Question 1 It is necessary for the average person to understand some of the general principles of law.

Answer True False Question 2 Express powers are those that are specifically stated in a statute. Answer True False 1 points Question 3 Unlike the federal constitution, state constitution provides safeguards for the rights of individuals within that particular state. Answer True False 1 points Question 4 The process of a court deciding whether a law is contrary to the constitution is known as judicial review. Answer True False 1 points Question 5 Court decisions are recorded in writing so that lawyers and judges can refer to them in preparing or hearing a case. Answer True False 1 points Question 6 Each amendment of the federal constitution needs to be ratified by the legislatures of half of the 50 states. Answer True False 1 points Question 7 The laws enacted by local government city councils are often known as ordinances. Answer True False 1 points Question 8 Administrative law is the body of rules, regulations, and decisions created by administrative agencies. Answer True False 1 points Question 9 Administrative law refers to the administration of the court system. Answer True False 1 points Question 10 Administrative agencies include federal agencies such as the National Labor Relations Board. Answer True False

A distinction between law and ethics is that legal mandates are usually more may be multifaceted

Precise and ethical issues

Accounting Dilemmas Time and expense reporting, confidentiality of conflict information, accounting fraud, conflicts of interest, independence. Appearance of impropriety would a 3rd party bystander think this looked bad? Even if not in fact doing something wrong, you want to avoid the appearance of that. (I shouldn't date my supervisor because it may appear I'm trying to get a favor.) Problem : people have different opinions of what is improper and some people just don't foresee the consequences. Breach of confidentiality Why it's an issue - clients customers and employees place a lot of trust in us. If we disclose confidential information, we potentially lose the trust of these people. Business ethics Principles/standards by the community - rules/policies. Sometimes conflicts with personal ethics. Business firms respond to ethical concerns of ethics, or credos. by acts of corporate responsibility and the formulation of code The answer is yes

But can the media really influence an organization's image? Circular Reasoning

Supporting the argument by simply restating it. BAD.

Code of Ethics A set of rules that a company or other group adopts to express principles of ethical behavior that are expected of its personnel Confidential Information this becomes an issue when you know confidential information and are asked or feel compelled to disclose it the information Conflict in valuesoccurs when two or more choices require you to take action that conflict with your personal values. Conflict between your values related to loyalty to your employer versus honesty to a friend Conflict of Interest Exists when you have to make a decision and you are either IN FACT biased or it APPEARS that you may be biased. This can happen when you have to make a decision and your interests (financial, personal, etc) are in conflict with someone's interests. when your judgment or objectivity is compromised by a relationship you have with an individual or organization - sometimes described as "being on both sides of the transaction."For example, if I am supposed to hire an employee and one of the candidates is my daughter, then I have a conflict of interest because I may be biased when deciding who to hire. Things associated with bribes, kickbacks, influence, privilege information Conflict of interest known as "being you are on both sides of the transaction". When your judgment and objectivity are compromised by a relationship you have with an individual or organization . People want to trust each other. Trust exists when we are treated fairly, honestly, and openly. Conflict of Interest IN APPAREANCE your judgment or objectivity may appear to be compromised. When a third party could think your judgment has been compromisedis generally considered to be just as damaging as an actual conflict. Conflict of Interest IN FACT your judgment or objectivity is, in fact, compromised!

Conflict of Values Arises when a decision you make will go against one of the values represented by the situation. For example, suppose I'm asked by my supervisor to keep it confidential that the company plans to layoff 100 workers (and one of those workers is my best friend). If my best friend asks me if he/she is on the layoff list,

