Winter Exam Study Guide Chapters Chapter 8- Human Population -Most population growth is happening at power stricken areas

-Human population growth is happening rapidly -Thomas Malthus- Population growth needs to be controlled by laws or other social strictures or the number of people will eventually outgrow the available food supply -Paul and Anne Ehrlich- Warned that our population may grow faster than our ability to produce and distribute food -Cornucopian World View- Julian Simon: Horn of plenty. Hygiene. Medicine.. Technology. Help the population thrive. -Causes of Human Population Growth -Nee technologies -More agricultural production -Better medical care -Better sanitation -Prohibition on birth control -Consequences of Human Population Growth - More agricultural production -More resource extraction, manufacturing, more waste and pollution -Demography- The application of principles from population ecology to the study of statistical change in human populations is the focus of demography. -Demographers-Study population size, density, distribution, age structure, sex ratio and rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration of people -Replacement Fertility-Keeps population stable -Natural Rate of population change-Change due to birth and death rates alone, excluding migration -Pre-Industrial Age-The first stage of the demographic transition model -Transitional Stage- Industrialization increases opportunities for employment outside the home, particularly for women -Post Industrial Stage- Both birth and death rates have fallen to low and stable levels

Chapter 10- Agriculture, Biotechnology, and The Future of Food -People do not have enough food to eat in some parts of the world. -Undernutrition- Receiving fewer calories than the minimum dietary energy requirement. - Food security-The guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious and reliable food supply -Overnutrition- Receiving too many calories each day. -Green Revolution- Use technology and not much land to grow crops -Norman Borlaug- Introduced Mexicos farmers to a specially bred type of wheat. This was resistant to diseases and it produced high yields -Monocultures- Larges expanses of single crop types -Biofuels- Fuels served from organic materials and used in internal combustion engines as replacements for petroleum -Ethanol- Made from corn is the primary biofuel -Caused scarcity of corn worldwide -Seed banks- Institutions that preserve seed types as a kind of living museum of genetic diversity -Pesticides-Kill pests -Biological control or bio control- Operates on the principle that the enemy of ones enemy is ones friend. -Bacillus thuringiensis- A naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces a protein that kills many caterpillars and some fly and beetle larvae -Integrated Pest Management- Incorporates numerous techniques, including bio control, use of chemicals when needed, close monitoring of populations, habitat alteration, crop rotation, and transgenic crops -Genetic engineering- Any process whereby scientists directly manipulate an organisms - Genetically modified Organisms- Organisms that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA which is DNA that has been patched together from the DNA of multiple organisms -Precautionary Principle- The idea that one should not undertake a new action until the ramifications of that action are well understood -Feedlots-factory farms or concentrated animal feeding operations are essentially huge warehouses or pens designed to deliver energy-rich food to animals living at extremely high densities -1st Generation Pesticides Inorganic toxins: lead, mercury, and arsenic Universally harmfulimpact not just on pests Persistent (dont break down) Botanicals plant (compounds) -2nd Generation Pesticides

Chapter 11- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology -Biological diversity or biodiversity the variety of life across all levels of biological organization, including the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities, -Species- A distinct type of organism, a set of individuals that uniquely share certain characteristics and can breed with one another -Species diversity- In terms of the number of variety of species in a particular region -Genetic Diversity- encompasses the differences in DNA composition among individuals -Red list- Updated list of species facing high risk of extinction -Habitat Fragmentation-Gradual, piecemeal degradation of habitat -Genetic Diversity- Win species- natural selection, recovery, adaption -Ecosystem Diversity- Edge habitats (ecotone) minimal species of diversity -Species diversity- Riches(# of types) -Causes of endangerment Overexploitation Pollution (DDT, Acid rain, climate change) Habitat loss Biotic pollution- Invasive species: competitors Predators -Characteristics of Vulnerable Species Specialists vs. Generalists Narrow niche requirements Broad Range requirements Island Species Sensitive to Environmental Change -Fecundity Rate High parental care Low fecundity rate K-Selected species

