Foundations of Exercise Science 1/19/12 Learn how to use E-College Snowboarding Go to the section that says sport short

1/23/12 Definitions-foundations 5 basic foundations terms 1. Sport-sport is an organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. -involves: physical prowess, skill, competition. The outcome is uncertain and perceived by skill. Ex: basketball, tennis, football, soccer 2. Exercise-is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health/wellness. It is en gaged for various reasons including strengthening muscles, and the cardiovascular system, mitigating certain disease. Improving athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, as well as for the purpose of enjoyment Ex: cardiac rehabilitation, working out at the gym, zumba class, etc 3. Recreation/leisure- -is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The need to do something for recreation seems to be an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be fun. 4. Physical education 5. Dance-is one of the earliest recorded forms of human movement. Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Ballet, jazz, hip hop, ballroom Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What was the first sport I did and who picked it and why? What do I recall when I think about physical education in high school or elementary school? What are some characteristics I think of when I think of a good or bad coach? What am I doing now? Where do I see sport fitting into my life in 10 to 15 years

Sport and law

Sport laws: will examine 4 laws that had an impact on sport in America 1. 1964 civil rights act Land mark piece of legislation in the U Outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, employment -Initially conceived to help African Americans, the bill was amended prior to passage to protect women. Also created the equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC) -Once the Act was implemented, its effects were far reaching and had tremendous long term impacts on the whole country. It prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government, and in employment. -It became illegal to compel segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. Powers given to enforce the bill were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. How did it affect sports? Integrated physical education into classes, made segregation in public schools facilities such as baseball stadiums, ice rinks, gold course illegal Role of women in sports-changed the face professional sports Example: Jackie Robinson- was not the first African-American player in major league history but Robinson broke the baseball color line when he debuted with the Brooklyn dodgers organization in the mid-1940s. This ended a nearly 60 year era of segregation in professional baseball, in which African-Americans were prohibited from competing in Major league baseball and its affiliated minor league systems, and relegated to the negro leagues. Note: Impact was really on sports/physical education but original law did not initially mention athletics. 2. 1972 title IV (9) No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, ne excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. Law met with a lot of initial controversy as it provided the following: Providing athletic opportunities that are substantially proportionate to the student enrollment, OR Demonstrate a continua expansion of athletic opportunities for the underrepresented sex, OR Full and effective accommodation of the interest and ability of underrepresented sex -Greatest Impact: funding for school athletics, inclusion of females in athletics, participation of females in nontraditional sports, salary/opportunity/scholarship equality in athletics 3. 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) The ADA extends civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities. The act defines disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity. The

determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a case by case basis. Major provisions of ADA include: -Employment -Public entities transportation -Public Accommodation and commercial facilities Telecommunications Impact: Facility design/accessibility, accommodation of individuals with a disability in programs, impact for employers in sports organizations/facilities, inclusion in physical education, recreation and athletic programs. Increased the role of the federal government to assist individuals in filing a law suit on the basis of discrimination 4. 2002 New Jerseys code of conduct law (there are similar laws in other states) Written as a direct result of increasing incidents of violence at youth sporting events: A NJ act concerning the establishment of athletic codes of conduct for players, coaches, officials, and parents at youth (Age 16 and under) sports events. Established guidelines for conduct of behavior to be observed at youth sport events. Permitted the school board of youth sports team organizations to ban the presence of any person at youth sports events due to their behavior. What did this law do? -Gave power to sports organizations to control the behavior of spectators, players, and officials at games, practices, scrimmages -Covered both verbal and physical abuse -Organizations could mandate that everyone signs a code of conduct -Gave power to organizations to ban individuals for violation. Can also require anger management class and/or take legal action. Can be arrested for aggravated assault which makes it a felony.