then the values at odds against each other here are truth (to my friend) and loyalty (to my employer). I'm torn between being honest (value of truth/honesty) to my friend, and keeping the confidences expected by my employer (value of loyalty/trust). If I decide to tell, I've breached my company's trust, but if I don't tell, I've hurt my friend. Tough situation to be in. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been conceptualized as a pyramid constituting four kinds of responsibility that must be considered simultaneously: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic Credo another name for code of ethics, or "values statement" Customer confidence issues include a range of topics such as confidentiality, product safety and effectiveness, truth in advertising, and special fiduciary responsibilities. Economic responsibilities refer to business's primary function as a producer of goods and services that consumers need and want, while making an acceptable profit. This responsibility is considered to be primary, because without financial viability the other responsibilities become moot issues enlightened capitalists many organizations are acknowledging that they're not islands, isolated from the larger communities that surround them. In fact, they know that they function best within healthy communities. The leaders of these organizations have been referred to as ethical behavior in business A behavior that is consistent with the principles, norms, and standards of business practice that have been agreed upon by society. Ethical Considerations Generally spring from within individuals or organizations. However, many ethical beliefs are the foundation of many of our laws Ethical dilemma situations concerning right and wrong where values are in conflict.Any choice results in more ethical dilemmas. No obvious answer. Two or more right choices. Conflicts with your ideas. Require a choice in which something will be negatively impacted in some way. Ethical Lenses Legal Test, Utilitarianism, the golden Rule, Universal Ethics,Virtue Ethics

Ethical Reasoning Toolkit Each tool has criticisms - that's why you should use all in making a decision. Use pros and cons of each theory used. Ethical responsibilities encompass the more general responsibility to do what's right and avoid harm. are derived from values values

Ethical theories and moral standards

Ethical theories and moral standards are derived from... and it can vary from one individual to another

Ethics Philosophical approach,examining theories of what is good or bad. The principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an individual or groupfocuses on conduct!!! Externalities are costs to society, such as air and water pollution, that are produced by companies but that are not reflected in the company's cost structure. Fiduciary Responsability Held to a very high standard of behavior. The legal and/or ethical obligation of trust placed upon you as a result of a certain relationship you hold. Fiduciaries cannot conduct business without certain precautionary steps if a conflict of interest arises. FILAC F-acts

I-ssues L-ens (ethical lenses) A-nalysis C-onclusion Finance Dilemmas to uninformed clients. insider trading, conflicts of interest, inappropriately high fees, selling financial products

Focus on Duties, Obligations, and Principles ( Deontologist theory) base their decisions about what's right on broad, abstract universal ethical principles or values such as honesty, promise keeping, fairness, loyalty, rights (to safety, privacy, etc.), justice, compassion, and respect for persons and property Golden rule "Treat others as you want to be treated." Criticisms - people have different thresholds of acceptable behavior. Also, you must be highly ethical to produce the most ethical result. good character alone simply does not prepare people for the special ethical problems they're likely to face in their jobs or professions. Special training can prepare them to anticipate these problems, recognize ethical dilemmas when they see them, and provide them with frameworks for thinking about ethical issues in the context of their unique jobs and organizations. How to blow the whistle? 1.APPROACH YOUR IMMEDIATE MANAGER FIRST 2.DISCUSS THE ISSUE WITH YOUR FAMILY 3.TAKE IT TO THE NEXT LEVEL 4.CONTACT YOUR COMPANY'S ETHICS OFFICER OR OMBUDSMAN 5.CONSIDER GOING OUTSIDE YOUR CHAIN OF COMMAND 6.GO OUTSIDE OF THE COMPANY 7. LEAVE THE COMPANY Human resources issues problems that occur when people work together. They can include privacy, discrimination, sexual and other types of harassment, performance evaluation, hiring, firing, or simply "how people get along". The word to remember when considering human resources issues is FAIRNESS, and most corporate policy is constructed to build fairness into the system Inappropriate use of corporate resources taking something that doesn't belong to us. It could be viewed as stealing. Your boss is not the owner of the company, so it does not matter if he says that it is ok Law rules adopted by a society to govern behavior. If we violate, we may suffer legal consequences.

Legal Mandates Are imposed on individuals or groups by authorities or governments Legal responsabilities business is expected to carry out its work in accordance with the law and government regulations. The law guiding business practice can be viewed as a fundamental precept of the free enterprise system and as coexisting with economic responsibilities Legal test am I breaking any laws or policies? Just because it's legal doesn't mean it's ethical. Critical info was held from directors (hid debt from investors). Management Dilemmas Political contributions, environmental concerns, diversity in the workplace, employee health and safety, sexual harassment, executive compensation, hiring, firing, severance, ex-employees. Many Ethical issues in business are quite predictable

Marketing Dilemmas kickbacks, bribery, inappropriate gifts, price fixing, advertising deception, negotiation tactics, contracts with uninformed or uneducated individuals, sale of harmful products, products designed to kill, falsifying reports, statements of opinion vs fact, information sharing and access of information. Moral are concerned with behavior as judged by society Morality Individual's beliefs about right or wrong People are motivated by both economic and moral concerns.

Personal ethics Principles/standards of behavior chosen Philanthropic responsibilities engage the corporation's participation in activities that promote human welfare or goodwill. This generally includes donations of time and money, such as donations to the United Way or mentoring programs for disadvantaged youth. Public disclosure if my parents, employer, or the world knew? Problem - not everyone gets embarrassed by the same things. Sarbanes-Oxley legislation The U.S. Congress's reaction to corporate scandals. The legislation requires company senior management, including boards of directors of public companies, to take more personal responsibility for employee conduct especially related to financial reporting. sociopaths can certainly slip into organizations with the sole intent of helping themselves to the organization's resources, cheating customers, and feathering their own nests at the expense of others. They have little interest in "doing the right thing." When this type of individual shows up in your organization, the best thing to do is to discard the bad apple and make an example of the incident to those who remain Stakeholder people or groups who may be affected by a firm's actions or decisions

Subculture A larger culture has a certain genre of values that are different from the values held by employees of a corporation or department within a company, or what may be known as a Technology Dilemmas use of resources for personal reasons, employee privacy, email and website usage

The ethical decision-making process Involves three basic steps: moral awareness (recognizing the existence of an ethical dilemma), moral judgment (deciding what's right), and ethical behavior (taking action to do the right thing). the greater the measure of mutual trust and confidence in the ethics of a society the greater its economic strength The prescriptive approach derived from ethical theories in philosophy, offers decision-making tools (ways of thinking about ethical choices) that prescribe what decision you should make as a "conscientious moral agent" who thinks carefully about ethical choices The use of corporate resources involves your fulfilling your end of the employer/employee "contract." It means being truthful with your employer and management and being responsible in the use of corporate resources, including its finances and reputation. Top 7 critical thinking errors No theory applied - must apply facts of case to the theory. This is the analysis.No clear issue - ask yourself - which question am I trying to answer Overgeneralizations - no one, nothing, never, - just be sure you are right.

Assumptions - fine as long as correct Implying the right cause to the effect - Does a cause b Make sure everything written is relevant Circular arguments - people are good, they believe in god, therefore they are good Trust gives people a reason to rely on your word without a contract to enforce it. It is like a bank account

Typical Ethical problems human resources issues, conflicts of interest, customer confidence issues, and the use of corporate resources. Universal ethics Rigid, inflexible, no room for exception. Everyone would follow all the time. If I engage in this behavior, everyone should do it. It does not allow for flexibility. Utilitarianism based on consequences of the actions. Benefits a majority of stakeholders. The GREATER GOOD. It is considered a consequentialist theory. An ethical decision should maximize benefits to SOCIETY and minimize harms. What matters is the net balance of good consequences over bad. Cost/harm over benefits Value of trust is both economic and moral

Values are beliefs or standards considered worthwhile. Individuals and group values are influenced by religion, tradition and customs Virtue Ethics relying on personal character. You believe certain values are important. Decisions reflect the virtues that make who you are. Focuses more on the integrity of the moral actor than on the moral act itself. The DISCLOSURE RULE is applied, how would you feel if your behavior appears on the news: "Accounting rule: don't do it if you don't want to be on the front page of a newspaper". Problem: People are human, and can be influenced by others, and can make mistakes even with good intentions. Virtue Ethics in business may also be limited because in many areas of business there is limited agreement about what the standards are. There is no universal code of conduct for all business managers to follow. Furthermore, many students make the mistake of considering their work group, or even their organization as the relevant community. But these immediate communities are usually not the best communities for guidance in ethical dilemma situations Whistleblower an employee who discloses to the government, media, or upper management that the company is involved in wrongful or illegal activities. Telling someone either within or outside your organization about the unethical activity within the organization