Test 1- Energy 1, Human Population, Food and Endangered Species 1. For most human population the replace level fertility is around 2.1 2. The famous wager between Paul Erlich and cornucopian economists Simon showed the technological and social changes could impact resource availability and process. 4. Where does the angry stored in coal come from? - Ancient plants, photosynthesis, the sun and hydrocarbons from partially decomposed peat. 5. Wood and wind were energy sources that were commonly used in New England during the 1700s 6. Subsurface coal mining can lead to acid mine drainage when the mine is abandoned 8. Genetically modified organisms are different than regular crop plants because they contain genes from other organisms in their DNA 9. The fractionation column of the oil refinery relies on this property- crude oil has many compound sin it that vary in their boiling/condensation points 10. Prior to the BP spill in the Gulf of Mexico a few short years ago, the largest oil spill in the US occurred off the coast of Alaska when the Exxon Valdez ran aground. 11. The role of natural pollinators, decomposition of organic wastes by Detritivores, pest control by free roaming predators are call considered ecosystem services. 12. During the demographic transition, there are changes in b,d and N that occur to an evolving human population, Which time period has the highest b value?- Preindustrial 13. Over the last 100 years, what happened to the EROI value of oil extracted from the USA? - It has shrunk from 100:1 to roughly 5:1 14. Organic farming and IPM are basically the same thing. They both use similar techniques. A method they could both use is predation. They could have animals; natural predators come and kill the pest. This is not bad for the environment and it isnt bad for the crops. Another method they both might use is crop rotation. Crop rotation is when there are three fields one is not being used for the crops and the other one is being used for the crops and the other field is being prepared for next year. The only difference between organic farming and IPM is that organic farmers are completely against the use of pesticides because they are harmful to the plant and the environment. Also if the pest becomes resistant to the pesticides it will not be able to die and it will create more offspring and that will ruin the crops. You cannot have a natural predator eating the pest anymore because the predator will die. Organic farming does not use pesticides at all while IPM will use it only if its 100% necessary.

Chapter 17- Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution -Atmosphere- The thing layer of gases that surrounds Earth -Troposphere- Blankets Earths surface and provides us the air we need to live. -Stratosphere- extends 11-50 km above sea level - Ozone layer- The ozone layer greatly reduces the amount of UV radiation that reaches Earths surface. -Atmospheric Pressure- Measures the force per unit area produced by a column of air, also decreases with altitude because at higher altitudes fewer molecules are pilled down by gravity -Front- The boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture -Warm Front- Warmer, moister air replaces a mass of colder, drier air -Cold Front- Cold, drier air replaces a warmer moister air -High-pressure system- Contains air that descends because it is cool and then spreads outward as it nears the ground -Low-pressure system- Warmer air rises, drawing air inward toward the center of low atmospheric pressure. -Temperature inversion or thermal inversion- Departure from the normal temperature profile -When a warm from approaches warmer air rises over cooler air causing light or moderate precipitation as moisture in the warmer air condenses, colder air pushes beneath warmer air, and the warmer air rises, resulting in condensation and heavy precipitation -A thermal inversion is a natural atmospheric occurrence that can worsen air pollution locally. Under normal condition tropospheric temperature decreases with altitude and air of different altitudes mixes, dispersing pollutants upward and outward. During a thermal inversion cool air remains near the ground beneath and inversion layer of air that warms with altitude. -Hadley Cells-Near the equator, solar radiation sets in motion a pair of convective cells -Ferrell Cells- Lift air and create precipitation -Air pollutants- gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate or harm people or other organisms -Aerosols-Sulfur dioxide reacts with water and oxygen and then condenses into fine droplets Notebook Notes -Good ozone-in stratosphere O2 -Primary Pollutants Fuel(Wood, coal/oil)- organic carob SO2 combustion diesel sulfur compounds Heavy metals

Nitrogen oxides not in fuel -Industrial smog- Sulfur dioxide Particulates smaller ones are risker. Go in deeper -Secondary Pollutants- No source of emission Acid Rain- Nitrogen oxides plus water -Photochemical Smog Automobiles Secondary Pollutants No2 NO+o -Hydrocarbons (incomplete combustion) Volatile substances -Clean Air Act -What 6 pollutants does it monitor Carbon monoxide Lead All nitrogen oxides S02 Particulates 03 -Chlorofluorocarbons(CFS) Synthetic Ring of carbon with chlorine and fluorine attached Relatively non-reactive non-flammable non toxic stable -CFC + UV Light- split off chlorine atoms Chlorine act as catalyst to 03 to 02+0 Act as ozone depleters -1987 Montreal Protocal UN agreement- phase out CFCS-ozone depleting -Emission Control Device Wet Scrubber Electrostatic -Automobile Catalytic Converter Engine emissions- CO, NOx, hydrocarbons- react with catalyst Final emission transfroemed The more stuff you add to the car the more enrgy it uses -Regulations: Command and Control vs. Cap and Trade -Command and Control Set a max or limit and punish those who have excedded -Cap and Trade Have a factory the person in charge will determine how much emission is used Company who exceeds their emission can buy their emission from a company that under produces it

Sources of CO2 Respiration Combustion Decomposition Sinks of CO2 From atmosphere Photosynthesis Oceans-formation of limestone Solar Radiation and the Atmosphere Cloud cover Aerosols Albedo Infrared Radiation Greenhouse gases Chapter 18- Global Climate Change -Global climate change- describes trends in Earths climate, involving aspects such as temperature, precipitation, and storm frequency -Global warming- Refers specifically to an increase in Earths average temperature -Greenhouse gases- water vapor, ozone, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane Chapter 19- Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, And Energy Conservation -Fossil Fuels- Highly combustible substances formed from the remains of organisms from past geologic ages -Aerobic- Decomposition in the presence of air, bacteria and other organisms that use oxygen break down plant and animal remains into simpler carbon moles -Coal- A hard blackish substance that forms from organic matter that was compressed under high pressure to form dense, solid carbon structures -Natural Gas- Consists of primarily methane, CH4 and typically includes carrying amounts of other volatile hydrocarbons -Huberts Peak- the peak in production of oil -Oil Sands- Are deposits of moist and clay containing bitumen, a thick and heavy form of petroleum that is rich in carbon and poor in hydrogen -Oil Shale- Sedimentary rock filled with kerogen and can be processed to produce liquid petroleum. -Methane hydrate- an ice like solid consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a crystal lattice of water molecules.

Chapter 20 Conventional Energy Alternatives -Bioenergy also known, as biomass energy is energy obtained from biomass - Biomass- Consist of organic material derived from living or recently living organisms and it contains chemical energy -Biopower- Generating heat and electricity in the same way we burn coal -Ethanol- Alcohol in beer wine and liquor Notes Regions vary in Energy Use -Formation of coal Coal energy stored form plant energy Carboniferous period Stored solar energy -Combustion of organic fuel -Surface mining Open pit mine Overburden removed and coal extracted out Issues with coal Extraction- coalmines: surface, air quality Processing and transport Combustion -Subsurface Mining Toxic fumes Tunnels collapses Sinkholes -Net Energy For each energy transformation some energy is lost- 1st and 2nd law of Thermodynamics Energy lost as heat not regained -Clean Coal Technologies Coal gasification Petroleum in coal -Fluidized Bed Combustion Crush coal and combine with limestone and mixture is sent to furnace -EROI Energy return on investment Ratio of the energy output -Formation of Oil and Natural Gas Partial decomposition of marine organisms Migration through pourus rock to cap rock -Oil Extraction Primary- Pumping out trapped oil

Secondary and Tertiary Extraction Injection of water, natural gas air or CO2 to force out oilTertiary- Heated fluids (steam) injected to force out and decrease -Oil Refining Fractionation Column (Distillation Column) Separation due to size -Nuclear Energy Nuclear plants are built by water Natural process of large nuclei decomposition leads to release of energy Radiation emitted released energy Ionizing nature of radiation More protons larger nucleus unstable -Nuclear fission Uranium Unstable nuclei Uranium fuels are conc. Pellets -Nuclear Reactor Designs Control rate of fission fuel rods Control rods block free neutrons Coolants- water, sodium Multiple layers of containment -Bioenergy PS (wood, crop, plant material)= burn Sustainable and renewable -Biomass electricity generation Biomass- Fuel that combusts- water- steam-turbine Crop debris -Ethanol Sugar and yeast- fermentation Corn ethanol -Biodiesel Vegetable oils Converted to biodiesel Cleaner than diesel Sulfate emission reduced - Photovoltaic Panels - Generate solar energy -Generate electiricty from solar radiation -Solar Radiation- Excited electrons Layers of silicon- semiconductors give up electrons Current forms when circuit is completed and electrons can move

Silicon without electrons (holes) draw in free electrons Does not require much matience -Solar Thermal Heating and Electrical Generation Mirrors reflect sunlight to fluid filled tubes Tubes heat fluid- water, brine, oil, solute -Solar Tower- Central Tower Hundreds of mirrors reflect light to central tower Designs use brime, molten salt or liquid sodium to store energy Steams generate