1/30/12 Exercise Physiology, Biomechanics, & Kinesiology

Exercise Physiology: The study of the effects of exercise on the body. Adaptations and Responses 1. 2. 3. 4. Muscular system Respiration Nervous system Circulatory system

Long term effects-length of time

Short term effects- duration Study Topics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Environmental factors Disability and disease Athlete performance Children and pre-teen Sports medicine

Sports medicine Prevention and treatment of athletic injuries Who uses this? Persona trainers, PTs, General Doctors, Athletes and general public who pursue sports, fitness and athletics. Kinesiology-comes from Latin word kines. Very road academic term, often used as description of academic program. Study of human movement. 4 major components 1. 2. 3. 4. Efficiency, effort, and work Condition, control and skill Growth, development and form Value, achievement and culture

Biomechanics Greek words: Bio=Life Mechanics= physics Studies the effects of natural laws and forces on the body in motion. Use: Increase athlete/patient performance, and efficiency Combines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Computer science Math Videography, photography Computers Physics

6. Physiology 7. Simulation Examples: sport swimming- or topic foot wear Clinical/ rehab- gait and posture analysis prosthetics Product design and enhancement (supplements, water, vitamins) 2/6/12 Sport, Psychology, Sport sociology, and Health Psychology

Sport psychology Definition- The study of human behavior in sport setting -concerned with the individual. Interested in both the spectator and athlete -determines psycho-social factors that influence people and how they behave in a sport setting -looks at the psychological factors that affect an individual, both internal and external Internal-what is going on in the athletes life? Stress, pressure, personal issues External- How are they affected by-the crowd coaches, family, significant others? Both of these issues merging at once will affect the athlete Sport setting-refers to anywhere that sport takes place Baseball field, basketball court, golf course, tennis court etc.(formal) Jogging path, sports bar, pickup game, park, beach etc.(informal) Area of study in sports psychology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Improve athletes performance Counseling-deal with personal issues Coping with addiction Motivation/burnout signs, symptoms, recovery Team relationships-understanding how players affect one another Personality characteristics Injury-comeback, dealing with injuries

Sports sociology Definition- concerned with social behavior and the organization of groups in a psort setting -focus is on the group and how the group is organized. This may change or limit the individuals behavior within the sport setting -looks at how the group behaves and functions -sports as integral part of society and culture -sports culture as a mirror/predictor of societal trends What do sports sociologist study? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Aggression in sports Violence in sports Gender issues Diversity in sports Equality in sports Participation trends (what is the next great sport? Yoga, Pilates, zumba)

Primary focus is research. Can also help teams (groups) to maximize performance 3 main parts of study -Social roles- how is the group socially organized and how does this affect the individuals behavior? -Relationships- how does the group interact with one another (Coach/athlete, athlete/athlete, opponent/athlete)? -Past experiences values, past history, foundation etcmay affect how someone acts, relates in the group setting. Above is what the assignment will be based on Health Psychology Definition-focuses on the mental health benefits of sports participation Many buy into the physical benefits of sport. Health psychology promotes the emotional and psychsocial wellbeing that is a direct result of an active lifestyle Mental health benefits- stress reduction, mental wellness, higher self-esteem, improved self-image. Health psychology has two target groups Athlete-try to promote mental health benefits as they already understand the physical benefits

General public-help them understand that even a moderate amount of physical exercise will benefit them mentally. There is no need to train for a marathon. Exercise Addiction/dependence A condition that exists when dependence on exercise is so extreme that is impedes an individuals ability to function on a daily basis. This occurs when both the frequency and duration of the exercise routine becomes so extreme that an individual cannot function without it. In the same extreme as being addicted to drugs, alcohol, or food. This is especially true for real extremes! 2/13/12 Motor Development-it answers the question of when Interrelationship between: Physical ability-mastery of motor skills Maturation process-where is someone in that process? Where are they in the life cycle how physically mature are they? How do we measure it? We can measure it through Skeletal, dental, sex (menstruation, testosterone levels) Skill development Remember this answers the question of when do we develop motor skills? It is continuous. Sequential age related process Infancy adolescenceadult aging Look at motor skills associated with these time frames and when they are mastered Infant-basic skills, simple, survival (they are only able to accomplish what they need to survive) Adolescent/adult-complex motor skills, highly organized, simultaneous (highly complex multi skilled) Aging- regression to basic su-rvival skills, bodily adaptations to aging process (going back to survival skills) Motor development-areas of study -Heredity and the environment -Variables of age and sex -Progression of skill development -Skill Acquisition

-Individual Differences (What is it about superior athletes vs. everyone else including people with physical issues that cannot reach that level) Motor learning (How)-(how do we learn these motor skills) Study of internal processes associated with movement or repetitive action that results in changes in response and performance Under what conditions do we learn motor skills? Was it because we were conditioned that way through motivation whether it was positive or negative Motor learning examines: 1. 2. 3. 4. Acquisition of motor skills Stages of learning Practice conditions Learning process

Skill- a movement that is dependent on practice and experience for its execution This means that you can practice, learn, and get better, in order to make yourself better at whatever We must determine: Type of skill (decided the skill) Then we must analyze the skills (broke it apart) Then under what condition is the skill learned or not learned (what causes it to be taught and learned best) Fine motor skills-are hard small movements like typing, brushing your teeth, cooking food, opening doors. (fingers, toes) Gross motor skills- feet, hands, core muscles-anything with large movements or good postures Closed motor skill- a skill easy to do (the reason it is easy is because it is done in the same fashion every time it is attempted it is not regulated by any changes in its environment) Open motor skill-is much more difficult, depending on the conditions of the environment it can be much more difficult since it is regulated by changes in it environment For additional types of skills Locomotor skill- is a skill that is done with movement from place to place, running hopping, skipping, swimming, biking, (it involves large movement) Non-Locomotor skill-you still have to move, the movement is done but there is not much movement done from place to place. This includes stretching, lifting, pushing, and pulling. You are still moving but you are not covering a larger area

Manipulative-to be a manipulative skill there needs to be an object that breaks the plane such as throwing a ball, kicking it, throwing a javelin. This can be done standing still or moving. When kicking a kick ball it is a manipulative skill. Perceptual motor skill- it is a very difficult skill, you need to master the other skills to do it, you need special awareness, precision, predictability, you need to anticipate, they are also known as hand eye coordination skills. Serving a tennis ball is one of the best examples of this, you need to hit a ball you are throwing up and hit it with the perfect amount of force.

Feedback- information provided to the learner about the nature of his or her performance or the results of the performance. It contributes both consciously and subconsciously to the management and control of the movement. Reinforcement- loosely related to feedback, term is often used interchangeably. Reinforcement is any condition following a response that increases the probability of that response being repeated at a later time when a similar stimulus is presented.

Conditions Affecting Learning:

Goals: Leaner must have an idea of what is to be done Practice: learn by doing. Once goals are set, the key to learning is to practice followed by feedback. Motivation: related to goals, since one is motivated to action because of desired goals. Motivation can be internal (comes from within the individual) or external (material). Mental Practice: in mental practice, the performer will actually rehearse mentally or review cues for physical performance. Concentration is on the movement and not on the outcome. Transfer: the influence of a learned task on a task to be learned or the utilization of strategies in a new situation which draw upon the previously learned skills. Learning Curve: a graphic illustration of performance on a particular learning situation. Curves will take different shapes depending on the learner and the nature of the learning material. Whole Learning; Whole method of learning is the performance of the skills in its entirety until the learning has taken place Part Method of Learning: breaking tasks to be learned into its component parts and then combining them into a finality of proper sequence. Readiness: basic movements or patterns must be learned before the next higher levels can be taught successfully. There is a critical period for learning skills an optimal time when they can best be learned.

2/16/12 Sport and Exercise Why is this a powerful and important venue for examining how individuals behave? Sport: The outcome is uncertain (this excites people makes them interested) This is what gives it power There are standards of excellence Perceive outcome by skill Sport- is a major factor in our social culture (it is a huge industry from buying gear to going to games) Sport usually takes place out in the public (whether it is jogging around campus or pickup basketball) Our success or failure is easily measured Self-concept/ self-worth/ body image Psycho-Social factors: Achievement-different types of achievement why is that important? Achievement compared to others or standards. (in track this can be done by placing in a competition or times in a track meet) Achievement that marks personal progress (we need to look at achievement that marks personal progress) Achievement that results in a certain state of affairs (how do you feel after your personal accomplishment. Its not about winning or losing) In a health profession even if someone can never walk again they can have personal progress if we help strengthen their muscles Aesthetics-evaluative perception of performance 2 types: 1. Subjective aesthetics (self-evaluation, how the athlete feels about their performance, it is very personal and no one else knows it) 2. Objective aesthetics (The impressions or evaluation of others. A person judging, booing or cheering can provide this) This is important because it can affect how the athlete or performer feels depending on who we look at We evaluate by skill we know the outcome is uncertain so we have the ability to evaluate people Affiliation Tendency- Basic human needs to avoid isolation and seek presence of others Spot helps to meet that need. 1. Mere proximity (just by being together overtime we affiliate with one another, this is the case with sport) 2. Reciprocity effect (we like people who like us) 3. Perceptions of similarity (we like people who like the same thing, we affiliate with people like us. 4. Notion of cooperation (you know that working together in the end will lead to success)

Inverted U model the goal is to find the perfect balance between emotional arousal and performance. Aggression in sport The intentional use of physical force engaged in to harm a person or property 1. Hostile aggression-very attacking form of aggression, the focus is on the emotional character and the intent to do harm. Attacking with intent to do harm. UNACCEPTIBLE 2. Instrumental aggression-The focus and goal is to move the game forward. It is still aggression but to make the game move forward. ACCPTIBLE We need to ask why? Why did the person at aggressive in a certain way? The outcome will always be the same. Psycho-Social Factors: 1. Achievement 2. Aesthetics 3. Affiliation tendency 4. Arousal 5. Aggression My goal career is Sports Physical Therapist March 5th is when the final papers are due 2-3 pages typed Career paper 2/3 research my career 1/3 my personal conclusions am I going to do this, whats my plan, what surprised me about what I researched, if this is not what am I going to do instead. I have to site my sources if I take a direct quote such as a statistic What would I personally like to know about this career Day to day tasks? Starting Salary and medium Job security How much extra schooling will be needed? Job settings Specializations Skills needed Demanding field Prereqs Average GPA to get into grad school GRE scores How to get jobs Insurance Benefits Vacation days Work hours

Commitment At least one far reaching question-will this field be in demand in the future? Personal liability insurance (find questions specific to my career) 2/20/12 Exam is worth 40 points-has true false questions worth 1 points as well as multiple choice. There is also define and give an example for instance ADA=American disabilities act then you need to give an example those are worth 2 points each Then there is short essay which might be like compare civil rights act with disability act. What impact did these have on sports? Essays are 3 points each Motor learning terms and exercise physiology terms that was both hand outs Sport Management and Administration Definition-the direction given to the setting or structure in which physical activity is offered to the client. (The business of sport) Setting-anywhere that sport takes place Structure-the actual sport or activity These can be both formal and informal whether it is a competitive game or just a pickup game Ex: climbing making sure that people sign up dealing with money, buying harness, ropes etc. Client-defines that there is an exchange of money for goods/services provided Direction- takes a certain type of personality to manage this business: aggressive, organized, leader Sport as an activity-focus on leadership and organization of sport in its true form. Leader, fitness professional, recreation and leisure, corporate fitness. The person is responsible for making sure everything runs smoothly. Sport as a modality-uses sport/fitness. Physical activity as a means to an end. Fitness, therapy, sports medicine, cardiac rehab, OT, PT. Here sport helps to accomplish something Sport as a service- focus is not on the product or specific service but rather the service delivery. Client is buying the service. The fees charged increase with level of service. Ex: plant fitness vs. bally gold gym. Quality of what we are delivering over what it is Sport as tenant-sport or activity is a small component in a larger enterprise. Variety of acitvities take place in which sport is just one tenant in the same location. Ex: meadowlands complex-football takes place but also concerts, shows, horse racing, concessions, transportation, ticket sales. You need security merchandising photographers, transportation, and security. In this role we see multi-tasking leaders, often work in various positions sport as a sales project- looks at the demand that is created from perceived needs. Promotions, direct sales, videos, supplements, sports equipment, gear. Ex- popularity of yoga: mats, apparel, clothes, music, books, videos etc.