T
k
x q
o
+ + =

( ) ( )
o
k
x q
aT T aT T

+ = +
3
1 3
1
1
3
2 3
1
2

Solving for q if,
T
1
= 100 C
T
2
= 0 C
x = 0.005 m
( ) ( )
3
2 3
1
2
3
1 3
1
1
aT T aT T
k
x q
o
+ + =

( )
( ) ( )( ) [ ] ( ) ( )( ) [ ]
3
4
3
1
3
4
3
1
0 10 0 100 10 100
15 . 0
005 . 0

+ + =
q

q = 4000 W
1. INTRODUCTION

Plotting:
Use T
1
= 100 C, a = 10
-4
C
-2
, q = 4000 W, k
o
= 0.15 W/m.K
( ) ( )
o
k
x q
aT T aT T

+ = +
3
1 3
1
1
3
2 3
1
2

( ) ( ) [ ]
q
aT T aT T k
x
o
3
2 3
1
2
3
1 3
1
1
+ +
=
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
4000
100 10 100 15 . 0
3
2 3
1
2
3
4
3
1
aT T
x
+ +
=

( ) [ ]
4000
10 15 . 0 20
3
2
4
3
1
2
T T
x

+
=

Tabulation:
T
2
, C x, m
100 0
80 0.00136
60 0.00248
40 0.00342
20 0.00424
0 0.00500


Heat loss , q = 4000 W


1.30. A disc-shaped wafer of diamond 1 lb is the target of a very high intensity laser.
The disc is 5 mm in diameter and 1 mm deep. The flat side is pulsed intermittently
with 10
10
W/m
2
of energy for one microsecond. It is then cooled by natural
1. INTRODUCTION
convection from that same side until the next pulse. If h = 10 W/m
2
.K and

T =30
C, plot T
disc
as a function of time for pulses that are 50 s apart and 100 s apart.
(Note that you must determine the temperature the disc reaches before it is pulsed
each time.)

Solution:

Properties of Diamond, Table A.2
= 3250 kg/m3
c
p
= 510 J/kg.K
k
b
= 1350 W/m.K
= 8.1 x 10-4 m
2
/s

L = 1 mm = 0.001 m
b
k
L h
Bi =
h = 10 W/m
2
.K

T =30 C

( )( )
1350
001 . 0 10
= Bi = 0.0000074 << 1
Therefore lumped capacity solution is valid.
T
t
i
e
T T
T T

For 50 s apart,
On the first pulse, q& = 10
10
W/m
2

) (time A q Q & =
2
r A = , r = (1/2)(5 mm) = 2.5 mm = 0.0025 m
time = 1 s = 1 x 10
-6
s

Q = (10
10
W/m
2
)()(0.0025)
2
(1 x 10
-6
) = 1.9635 W

( ) C T cV Q
i
30 =
L r V
2
=
( )( )( )( ) ( )( ) C T Q
i
30 001 . 0 0025 . 0 510 3250
2
=
T
i
= 90.33 this is the initial temperature on the first pulse.
T = 90.33 C 30 C = 60.33 C

Then:
T
t
i
e
T T
T T

1. INTRODUCTION
Time constant,
A h
cV
T

= =
h
cL
=
( )( )( )
10
001 . 0 510 3250
= 165.75 s

T =30 C
For 50 s pulse apart

First 50 s, T
i
= 90.33 C
t = 25 s
75 . 165
25
30 33 . 90
30

=

e
T


T = 81.88 C

t = 50 s
75 . 165
50
30 33 . 90
30

=

e
T


T = 74.62 C

Second 50 s, T
i
= 60.33 C + 74.62 C = 134.95 C
t = 25 s
75 . 165
25
30 95 . 134
30

=

e
T


T = 120.26 C

t = 50 s
75 . 165
50
30 95 . 134
30

=

e
T


T = 107.62 C

Third 50 s, T
i
= 60.33 C + 107.62 C = 167.95 C
t = 25 s
75 . 165
25
30 95 . 167
30

=

e
T


T = 148.64 C

t = 50 s
75 . 165
50
30 95 . 167
30

=

e
T


T = 132.03 C
1. INTRODUCTION

And so on.
Tabulation:
t, s T
disc
, C
0 90.33
25 81.88
1
st
50 s
50 74.62
50 134.95
75 120.26
2
nd
50 s
100 107.62
100 167.95
125 148.64
3
rd
50 s
150 132.03

Plot:


For 100 s pulse apart


First 100 s, T
i
= 90.33 C
t = 50 s
75 . 165
50
30 33 . 90
30

=

e
T


T = 74.62 C

t = 100 s
1. INTRODUCTION
75 . 165
100
30 33 . 90
30

=

e
T


T = 63.00 C

Second 100 s, T
i
= 60.33 C + 63.00 C = 123.33 C
t = 50 s
75 . 165
50
30 33 . 123
30

=

e
T


T = 99.03 C

t = 100 s
75 . 165
100
30 33 . 123
30

=

e
T


T = 81.05 C

Third 100 s, T
i
= 60.33 C + 81.05 C = 141.38 C
t = 50 s
75 . 165
50
30 38 . 141
30

=

e
T


T = 148.64 C

t = 100 s
75 . 165
100
30 38 . 141
30

=

e
T


T = 112.38 C

And so on.
Tabulation:
t, s T
disc
, C
0 90.3.3
50 74.62
1
st
100 s
100 63.00
100 123.33
150 99.03
2
nd
100 s
200 81.05
200 141.38
250 112.38
3
rd
100 s
300 90.93

1. INTRODUCTION
Plot: