Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT REPORT NO.
RD 1045
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF GABION WALL
Mainland North Division Drainage Services Department Version no. : 3.0 November 2006
Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall
RD 1045 Mainland North Division, DSD
Table of Content
Page 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5. 6. Scope and Qualifications General Background Design Considerations of Gabion Wall used in River Embankment Treatment of the Foundation of Gabion Wall Provision of Gabion Aprons Provision of Geotextile Filter Construction of Gabion Wall Packing and Assembly Installation and Filling Gabion Stone Placement Lid Closing Installation of Reno Mattress Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress Maintenance Related Considerations and Maintenance Requirements Reference Documents 1 1 2-5 2 2-5 5 6-8 6 6-8 8 8 8-9 9
7. 8.
9-11 11
Appendix A. Typical Layout of Gabion Wall B. Design Calculations for Gabion Wall C. Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
1.
Scope and Qualifications
This paper gives technical guidance for the design of gabion wall used in river embankment. It also stipulates the requirements for Reno Mattress against the local scouring at the toe of gabion wall. This paper is not applicable to revetment structures other than the vertical faced gabion wall structures for the protection of river embankment. This paper does not take into consideration wave forces or other hydrodynamic forces arising out of supercritical flow, curvature flow, ship waves etc. acting on the gabion wall. Therefore, the designer should treat the guidance with great caution when using the guidance for the design of gabions used for coastal protection and in engineered channels. If in doubt, the designer should consult engineers with knowledge/experience on hydrodynamics and suppliers of gabion structures. This paper assumes that gabion wall would sit on top of good soil foundation. Before carrying out the design of gabion wall, the designer should ensure that the foundation of the gabion wall should have been properly investigated.
2.
General Background
Gabions are employed for many uses due to their versatility, which includes hydraulic structures in river training works and in protection works for roads and land reclamation. The gabions are steel wire cages that vary in size and are designed to abate the destructive forces of erosion. Gabions are uniquely woven by twisting each pair of wires one and one half turns continuously providing the inherent strength and flexibility required. Gabion cages are normally designed to contain quarry run or river run stones available at the site of erection. Cages are stacked to construct structures of great durability and flexibility. The formed structure is capable of carrying stress in biaxial tension. Gabion cages are not merely containers of stone since each unit is securely connected to each adjacent cage during construction. The wire mesh is monolithic through the structure in three dimensions, from top to bottom, end to end, and from outer face to inner face. It is, therefore, apparent that the wire reinforces the stone filling in tension. Gabions form flexible structures that can deflect and deform to a certain limit in
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any direction without fracture. It can withstand the movement of ground without inordinate structure deformation. This attribute enables the gabion structure to be built with a minimum foundation preparation. Gabion structures behave as perforated barriers, allowing water to gradually pass through them. This is a valuable characteristic in that hydrostatic pressure never builds up behind or under the structure and cause failure to the gabion design. Gabion structures are regarded as permanent. In the early stages after installation, siltation takes place between the stone fill promoting vegetation and adding to the permanency of the structure. In view of the environmentally friendly nature of the gabion construction as compared to concrete, gabions are becoming more popular in engineering works in river embankments which demand a natural looking environment with growth of vegetation and potential for ecological lives.
3.
Design Considerations of Gabion Wall used in River Embankment
There is currently no universally accepted method for designing gabion walls. However, it is suggested in GEOGUIDE 1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition, that gabion walls should be considered as gravity retaining wall for the purpose of design. The detailed design calculations for gabion wall of retaining height ranging from 1m to 4m, used in river embankment are shown in Appendix B.
3.1 Treatment of the Foundation of Gabion Wall

Foundation treatment is important to the stability of gabion wall as weak foundation may result in bearing failure or soil slip. Since it largely depends on the soil conditions which may varies significantly for different locations, designers should consider the requirements of treatment of foundation case by case. If necessary, rockfill and/or other appropriate measures as determined by the designers should be adopted to stabilize the formation before placing gabions.
3.2 Provision of Gabion Aprons

Gabion aprons are commonly used to protect the toe of a gabion retaining wall structure from scour that could cause undermining in channel works applications. It is recommended that the gabion apron in the form of Reno Mattress, (refer to Section
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5.0) be a minimum of 300 mm in depth. The length of the gabion apron shall extend beyond the toe of the structure a minimum of 2 times the anticipated depth of scour formed under the apron. This will ensure that the gabion apron reaches beyond the outer limit of the anticipated scour hole that may form. For fast-flowing rivers, designers need to determine the exact depth and extension of Reno Mattress case by case with the consideration of scouring at river invert during peak flow. Scour occurs at toe of gabion retaining wall when it obstructs the channel flow. The flow obstructed by the gabions form a horizontal vortex starting at the upstream end of the gabions and running along the toe of the gabions, and a vertical wake vortex at the downstream end of the gabions. In accordance with Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At Bridges, Fourth Edition, Froehlich's live-bed scour equation can be used to obtain the potential depth of scour.
Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
where: K1 = Coefficient for shape Shape Coefficients Description Vertical-wall Vertical-wall with wing walls Spill-through K1 1.00 0.82 0.55
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Fig. 3.1 Abutment shape
K2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow = ( / 90) 0.13 ( < 90 if wall points downstream > 90 if wall points upstream ) L = Length of active flow obstructed by the wall, m Ae = Flow area of the approach cross section obstructed by the wall, m2 Fr = Froude Number of approach flow upstream of the wall = Ve/(gya)1/2 Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s Qe = Flow obstructed by the wall and approach structure, at peak flow, m3/s ya = Average depth of flow on the floodplain (Ae/L), m L = Length of wall projected normal to the flow, m
ys = Scour depth, m
Fig. 3.2 Orientation of embankment angle, , to the flow
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Fig. 3.3 Determination of length of embankment blocking live flow for abutment scour estimation
Example: Assume K1 = 0.82, K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1 L and ya are the base width and retaining height of the gabion wall as shown in the drawing in Appendix A. Computed Scour Depth, ys as follow: Fr 0.25 2.01 3.78 5.45 7.10 0.5 2.54 4.72 6.74 8.73 0.75 2.97 5.49 7.79 10.06 1 3.35 6.15 8.71 11.22 1.5 4.01 7.32 10.31 13.25 2 4.59 8.34 11.71 15.03
ya 1 2 3 4
L 1.5 2.25 2.75 3.25
3.3 Provision of Geotextile Filter

The gabion apron will require minimal excavation and grade work. Generally the gabion apron and gabion block are placed directly on the ground utilizing a geotextile filter fabric between the gabions and soil interface to prevent leaching of soils underneath the gabions.
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The drawings in Appendix A show the details of gabion wall of retaining height ranging from 1m to 4m, used in river embankment.
4.
Construction of Gabion Wall
4.1 Packing and Assembly

Packing (i) For ease of handling and shipping, the gabions are bundled folded flat. Assembly (i) (ii) Open the bundle and unfold each unit. Lift the sides, the ends and the diaphragms of each unit into vertical position.
(iii) Attach the sides of four corners together with locking wire fastener or tying wire and the diaphragms to the front and back of the gabion. (iv) The tying operation begins at the top of the cage. The tying wire is laced around the selvedge through each mesh all the way to the bottom of the cage.
4.2 Installation and Filling

Installation (i) Empty gabion baskets shall be assembled individually and placed on the approved surface to the lines and grades as shown or as directed, with the position of all creases and that the tops of all sides are level. All gabion baskets shall be properly staggered horizontally and vertically. Finished gabion structures shall have no gaps along the perimeter of the contact surfaces between adjoining units.
(ii)
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Fig. 4.1 Abutment shape (Courtesy of and adapted from TerraAqua Gabions) (iii) All adjoining empty gabion units shall be connected along the perimeter of their contact surfaces in order to obtain a monolithic structure. All lacing wire terminals shall be securely fastened. (iv) All joining shall be made through selvedge-selvedge wire connection; mesh-mesh wire connection is prohibited unless necessary. Filling (i) The initial line of gabion basket units shall be placed on the prepared filter layer surface and adjoining empty baskets set to line and grade, and common sides with adjacent units thoroughly laced or fastened. They shall be placed in a manner to remove any kinks or bends in the mesh and to uniform alignment. The basket units then shall be partially filled to provide anchorage against deformation and displacement during the filling operation.
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(ii)
Deformation and bulging of the gabion units, especially on the wall face, shall be corrected prior to additional stone filling. Care shall be taken, when placing the stone by hand or machine, to assure that the PVC coating on the gabions will not be damaged if PVC is utilized. All stone on the exposed face shall be hand placed to ensure a neat compact appearance.
(iii) Gabions shall be uniformly overfilled by about 2540 mm to account for future structural settlements and for additional layers. Gabions can be filled by any kind of earth filling equipment. The maximum height from which the stones may be dropped into the baskets shall be 900 mm.
4.3 Gabion Stone Placement

(i) The stone fill shall be placed into the gabion units in 300 mm lifts. Cells shall be filled to a depth not exceeding 300 mm at a time. The fill layer should never be more than 300 mm higher then any adjoining cell. Connecting wires shall be installed from the front to back and side to side of individual cell at each 300 mm vertical interval for gabions of depth exceeding 500 mm.
(ii)
(iii) The voids shall be minimized by using well-graded stone fill and by hand placement of the facing in order to achieve a dense, compact stone fill.
4.4 Lid Closing

(i) The lids of the gabion units shall be tightly secured along all edges, ends and diaphragms in the same manner as described for assembling.
5.0 Installation of Reno Mattress

Basically, the procedure for installation of reno mattress is similar to the construction of gabion units. Particular attention should be paid to the following : (i) Mattress units should be placed in proper position so that movement of rockfill inside the cage, due to gravity or flowing current, is minimal. Thus, on slopes, Mattresses should be placed with its internal diaphragms at right angles to the direction of the slope. On river beds, position the Mattress with the internal diaphragms at right angles to the direction flow.
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(ii)
The Mattresses may be either telescoped or cut to form and tied at required shape when necessary, for example, when Mattresses are laid on a radius. For a sharp curve, it may be necessary to cut the Mattress diagonally into triangular sections and tie the open side securely to an intact side panel.
6.
Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall and Reno Mattress
Sample clauses of PS, MM and SoR for gabion wall and Reno Mattress are shown in Appendix C.
7.
Maintenance Related Considerations and Maintenance Requirements
Geoguide 1 (Sections 9.5 and 13) may be referenced for the basis of providing a general guideline on maintenance of gabion walls. Generally speaking, maintenance requirements should be duly considered during both the design stage and during routine inspection after completion of works [Ref. 8.5]. Detailed discussion on the maintenance requirement both in detailed design stage and routine inspection are beyond the scope of this Technical Report. The necessary maintenance requirements should be judged on a case-by-case basis. However, some of the important considerations required to be considered during detailed design stage and routine inspection are listed below. Suggested considerations on maintenance requirements to be looked at during design stage : The water quality of river/stream would affect the durability of the wire used in the basket. The suitability of the gabion structures to be used in such river/stream environment should be within manufacturers recommendation. If necessary, corrosion protection measures should be applied to wires, such as PVC coated galvanized steel wires; Gradation of stone aggregates should be based on gabion thickness and grid size. As a rule of thumb, the size of stone measured in the greatest dimension should range from 150mm to 300mm. In addition, the smallest stone size must generally be larger than the wire mesh openings (usually of
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about 100mm); Package of stone aggregates should be manually performed instead of mechanically performed. The mechanically package can cause unwanted stress to the net. However, manually packing of stone aggregates should not be over emphasized. Poorly packed gabions will cause undue movements as well as excessive abrasion to the PVC coating. To allow for the settlement of the stone aggregates, an over fill of about 25-40mm is considered to be adequate; The strength of the stone aggregates should be durable to resist the impact from flood flow particularly if the flood flow is violent. The stress created by the violent flood flow against gabions will lead to the shaking and mutual thrust of stones inside gabions. If the stones are fragile, the stones will start to crush into pieces small enough to fall outside the gabion net; The opening of the gabion net can be torn away by the continuous thrust of materials carried by runoff (e.g. sable, gravel, and rubble) against iron wires. When the net opens, the stone filling it up fall out, and the structure loses all its weight and, consequently, its function; and Gabions structures are generally composed of superimposed layers of gabion baskets. Special attention should be paid on gabion structures with a stepped shape, only a part of the superimposed layer rests on a lower layer of gabions. The remaining part rests directly on the earthfill. In this case, the underlying earthfill has to be compacted carefully, and its adherence to the lower layer of gabions should be ensured before surperimposing the next layer. Suggested considerations on maintenance requirements to be looked at during routine inspection : A gabion structure needs to be inspected annually and after each flood event. However, a newly placed gabion structure is recommended to be inspected for every 3 months or after each rainfall event whichever is the less; Signs of undercutting or other instability should also be checked; Any displacement or shifting of the wire baskets should need to be corrected immediately;
Checking on the sign of damage or erosion of the river embankment should be included; and Checking for the wires of panels/cages for any signs of rusting and wear should be included.
8.
Reference Documents
8.1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At Bridges, Fourth Edition, May 2001. 8.2 U.S. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Water Planning, Stream Guide, Stream Management Guide No. 15 Gabion Revetments 8.3 U.S. Environmental Department of Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Storm Water Best Management Practices Decision Support Tool #129 Gabions
8.4 Tricardi, Watershed Management Use of Gabions in Small Hydraulic Works 8.5 Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, GEOGUIDE 1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition, October 2003.
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Appendix A
Typical Layout of Gabion Wall
Drawing Notes: 1. 2. All dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise specified. Depending on the soil conditions, designers should determine whether any ground treatment for foundation is required in consideration with sliding, bearing or soil slip failures. Determination of Potential Scour Depth by Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
3.
K2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow = ( / 90) 0.13 ( < 90 if wall points downstream > 90 if wall points upstream ) L = Length of active flow obstructed by the wall, m Ae = Flow area of the approach cross section obstructed by the wall, m2 Fr = Froude Number of approach flow upstream of the wall = Ve/(gya)1/2 Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s Qe = Flow obstructed by the wall and approach structure, at peak flow, m3/s ya = Average depth of flow on the floodplain (Ae/L), m L = Length of wall projected normal to the flow, m ys = Scour depth, m
App. A - 1
Example: Assume K1 = 0.82, K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1 L and ya are the base width and retaining height of the gabion wall as shown in the sketches in the calculations in Appendix B. Computed Scour Depth, ys as follow: Fr 0.25 2.01 3.78 5.45 7.10 0.5 2.54 4.72 6.74 8.73 0.75 2.97 5.49 7.79 10.06 1 3.35 6.15 8.71 11.22 1.5 4.01 7.32 10.31 13.25 2 4.59 8.34 11.71 15.03
Ya 1 2 3 4
L 1.5 2.25 2.75 3.25
4. Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The dimensions of the hexagon shall be 80 x 100 mm. 5. The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.7 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot dip galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 6. The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of 0.5 mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm. 7. The diameter of the mild steel lacing wire and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and 3.0 mm respectively, galvanized and coated with PVC in a similar way to the mesh wire. 8. All wires shall be mild steel to BS 1052. 9. The gabion shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh which includes the lid. 10. All edges of gabions, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically selvedged
App. A - 2
in such a way as to prevent ravelling of the mesh and to develop the full strength of the mesh. 11. The gabion shall be divided by diaphragms into cells which length shall not be greater than 1m. 12. Infill to gabion shall be rock fill material of size 150 mm to 300 mm and shall be placed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. 13. All front and side faces of the gabion wall shall be fixed with hand packed square stones of approximately 300 x 200 x 200 mm in size.
App. A - 3
App. A - 4
Appendix B
Design Calculations for Gabion Wall
Annexes A. B. C. D. Design of 4.5m gabion wall Design of 3.5m gabion wall Design of 2.5m gabion wall Design of 1.5m gabion wall A, A1 A10 B, B1 B8 C, C1 C6 D, D1 D4
Page E. Stone sizes and critical velocities for gabions (courtesy of and adapted from Maccaferri Gabions) E1 E3
Project
Design of 4.5m Gabion Wall
Annex A
Prepared by Checked by Subject
: : :
NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of 4.5m Gabion Wall Design Statement
Reference
Remarks
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall
Design Statement 1. Design Data

(I) Materials (A) Requirements
Geoguide 1 Para. 9.5.3 (1)
Gabion Materials (i) They should not be susceptible to attack by fire and ultraviolet light. (ii) They should be in form of hexagonal woven or square welded. (iii) Hexagonal woven wire mesh is mechanically woven in a continuous sheet. The wires should be twisted together in pairs through three half turns, i.e. 'double-twisted' to form the mesh. (iv) The edges of the mesh should be selvaged with wires of a diameter of about 1.5 times that of the wire-mesh to prevent unravelling.
Geoguide 1 Para. 9.5.3 (1) & Fig. 47
(v) The gabion base, top and sides should be formed from a piece of mesh. The ends and diaphragms can be attached to this mesh by helical wires or other methods. (vi) The mesh can stretch or contract in two directions in its own plane and thus a rectangular wire-mesh basket filled with rock fragments can deform in any direction. (vii) The wires used for the wire mesh should be mild steel wire to BS 1052 (BSI, 1986b), with a minimum tensile strength of 350 N/mm 2 . (viii) The wires should be at least 2.7mm in diameter and galvanized. (ix) For hexagonal wire-mesh the wires should be galvanized to BS 443 (BSI, 1990b) before weaving. (x) For welded mesh, the mesh panels should be hot dip galvanized to BS 729 (BSI, 1986c) after welding. The making of panels with galvanized wires welded together is not recommended as the welds are left unprotected. (xi) If the soil and water conditions are aggressive, PVC (polyvinylchloride) coating should be provided to the wires. The PVC coating should be at least 0.5mm thick and should meet the requirements of BS 4102 (BSI, 1991c).
Infill material (i) Maximum size of rock should not exceed two-thirds the depth of the gabion to be filled or 300mm , whichever is less. (ii) The preferred size is 150mm to 300mm . The smallest dimension of the rock should at least be twice the largest dimension of the mesh aperture .
- Annex A page 1 -
(B) Assumptions Gabion and Infill Materials Block Size

Geoguide 1 Para. 9.5.1
The gabions are in modules of 2m x 1m x 1m.
Mesh Size 8cm x 10cm x 2.7mm
Size of Infill Material
= 250mm
Refer to Annex E Maccaferri Gabions
Critical Velocity for water flow
6.4 m/s
Parameter
Specific gravity of the rock, Gs Porosity of the infill Mobilized angle of wall friction,
= = =
2.6 0.4 0.0
Backfilling Material behind the existing wall The properties of backfilling material are assumed to be
Geoguide 1 Table 8
(a) Unit weight (b) Effective shear strength, c' (c) Effective friction angle, ' Insitu Soil beneath the wall (foundation material) The properties of insitu soil are assumed to be (a) Unit weight (b) Effective shear strength, c' (c) Effective friction angle, '
= = =
21 kN/m3 0 kPa 35
o
= = =
19 kN/m3 5 kPa 35
o
(II) Loadings Dead loads Self weight of the proposed protection wall, earth pressure and hydrostatic pressure are taken to be dead load for design. The unit weight of water was taken as 9.81 kN/m3. Imposed load
Geoguide 1 Para. 7.2.2 and Table 16
5kPa surcharge was assumed on the land side. (Footpaths isolated from roads, cycle tracks and play areas)
(III) Water level of the pond It is assumed that the most critical situation should be when the channel is completely dry, which is taken to be the design case.
The groundwater level behind the proposed gabion wall is assumed to be one-third of the retaining height.
- Annex A page 2 -
Geoguide 1 Para. 6.2.2, Table 20 and Figure 13
Proposed retaining walls have no restraint against translation and rotation about the base, hence active state pressure is assumed and compaction-induced lateral pressure is not considered.
2. Design Reference and Codes

Design Code 1. Geotechnical Engineering Office (1993), Geoguide 1 - Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition.
Design Methodology In accordance with Geoguide 1, the structures would be designed for both the ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS).
Geoguide 1, clause 4.3.4, Table 6 and Table 7
Partial safety factor approach stipulated under Geoguide 1, clause 4.3.4 is adopted. The minimum factors of safety recommended in Geoguide 1 are adopted. Per meter run of the proposed retaining walls is considered for simplicity.
Geoguide 1, clause 9.5.2
Limit state checks would be carried out at selected planes through the gabion wall, ignoring the resistance contributed by the cage material and the connections between the cages. For stepped walls, stability checks would be carried out at each major change in section shape.
3. Checking the Stability of the Protection Wall

4.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex A page 3 -
Ultimate Limit Statement (ULS)

Refer to Annex A1, A3, A5, A7 & A9 para. 1 Step 6
1. Checking Overturning [OK if restoring moment > overturning moment]
Height of Toe above foundation 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 m m m m m
Stability (without back batter) OK! OK! OK! OK! OK!
Stability (with back batter) OK! OK! OK! OK! OK!
2. Checking Sliding [OK if resisting force > sliding force]
3. Checking Bearing Capacity [OK if bearing capacity > bearing pressure]
Serviceability Limit Statement (SLS)

1. Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity [OK if the resultant force acts within the middle third of the wall base]
For details of calculations, please refer to the Annex A1 to A10.
- Annex A page 4 -
Construction Aspects
(i) Horizontal internal bracing wires should be fitted between the outer and inner faces at about 300mm centres in woven mesh gabions which are deeper than 500mm. (ii) The lids of the gabions should meet the top edges of the sides and ends when closed, without leaving any gaps. (iii) The mesh of the lids should be tied down to the tops of any diaphragms provided, as well as to the tops of the sides and ends. (iv) Whenever possible, the vertical joints between the units should be staggered in adjacent courses.
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1 para. 9.5.5
(i) A geotextile filter would be provided under the base and behind the rear face of the gabion wall to prevent migration of fines from the backfill into the coarse rock infill. (ii) Drainage layers at the rear face are normally not warranted. However, a drainage layer of adequate permeability would be provided at the base of the wall to guard against erosion of the foundation material.
References 1. Geotechnical Engineering Office (1993), Geoguide 1 - Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition.
Geoguide 1
- Annex A page 5 -
Project
Design of Gabion Wall

NG Chun-ling (AE/TM5)
Annex A1
Prepared by : Checked by Subject : :
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) Reference 1. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation)
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 1000 W4 500 Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv Abbreviation
Geoguide 1, clause 4.3.4, Table 6, Table 7 and Table 8
W1 Pav 3000 Pa1 Pa2

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
1500
W5
= = = = = =
Self-weight of the proposed protection wall Lateral pressure due to surcharge Vertical component of active earth pressure Horizontal component of active earth pressure Lateral pressure due to groundwater Upthrust
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o
Unit Surcharge behind the wall kN/m3 kN/m

o 2
Fill (Behind the Wall) c' ' m 'f
5 0 4.50 1.50 4.2
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
o cv' 30 Length of wall 100 Kah 0.330 (Note: m is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)
Insitu Soil (Beneath the Wall)

Gabions and Infill materials Specific gravity of the rock, Gs Porosity of the infill 2.6 0.4
c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
Geoguide 1, clause 5.12 Geoguide 1, clause 6.6 Fig. 19
bf Kp
(Note: m is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)
- Annex A1 page 1 -
Step 1 Sliding Force (kN/m - run) Pa1 = 0.330 x 5.00 Pa2 = 0.330 x 3.00 Pa3 = 0.330 x 3.00 Pa4 = 0.330 x 11 Pwh = 10 x 1.50
x x x x x
4.50 21 21 1.50 1.50
x x x /
3.00 1.50 1.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
7.42 31.17 31.17 4.08 11.25 85.08 73.83
Geoguide 1, Clause 5.11.2, Table 14
Step 2 Vertical component of earth pressure (Pav) Based on the design assumption, the mobilised angle of wall friction, is taken as 0. Thus, the vertical component of earth pressure (Pav) acting on the proposed protection wall is considered as = 0.00 kN/m - run
Step 3 Wt. of wall + water uplift W1 = 26 x W2 = 26 x W3 = 26 x W4 = 26 x W5 = 26 x Pwv = 10 x Pav = 0.00
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.50 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 4.20 4.20
x x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 32.76 -31.50 0.00 146.34
Step 4 Overturning moment of earth pressure about Toe Arm (m) Force (kN/ m) Pa1 7.42 4.50 / 2 Pa2 31.17 3.00 / 3 + 1.50 Pa3 31.17 1.50 / 2 Pa4 4.08 1.50 / 3 Pwh 11.25 1.50 / 3
= = = = =
2.25 2.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 M =
Moment 16.70 77.92 23.37 2.04 5.63 125.65
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 4.2 1.30 W2 30.42 4.2 1.95 W3 41.34 4.2 2.65 W4 53.04 4.2 3.40 W5 32.76 4.2 4.20 Pwv -31.50 4.2 x 2 Pav 0.00 4.2
Arm (m) / / / / / /
2 2 2 2 2 3
= = = = = = =
3.55 3.23 2.88 2.50 2.10 2.80 4.20 M = Mr =
Moment 71.99 98.10 118.85 132.60 68.80 -88.20 0.00 402.15 490.35
(kNm/m run) (kNm/m run)
Step 6 Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity Overturning Moment Mo = 125.65 + 88.20 Restoring Moment Mr = 490.35 kNm/m run Mo > => OK! => Mr
0.00
213.85
kNm/m run
OK! Eccentricity e = B = 4.2 = 0.211m / / 2 2 ( Mr - ( 490.35 Mo ) / 213.85 ) / V 146.34
- Annex A1 page 2 -
Step 7 Check Sliding Sliding Force Fa = V= 146.34 kN / m
H =
85.08 kN / m
Resisting Force against Sliding Fr = tan 'f = Ns x = 146.34 x 0.58 = 85.39 kN/m run => OK!
>
Sliding Force Fa = H=
85.08
kN / m
OK!
Step 8 Check Bearing Capacity From above, Eccentricity e = 0.211 m Effective Width B' B = 4.20 = 3.78 = L' = B' = 3.78 H V = m x x 2e 2
x =
0.211 100 377.88 m m2
Effective Length L' Effective Area A'
L' 100 =
Sliding Force Qs = Normal Force Qn =
x x
L' L'
= =
85.08 146.34
x x
100 100
= =
8508 kN 14634 kN
Thus, at the level just below 500mm rock fill, Bearing Pressure qmax = Qn / A' 14634.00 = /
377.88
38.73
kPa
To calculate Bearing Capacity qult , qult = cf' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g For Bearing Capacity Factors, 2 Nq = exp(tan'f) tan (/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2(
2 tan (
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
x x 1 1
tan tan
'f 30
For Shape Factors, sc = 1 = 1 = 1.02 s = 1 = 1 = 0.98 sq = 1 = 1 = 1.02
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 3.78 B' x
x x / / / 3.78
B' 3.78 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex A1 page 3 -
For Inclination Factors, mi = ( 2 ( 1 = ( 2 ( 1 = 1.96 Ki = Qs / ( = 8508 / ( = 0.49
+ + + + Qn 14634
B' B' 3.78 3.78 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 377.88
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.14 ( ( 0.27 iq 0.27 0.22
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.49 Ki 0.49 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.27
mi + 1 2.96
iq
mi 1.96
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
Since tilting of wall and inclination of ground slope both equal 0 , all tilt and ground slope factors tq = tc = t = 1 equal 1, i.e. gc = g = gq = 1 Effective Surcharge q' = = = ' 9 4.5 x x kPa 0.5 0.5
As a result, Bearing Capacity qult = cf ' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g = 4.17 x 30.78 x 1.02 x + 0.5 x 9 x 3.78 0.14 x 1 x 1 + x 0.27 x 1 x 1 = 29.50 + 52.76 + 23.17 = 105.42 kPa qult qmax => > = 38.73 kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq 0.22 x 1 x 23.30 x 4.5 x 18.96
x 0.98 x
1 x 1.02
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A1 page 4 -
2. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 750 800 700 650 1300 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2
W1 Pav 3000 Pa1 W3

Insitu soil
Pa2
W4 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh 1500
Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv Abbreviation
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o
Unit Surcharge behind the wall kN/m kN/m

o 3 2
5 0 4.50 1.50 4.20
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
o cv' 30 Length of wall 100 Kah 0.330 Back batter, = 1 : 10 (Note: gm is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
4.50 21 21 1.50 1.50
x x x /
3.00 1.50 1.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
7.42 31.17 31.17 4.08 11.25 85.08 73.83
- Annex A1 page 5 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.50 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 4.20 4.20
x x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 32.76 -31.50 0.00 146.34
Step 4 Overturning moment of earth pressure about Toe cos = 0.995 Force (kN/ m) Pa1 7.42 Pa2 31.17 Pa3 31.17 Pa4 4.08 Pwh 11.25 tan = 0.100 Arm (m) 4.50 3.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 / / / / / 2 3 2 3 3 + 1.50 = = = = = 2.25 2.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 M = Moment 16.70 77.92 23.37 2.04 5.63 125.65
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 ( 4.00 x 0.10 W2 30.42 ( 3.00 x 0.10 W3 41.34 ( 2.00 x 0.10 W4 53.04 ( 1.00 x 0.10 W5 32.76 ( 0.25 x 0.10 Pwv -31.50 ( 4.2 x 2 Pav 0.00 4.2
Arm (m) + + + + + /
3.550 3.225 2.875 2.500 2.100 3)
) ) ) ) )
x x x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = = = =
3.93 3.51 3.06 2.59 2.11 2.79 4.20 M = Mr =
Moment 79.71 106.70 126.49 137.22 69.27 -87.76 0.00 431.62 519.39
0.00
213.41
kNm/m run
- Annex A1 page 6 -
Step 7 Check Sliding

Geoguide 1, Clause 9.2.3, Figure 41 Mechanism 1
Sliding along soil/structure interface Activating force Fa = Resisting force Fr = H x cos - V x sin = (V x cos - H x sin ) x tan b = 70.03 kN / m 75.69 kN / m
Resisting Force against Sliding, Fr = = 75.69 kN/m run > => OK!
Activating Force Fa =
70.03
kN / m
Sliding along a foundation soil surface

o = 0.00 Activating force Fa = Resisting force Fr =
H x cos - V x sin = (V x cos - H x sin ) x tan ' + c' l =
85.08 kN / m 102.89 kN / m
85.08
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.009 100 418.16 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
85.08 146.34
x x
100 100
= =
8508 kN 14634 kN
Thus, at the level just below 500mm rock fill, Bearing Pressure qmax = Qn / A' 14634 = /
418.16
35.00
kPa
To calculate Bearing Capacity qult , qult = cf' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
For Bearing Capacity Factors, 2 Nq = exp(tan'f) tan (/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2( tan2( x x 1 1 /4 0.785 cot cot ) ) + + 'f 30.3 x x tan tan 'f 30.3 'f 30.3 /2 /2 ) )
- Annex A1 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 4.18 B' x
x x / / / 4.18
B' 4.18 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 14634
B' B' 4.18 4.18 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 418.16
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.14 ( ( 0.27 iq 0.27 0.23
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.48 Ki 0.48 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.27
mi + 1 2.96
iq
mi 1.96
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
For Tilt Factors, tc = tq 5.44 5.69 t = ( = tq = = ( 5.44 t 5.44
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
Since inclination of ground slope equal 0 , all ground slope factors gc = g = gq = 1 equal 1, i.e. ' 9 4.5
Effective Surcharge q' = = =
x x kPa
0.5 0.5
As a result, Bearing Capacity qult = cf ' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g = 4.17 x 30.78 x 1.03 x + 0.5 x 9 x 4.18 0.14 x 5.44 x 1 + x 0.27 x 5.44 x 1 = 175.19 + 332.87 + 130.54 = 638.60 kPa qult qmax => > = 35.00 kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq 0.23 x 5.69 x 23.30 x 4.5 x 18.96
x 0.98 x
1 x 1.02
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A1 page 8 -
Project

Annex A2
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) Reference 1. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation)
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 1000 W4 500 Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv W5
W1 Pav 3000 Pa1 Pa2

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
1500
= = = = = =
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
Fill (Behind the Wall) c' ' m 'f cv' Kah
5 0 4.50 1.50 4.2
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan ((tan ')/m ))
-1

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A2 page 1 -
x x x x x
4.50 21 21 1.50 1.50
x x x /
3.00 1.50 1.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
6.10 25.61 25.61 3.35 11.25 71.92 60.67
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.50 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 4.20 4.20
x x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 32.76 -31.50 0.00 146.34
= = = = =
2.25 2.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 M =
Moment 13.72 64.02 19.21 1.68 5.63 104.25
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 4.2 1.30 W2 30.42 4.2 1.95 W3 41.34 4.2 2.65 W4 53.04 4.2 3.40 W5 32.76 4.2 4.20 Pwv -31.50 4.2 x 2 Pav 0.00 4.2
Arm (m) / / / / / /
2 2 2 2 2 3
= = = = = = =
3.55 3.23 2.88 2.50 2.10 2.80 4.20 M = Mr =
Moment 71.99 98.10 118.85 132.60 68.80 -88.20 0.00 402.15 490.35
Geoguide 1 Clause 9.2.4
Step 6 Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity Overturning Moment Mo = 104.25 + 88.20 Restoring Moment Mr = 490.35 kNm/m run Mo > => OK! => Mr ( Mr Eccentricity e = B / 2 = 4.2 / 2 - ( 490.35 = 0.064m By Middle-third Rule, B/6 = 4.2 / 6
0.00
192.45
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 192.45 ) / 0.700m >
V 146.34 0.064m OK! OK!
- Annex A2 page 2 -
2. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 750 800 700 650 1300 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2
W1 Pav 3000 Pa1 W3

Insitu soil
Pa2
W4 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh 1500
Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3, W4, W5 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv = = = = = = Self-weight of the proposed protection wall Lateral pressure due to surcharge Vertical component of active earth pressure Horizontal component of active earth pressure Lateral pressure due to groundwater Upthrust
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 4.5 1.5 4.2
kN/m m m m
Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan ((tan ')/m ))
-1
kN/m2
Back batter, =
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
4.50 21 21 1.50 1.50
x x x /
3.00 1.50 1.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
6.10 25.61 25.61 3.35 11.25 71.92 60.67
- Annex A2 page 3 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.50 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 4.20 4.20
x x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 32.76 -31.50 0.00 146.34
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 ( 4.00 x 0.10 W2 30.42 ( 3.00 x 0.10 W3 41.34 ( 2.00 x 0.10 W4 53.04 ( 1.00 x 0.10 W5 32.76 ( 0.25 x 0.10 Pwv -31.50 ( 4.2 x 2 Pav 0.00 4.2
Arm (m) + + + + + /
3.550 3.225 2.875 2.500 2.100 3)
) ) ) ) )
x x x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = = = =
3.93 3.51 3.06 2.59 2.11 2.79 4.20 M = Mr =
Moment 79.71 106.70 126.49 137.22 69.27 -87.76 0.00 431.62 519.39
Step 6 Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity Overturning Moment Mo = 104.25 + 87.76 Restoring Moment Mr = 519.39 kNm/m run Mo > => OK! => Mr ( Mr Eccentricity e = B / 2 = 4.2 / 2 - ( 519.39 = -0.137m By Middle-third Rule, B/6 = 4.2 / 6
0.00
192.01
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 192.01 ) / 0.700m >
V 146.34 -0.137m OK! OK!
- Annex A2 page 4 -
Project

Annex A3
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) Reference 1. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation)
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav 2667 Pa1

Insitu soil
Pa2 1333 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh
W5
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o
Unit Surcharge behind the wall kN/m3 kN/m

o 2
5 0 4.00 1.33 3.4
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o cv' 30 Length of wall 100 Kah 0.330 (Note: m is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A3 page 1 -
x x x x x
4.00 21 21 1.33 1.33
x x x /
2.67 1.33 1.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
6.60 24.63 24.63 3.22 8.89 67.96 59.07
Step 3 Wt. of wall + water uplift W1 = 26 x W2 = 26 x W3 = 26 x W4 = 26 x Pwv = 10 x Pav = 0.00
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.33 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 3.40
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 -22.67 0.00 122.41
= = = = =
2.00 2.22 0.67 0.44 0.44 M =
Moment 13.19 54.72 16.42 1.43 3.95 89.72
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 3.4 1.30 W2 30.42 3.4 1.95 W3 41.34 3.4 2.65 W4 53.04 3.4 3.40 Pwv -22.67 3.4 x 2 Pav 0.00 3.4
Arm (m) / / / / /
2 2 2 2 3
= = = = = =
2.75 2.43 2.08 1.70 2.27 3.40 M = Mr =
Moment 55.77 73.77 85.78 90.17 -51.38 0.00 254.11 305.49
0.00
141.09
kNm/m run
- Annex A3 page 2 -
H =
67.96 kN / m
Resisting Force against Sliding Fr = tan 'f = Ns x = 122.41 x 0.58 = 71.43 kN/m run => OK!
>
67.96
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.357 100 268.59 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
67.96 122.41
x x
100 100
= =
6796 kN 12241 kN
268.59
45.58
kPa
To calculate Bearing Capacity qult , qult = cf' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g For Bearing Capacity Factors, 2 Nq = exp(tan'f) tan (/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2(
2 tan (
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
x x 1 1
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 2.69 B' x
x x / / / 2.69
B' 2.69 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex A3 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 12241
B' B' 2.69 2.69 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 268.59
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.14 ( ( 0.28 iq 0.28 0.23
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.48 Ki 0.48 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.28
mi + 1 2.97
iq
mi 1.97
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
Since tilting of wall and inclination of ground slope both equal 0 , all tilt and ground slope factors tq = tc = t = 1 equal 1, i.e. gc = g = gq = 1 Effective Surcharge q' = = = ' 9 4.5 x x kPa 0.5 0.5
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.02
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A3 page 4 -
2. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 750 800 700 650 1300 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2
W1 Pav 2667 Pa1 W3 W4 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh

Insitu soil
Pa2 1333
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 4.00 1.33 3.40
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
o cv' 30 Length of wall 100 Kah 0.330 Back batter, = 1 : 10 (Note: gm is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
4.00 21 21 1.33 1.33
x x x /
2.67 1.33 1.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
6.60 24.63 24.63 3.22 8.89 67.96 59.07
- Annex A3 page 5 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.33 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 3.40
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 -22.67 0.00 122.41
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 ( 3.50 x 0.10 W2 30.42 ( 2.50 x 0.10 W3 41.34 ( 1.50 x 0.10 W4 53.04 ( 0.50 x 0.10 Pwv -22.67 ( 3.4 x 2 Pav 0.00 3.4
Arm (m) + + + + /
2.750 2.425 2.075 1.700 3)
) ) ) )
x x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = = =
3.08 2.66 2.21 1.74 2.26 3.40 M = Mr =
Moment 62.56 80.97 91.53 92.36 -51.12 0.00 276.29 327.41
0.00
140.84
kNm/m run
- Annex A3 page 6 -

55.38
kN / m
Sliding along a foundation soil surface

o = 0.00 Activating force Fa = Resisting force Fr =
H x cos - V x sin = (V x cos - H x sin ) x tan ' + c' l =
67.96 kN / m 85.60 kN / m
67.96
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.176 100 304.82 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
67.96 122.41
x x
100 100
= =
6796 kN 12241 kN
Thus, at the level just below 500mm rock fill, Bearing Pressure qmax = Qn / A' 12241 = /
304.82
40.16
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
For Bearing Capacity Factors, 2 Nq = exp(tan'f) tan (/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2( tan2( x x 1 1 /4 0.785 cot cot ) ) + + 'f 30.3 x x tan tan 'f 30.3 'f 30.3 /2 /2 ) )
- Annex A3 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 3.05 B' x
x x / / / 3.05
B' 3.05 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 12241
B' B' 3.05 3.05 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 304.82
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.15 ( ( 0.28 iq 0.28 0.24
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.47 Ki 0.47 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.28
mi + 1 2.97
iq
mi 1.97
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
Since inclination of ground slope equal 0 , all ground slope factors gc = g = gq = 1 equal 1, i.e. Effective Surcharge q' = = = ' 9 4.5 x x kPa 0.5 0.5
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.02
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A3 page 8 -
Project

Annex A4
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) Reference 1. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation)
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav 2667 Pa1

Insitu soil
= = = = = =
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 4.00 1.33 3.4
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan (tan '/m ))
-1

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A4 page 1 -
x x x x x
4.00 21 21 1.33 1.33
x x x /
2.67 1.33 1.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
5.42 20.23 20.23 2.65 8.89 57.43 48.54
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.33 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 3.40
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 -22.67 0.00 122.41
= = = = =
2.00 2.22 0.67 0.44 0.44 M =
Moment 10.84 44.96 13.49 1.18 3.95 74.42
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / / / /
2 2 2 2 3
= = = = = =
2.75 2.43 2.08 1.70 2.27 3.40 M = Mr =
Moment 55.77 73.77 85.78 90.17 -51.38 0.00 254.11 305.49
0.00
125.80
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 125.80 ) / 0.567m >
V 122.41 0.232m OK! OK!
- Annex A4 page 2 -
2. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 750 800 700 650 1300 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2
W1 Pav 2667 Pa1 W3

Insitu soil
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 4.00 1.33 3.4
kN/m m m m
-1
kN/m2
Back batter, =
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
4.00 21 21 1.33 1.33
x x x /
2.67 1.33 1.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
5.42 20.23 20.23 2.65 8.89 57.43 48.54
- Annex A4 page 3 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.33 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 3.40 4.20
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 53.04 -22.67 0.00 122.41
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + + + + /
2.750 2.425 2.075 1.700 3
) ) ) ) )
x x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = = =
3.08 2.66 2.21 1.74 2.26 3.40 M = Mr =
Moment 62.52 80.93 91.49 92.35 -51.12 0.00 276.17 327.29
0.00
125.54
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 125.54 ) / 0.567m >
V 122.41 0.052m OK! OK!
- Annex A4 page 4 -
Project

Annex A5
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 2000

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
1000
W5
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.65
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
cv' Length of wall 100 30 Kah 0.330 (Note: m is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.) Insitu Soil (Beneath the Wall)
c' ' cv' b m 'f c f'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
Gabions and Infill materials Specific gravity of the rock, Gs Porosity of the infill
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A5 page 1 -
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.95 13.85 13.85 1.81 5.00 39.46 34.46
Step 2 Vertical component of earth pressure (P av) Based on the design assumption, the mobilised angle of wall friction, is taken as 0. Thus, the vertical component of earth pressure (Pav) acting on the proposed protection wall is considered as = 0.00 kN/m - run
Step 3 Wt. of wall + water uplift W1 = 26 x W2 = 26 x W3 = 26 x Pwv = 10 x Pav = 0.00
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 2.65
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 -13.25 0.00 78.79
= = = = =
1.50 1.67 0.50 0.33 0.33 M =
Moment 7.42 23.09 6.93 0.60 1.67 39.70
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 2.65 1.30 W2 30.42 2.65 1.95 W3 41.34 2.65 2.65 Pwv -13.25 2.65 x 2 Pav 0.00 2.65
Arm (m) / / / /
2 2 2 3
= = = = =
2.00 1.68 1.33 1.77 2.65 M = Mr =
Moment 40.56 50.95 54.78 -23.41 0.00 122.88 146.29
Step 6 Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity Overturning Moment Mo = 39.70 + 23.41 Restoring Moment Mr = 146.29 kNm/m run Mo => Mr > => OK!
0.00
63.11
kNm/m run
OK! Eccentricity e = B = 2.65 = 0.269m / / 2 2 ( Mr - ( 146.29 Mo ) 63.11 ) / / V 78.79
- Annex A5 page 2 -
H =
39.46 kN / m
Resisting Force against Sliding Fr = tan 'f = Ns x = 78.79 x 0.58 = 45.97 kN/m run > => OK!
39.46
kN / m
OK!
Step 8 Check Bearing Capacity From above, Eccentricity e = 0.269 m Effective Width B' = B = 2.65 = 2.11 = L' = B' = 2.11 H V m x x 2e 2
x =
0.269 100 211.14 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
39.46 78.79
x x
100 100
= =
3946 kN 7879 kN
211.14
37.32
kPa
To calculate Bearing Capacity qult , qult = cf' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g For Bearing Capacity Factors, Nq = exp(tan'f) tan2(/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2( tan2( x x 1 1
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 2.11 B' x
x x / / / 2.11
B' 2.11 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex A5 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 7879
B' B' 2.11 2.11 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 211.14
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.20 ( ( 0.34 iq 0.34 0.30
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.42 Ki 0.42 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.34
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
Since tilting of wall and inclination of ground slope both equal 0o , all tilt and ground slope factors tc = tq = t = equal 1, i.e. 1 gc = g = gq = 1 Effective Surcharge q' = = = ' 9 4.5 x x kPa 0.5 0.5
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A5 page 4 -
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2 W3 W4
W1 Pav Pa1
Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh
2000 1000
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.65
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
o cv' Length of wall 100 30 Kah 0.330 Back batter, = 1 : 10 (Note: gm is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.95 13.85 13.85 1.81 5.00 39.46 34.46
- Annex A5 page 5 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 2.65
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 -13.25 0.00 78.79
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 ( 2.50 x 0.10 W2 30.42 ( 1.50 x 0.10 W3 41.34 ( 0.50 x 0.10 Pwv -13.25 ( 2.65 x 2 Pav 0.00 2.65
Arm (m) + 2.000 ) + 1.675 ) + 1.325 ) / 3)
x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = =
2.24 1.82 1.37 1.76 2.65 M = Mr =
Moment 45.40 55.24 56.56 -23.29 0.00 133.91 157.20
0.00
63.00
kNm/m run
- Annex A5 page 6 -

31.39
kN / m
Sliding along a foundation soil surface = 0.00 o Activating force Fa = Resisting force Fr = H x cos - V x sin = (V x cos - H x sin ) x tan ' + c' l = 39.46 kN / m 57.02 kN / m
39.46
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.129 100 239.14 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
39.46 78.79
x x
100 100
= =
3946 kN 7879 kN
Thus, at the level just below 500mm rock fill, Bearing Pressure qmax = Qn / A' = / 7879
239.14
32.95
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
For Bearing Capacity Factors, Nq = exp(tan'f) tan2(/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2( tan2( x x 1 1 /4 0.785 cot cot ) ) + + 'f 30.3 x x tan tan 'f 30.3 'f 30.3 /2 /2 ) )
- Annex A5 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 2.39 B' x
x x / / / 2.39
B' 2.39 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 7879
B' B' 2.39 2.39 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 239.14
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.21 ( ( 0.35 iq 0.35 0.31
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.41 Ki 0.41 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.35
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
Since inclination of ground slope equal 0o , all ground slope factors gc = g = gq = equal 1, i.e. 1 Effective Surcharge q' = = = ' 9 4.5 x x kPa 0.5 0.5
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A5 page 8 -
Project

Annex A6
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav Pa1
Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh
2000 1000
= = = = = =
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.65
kN/m m m m
kN/m2

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A6 page 1 -
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.06 11.38 11.38 1.49 5.00 33.32 28.32
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 2.65
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 -13.25 0.00 78.79
= = = = =
1.50 1.67 0.50 0.33 0.33 M =
Moment 6.10 18.97 5.69 0.50 1.67 32.92
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / / /
2 2 2 3
= = = = =
2.00 1.68 1.33 1.77 2.65 M = Mr =
Moment 40.56 50.95 54.78 -23.41 0.00 122.88 146.29
0.00
56.33
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 56.33 ) / 0.442m >
V 78.79 0.183m OK! OK!
- Annex A6 page 2 -
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
2000 1000
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.65
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.06 11.38 11.38 1.49 5.00 33.32 28.32
- Annex A6 page 3 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.30 1.95 2.65 4.20
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
20.28 30.42 41.34 -13.25 0.00 78.79
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 2.000 ) + 1.675 ) + 1.325 ) / 3 )
x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = =
2.24 1.82 1.37 1.76 2.65 M = Mr =
Moment 45.38 55.22 56.55 -23.29 0.00 133.85 157.15
0.00
56.21
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 56.21 ) / 0.442m >
V 78.79 0.044m OK! OK!
- Annex A6 page 4 -
Project

Annex A7
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
W5
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.95
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A7 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.30 6.16 6.16 0.81 2.22 18.64 16.42
Step 3 Wt. of wall + water uplift kN/m - run W1 = 26 x 0.6 x W2 = 26 x 0.6 x Pwv = 10 x 0.67 x Pav = 0.00
1.30 1.95 1.95
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
20.28 30.42 -6.50 0.00 44.20
= = = = =
1.00 1.11 0.33 0.22 0.22 M =
Moment 3.30 6.84 2.05 0.18 0.49 12.86
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 1.95 1.30 W2 30.42 1.95 1.95 Pwv -6.50 1.95 x 2 Pav 0.00 1.95
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
1.30 0.98 1.30 1.95 M = Mr =
Moment 26.36 29.66 -8.45 0.00 47.57 56.02
0.00
21.31
kNm/m run
- Annex A7 page 2 -
H =
18.64 kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.190 100 157.06 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
18.64 44.20
x x
100 100
= =
1864 kN 4420 kN
157.06
28.14
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.57 B' x
x x / / / 1.57
B' 1.57 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex A7 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 4420
B' B' 1.57 1.57 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 157.06
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.29 ( ( 0.44 iq 0.44 0.41
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.34 Ki 0.34 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.44
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A7 page 4 -
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667 W3 W4

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.95
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.30 6.16 6.16 0.81 2.22 18.64 16.42
- Annex A7 page 5 -
1.30 1.95 1.95
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
20.28 30.42 -6.50 0.00 44.20
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 ( 1.50 x 0.10 W2 30.42 ( 0.50 x 0.10 Pwv -6.50 ( 1.95 x 2 Pav 0.00 1.95
Arm (m) + 1.300 ) + 0.975 ) / 3)
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
1.44 1.02 1.29 1.95 M = Mr =
Moment 29.26 31.03 -8.41 0.00 51.88 60.29
0.00
21.27
kNm/m run
- Annex A7 page 6 -

14.13
kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.092 100 176.54 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
18.64 44.20
x x
100 100
= =
1864 kN 4420 kN
176.54
25.04
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex A7 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.77 B' x
x x / / / 1.77
B' 1.77 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 4420
B' B' 1.77 1.77 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 176.54
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.31 ( ( 0.45 iq 0.45 0.42
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.33 Ki 0.33 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.45
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A7 page 8 -
Project

Annex A8
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
= = = = = =
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.95
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
-1

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A8 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.71 5.06 5.06 0.66 2.22 15.71 13.49
1.30 1.95 1.95
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
20.28 30.42 -6.50 0.00 44.20
= = = = =
1.00 1.11 0.33 0.22 0.22 M =
Moment 2.71 5.62 1.69 0.15 0.49 10.66
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
1.30 0.98 1.30 1.95 M = Mr =
Moment 26.36 29.66 -8.45 0.00 47.57 56.02
0.00
19.11
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 19.11 ) / 0.325m >
V 44.20 0.140m OK! OK!
- Annex A8 page 2 -
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2
1333
667 W3
Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.95
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.71 5.06 5.06 0.66 2.22 15.71 13.49
- Annex A8 page 3 -
1.30 1.95 4.20
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
20.28 30.42 -6.50 0.00 44.20
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 1.300 ) + 0.975 ) / 3 )
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
1.44 1.02 1.29 1.95 M = Mr =
Moment 29.25 31.02 -8.41 0.00 51.86 60.26
Step 6 Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity Overturning Moment Mo = 10.66 + 8.41 Restoring Moment Mr = 60.26 kNm/m run Mo => Mr > => OK! ( Mr Eccentricity e = B / 2 = 1.95 / 2 - ( 60.26 = 0.043m By Middle-third Rule, B/6 = 1.95 / 6
0.00
19.07
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 19.07 ) / 0.325m >
V 44.20 0.043m OK! OK!
- Annex A8 page 4 -
Project

Annex A9
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
W5
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A9 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
Step 3 Wt. of wall + water uplift kN/m - run W1 = 26 x 0.6 x Pwv = 10 x 0.33 x Pav = 0.00
1.30 1.30
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
20.28 -2.17 0.00 18.11
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.82 0.86 0.26 0.02 0.06 2.02
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 1.3 1.30 Pwv -2.17 1.3 x 2 Pav 0.00 1.3
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.65 0.87 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 13.18 -1.88 0.00 11.30 13.18
0.00
3.90
kNm/m run
OK! Eccentricity e = B = 1.3 = 0.137m / / 2 2 ( Mr - ( 13.18 Mo ) 3.90 / ) / V 18.11
- Annex A9 page 2 -
H =
5.48 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.137 100 102.51 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 18.11
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1811 kN
102.51
17.67
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.03 B' x
x x / / / 1.03
B' 1.03 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex A9 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 1811
B' B' 1.03 1.03 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 102.51
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.48 ( ( 0.62 iq 0.62 0.60
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.22 Ki 0.22 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.62
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A9 page 4 -
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2 W3 W4
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
= = = = = =
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
- Annex A9 page 5 -
1.30 1.30
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
20.28 -2.17 0.00 18.11
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 20.28 ( 0.50 x 0.10 Pwv -2.17 ( 1.3 x 2 Pav 0.00 1.3
Arm (m) + 0.650 ) / 3)
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.70 0.86 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 14.13 -1.87 0.00 12.26 14.13
0.00
3.89
kNm/m run
- Annex A9 page 6 -

3.65
kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.085 100 113.03 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 18.11
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1811 kN
113.03
16.03
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex A9 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.13 B' x
x x / / / 1.13
B' 1.13 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 1811
B' B' 1.13 1.13 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 113.03
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.50 ( ( 0.63 iq 0.63 0.61
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.21 Ki 0.21 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.63
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex A9 page 8 -
Project

Annex A10
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
750 800 700
650 1300
kPa
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
= = = = = =
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
-1

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex A10 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
1.30 1.30
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
20.28 -2.17 0.00 18.11
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.68 0.70 0.21 0.02 0.06 1.67
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.65 0.87 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 13.18 -1.88 0.00 11.30 13.18
0.00
3.55
kNm/m run
Mo ) 3.55 0.217m
/ ) / >
V 18.11 0.118m OK! OK!
1000 1000 1000 1000 500 W5 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Insitu soil
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.3
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
1.30 4.20
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
20.28 -2.17 0.00 18.11
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.650 ) / 3 )
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.70 0.86 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 14.12 -1.87 0.00 12.25 14.12
0.00
3.54
kNm/m run
Mo ) 3.54 0.217m
/ ) / >
V 18.11 0.066m OK! OK!
Project
Annex B
: : :
NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Reference
Remarks
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

- Annex B page 1 -

= 250mm
6.4 m/s
Parameter
= = =
2.6 0.4 0.0
Geoguide 1 Table 8
= = =
21 kN/m3 0 kPa 35
o
= = =
19 kN/m3 5 kPa 35
o
- Annex B page 2 -


3.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex B page 3 -

Refer to Annex B1, B3, B5 & B7 para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe above foundation 0.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 m m m m
Stability (without back batter) OK! OK! OK! OK!
Stability (with back batter) OK! OK! OK! OK!

For details of calculations, please refer to the Appendix B1 to B8.
- Annex B page 4 -
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1
- Annex B page 5 -
Project

Annex B1
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav 2333 Pa1

Insitu soil
Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3, W4 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv Abbreviation
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o
Fill (Behind the Wall) c' ' m 'f kN/m kN/m

o 3 2
Surcharge behind the wall Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
5 0 3.50 1.17 2.95
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B1 page 1 -
x x x x x
3.50 21 21 1.17 1.17
x x x /
2.33 1.17 1.17 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
5.77 18.85 18.85 2.47 6.81 52.75 45.95
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.17 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.95 2.95
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 92.04 -17.21 0.00 154.39
= = = = =
1.75 1.94 0.58 0.39 0.39 M =
Moment 10.10 36.66 11.00 0.96 2.65 61.36
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / / / /
2 2 2 2 3
= = = = = =
2.40 2.10 1.80 1.48 1.97 2.95 M = Mr =
Moment 41.18 55.69 64.58 135.76 -33.84 0.00 263.38 297.22
0.00
95.21
kNm/m run
- Annex B1 page 2 -
H =
52.75 kN / m
52.75
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.167 100 261.69 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
52.75 154.39
x x
100 100
= =
5275 kN 15439 kN
261.69
59.00
kPa
To calculate Bearing Capacity qult , qult = cf' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g For Bearing Capacity Factors, Nq = exp(tan'f) tan2(/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2( tan ( x x 1 1
2
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 2.62 B' x
x x / / / 2.62
B' 2.62 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex B1 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 15439
B' B' 2.62 2.62 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 261.69
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.34 ( ( 0.49 iq 0.49 0.46
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.30 Ki 0.30 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.49
mi + 1 2.97
iq
mi 1.97
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.02
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B1 page 5 -
2. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 650 600 600 1100 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 500 W2
W1 Pav 2333 Pa1 W3 W4 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh

Insitu soil
Pa2 1167
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.50 1.17 2.95
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
cv' Length of wall 100 30 Kah 0.330 Back batter, = 1 : 10 (Note: gm is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.) Insitu Soil (Beneath the Wall)
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
3.50 21 21 1.17 1.17
x x x /
2.33 1.17 1.17 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
5.77 18.85 18.85 2.47 6.81 52.75 45.95
- Annex B1 page 6 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.17 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.95 2.95
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 23.01 -17.21 0.00 85.36
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + + + + /
2.400 2.100 1.800 1.475 3)
) ) ) )
x x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = = =
2.69 2.29 1.89 1.49 1.96 2.95 M = Mr =
Moment 46.10 60.69 67.83 34.34 -33.68 0.00 175.30 208.97
0.00
95.04
kNm/m run
- Annex B1 page 7 -

43.96
kN / m
52.75
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.140 100 266.94 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
52.75 85.36
x x
100 100
= =
5275 kN 8536 kN
266.94
31.98
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex B1 page 8 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 2.67 B' x
x x / / / 2.67
B' 2.67 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 8536
B' B' 2.67 2.67 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 266.94
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.12 ( ( 0.25 iq 0.25 0.21
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.51 Ki 0.51 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.25
mi + 1 2.97
iq
mi 1.97
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.02
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B1 page 9 -
Project

Annex B2
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav 2333 Pa1

Insitu soil
Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3, W4 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv = = = = = = Self-weight of the proposed protection wall Lateral pressure due to surcharge Vertical component of active earth pressure Horizontal component of active earth pressure Lateral pressure due to groundwater Upthrust
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.50 1.17 2.95
kN/m m m m
kN/m2

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B2 page 1 -
x x x x x
3.50 21 21 1.17 1.17
x x x /
2.33 1.17 1.17 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.74 15.49 15.49 2.03 6.81 44.56 37.75
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.17 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.95 2.95
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 92.04 -17.21 0.00 154.39
= = = = =
1.75 1.94 0.58 0.39 0.39 M =
Moment 8.30 30.12 9.04 0.79 2.65 50.89
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / / / /
2 2 2 2 3
= = = = = =
2.40 2.10 1.80 1.48 1.97 2.95 M = Mr =
Moment 41.18 55.69 64.58 135.76 -33.84 0.00 263.38 297.22
0.00
84.74
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 84.74 ) / 0.492m >
V 154.39 0.099m OK! OK!
- Annex B2 page 2 -
2. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 650 600 600 1100 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 500 W2
W1 Pav 2333 Pa1 W3

Insitu soil
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.50 1.17 2.95
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
Surcharge at the wall Height of R.W. Water level (from bottom) Base width of wall ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) Back batter, = 1 :
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
3.50 21 21 1.17 1.17
x x x /
2.33 1.17 1.17 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.74 15.49 15.49 2.03 6.81 44.56 37.75
- Annex B2 page 3 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.17 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.95 2.95
x x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 92.04 -17.21 0.00 154.39
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + + + + /
2.400 2.100 1.800 1.475 3
) ) ) ) )
x x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = = =
2.69 2.29 1.89 1.49 1.96 2.95 M = Mr =
Moment 46.08 60.67 67.82 137.36 -33.68 0.00 278.25 311.92
0.00
84.57
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 84.57 ) / 0.492m >
V 154.39 0.002m OK! OK!
- Annex B2 page 4 -
Project

Annex B3
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 2000

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
1000
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B3 page 1 -
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.95 13.85 13.85 1.81 5.00 39.46 34.46
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.30
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 -11.50 0.00 68.06
= = = = =
1.50 1.67 0.50 0.33 0.33 M =
Moment 7.42 23.09 6.93 0.60 1.67 39.70
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / / /
2 2 2 3
= = = = =
1.75 1.45 1.15 1.53 2.30 M = Mr =
Moment 30.03 38.45 41.26 -17.63 0.00 92.11 109.75
0.00
57.34
kNm/m run
- Annex B3 page 2 -
H =
39.46 kN / m
39.46
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.380 100 154.01 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
39.46 68.06
x x
100 100
= =
3946 kN 6806 kN
154.01
44.19
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.54 B' x
x x / / / 1.54
B' 1.54 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex B3 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 6806
B' B' 1.54 1.54 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 154.01
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.13 ( ( 0.25 iq 0.25 0.21
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.50 Ki 0.50 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.25
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B3 page 4 -
2. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 650 600 600 1100 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 500 W2 W3 W4
W1 Pav Pa1
Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh
2000 1000
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.95 13.85 13.85 1.81 5.00 39.46 34.46
- Annex B3 page 5 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.30
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 -11.50 0.00 68.06
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 1.750 ) + 1.450 ) + 1.150 ) / 3)
x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = =
1.99 1.59 1.19 1.53 2.30 M = Mr =
Moment 34.15 42.22 42.84 -17.55 0.00 101.67 119.21
0.00
57.25
kNm/m run
- Annex B3 page 6 -

32.46
kN / m
39.46
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.240 100 182.09 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
39.46 68.06
x x
100 100
= =
3946 kN 6806 kN
182.09
37.38
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex B3 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.82 B' x
x x / / / 1.82
B' 1.82 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 6806
B' B' 1.82 1.82 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 182.09
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.14 ( ( 0.27 iq 0.27 0.23
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.49 Ki 0.49 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.27
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B3 page 8 -
Project

Annex B4
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav Pa1
Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh
2000 1000
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
-1

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B4 page 1 -
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.06 11.38 11.38 1.49 5.00 33.32 28.32
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.30
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 -11.50 0.00 68.06
= = = = =
1.50 1.67 0.50 0.33 0.33 M =
Moment 6.10 18.97 5.69 0.50 1.67 32.92
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / / /
2 2 2 3
= = = = =
1.75 1.45 1.15 1.53 2.30 M = Mr =
Moment 30.03 38.45 41.26 -17.63 0.00 92.11 109.75
0.00
50.55
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 50.55 ) / 0.383m >
V 68.06 0.280m OK! OK!
- Annex B4 page 2 -
2. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 650 600 600 1100 5 kPa
1000 1000 1000 500 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
2000 1000
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 3.00 1.00 2.3
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
3.00 21 21 1.00 1.00
x x x /
2.00 1.00 1.00 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.06 11.38 11.38 1.49 5.00 33.32 28.32
- Annex B4 page 3 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.00 x
1.10 1.70 2.30 2.95
x x x /
1.00 1.00 1.00 2
= = = = = V=
17.16 26.52 35.88 -11.50 0.00 68.06
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 1.750 ) + 1.450 ) + 1.150 ) / 3 )
x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = =
1.99 1.59 1.19 1.53 2.30 M = Mr =
Moment 34.13 42.20 42.83 -17.55 0.00 101.62 119.16
0.00
50.47
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 50.47 ) / 0.383m >
V 68.06 0.141m OK! OK!
- Annex B4 page 4 -
Project

Annex B5
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.70
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B5 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.30 6.16 6.16 0.81 2.22 18.64 16.42
1.10 1.70 1.70
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
17.16 26.52 -5.67 0.00 38.01
= = = = =
1.00 1.11 0.33 0.22 0.22 M =
Moment 3.30 6.84 2.05 0.18 0.49 12.86
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
1.15 0.85 1.13 1.70 M = Mr =
Moment 19.73 22.54 -6.42 0.00 35.85 42.28
0.00
19.29
kNm/m run
- Annex B5 page 2 -
H =
18.64 kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.245 100 120.96 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
18.64 38.01
x x
100 100
= =
1864 kN 3801 kN
120.96
31.43
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.21 B' x
x x / / / 1.21
B' 1.21 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex B5 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 3801
B' B' 1.21 1.21 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 120.96
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.22 ( ( 0.36 iq 0.36 0.33
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.40 Ki 0.40 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.36
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B5 page 4 -
1000 1000 1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667 W3 W4

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.70
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.30 6.16 6.16 0.81 2.22 18.64 16.42
- Annex B5 page 5 -
1.10 1.70 1.70
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
17.16 26.52 -5.67 0.00 38.01
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 1.150 ) + 0.850 ) / 3)
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
1.29 0.90 1.13 1.70 M = Mr =
Moment 22.20 23.75 -6.39 0.00 39.56 45.95
0.00
19.25
kNm/m run
- Annex B5 page 6 -

14.75
kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.148 100 140.44 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
18.64 38.01
x x
100 100
= =
1864 kN 3801 kN
140.44
27.07
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex B5 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.40 B' x
x x / / / 1.40
B' 1.40 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 3801
B' B' 1.40 1.40 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 140.44
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.23 ( ( 0.38 iq 0.38 0.34
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.39 Ki 0.39 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.38
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B5 page 8 -
Project

Annex B6
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.70
kN/m m m m
kN/m2

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B6 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.71 5.06 5.06 0.66 2.22 15.71 13.49
1.10 1.70 1.70
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
17.16 26.52 -5.67 0.00 38.01
= = = = =
1.00 1.11 0.33 0.22 0.22 M =
Moment 2.71 5.62 1.69 0.15 0.49 10.66
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
1.15 0.85 1.13 1.70 M = Mr =
Moment 19.73 22.54 -6.42 0.00 35.85 42.28
0.00
17.08
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 17.08 ) / 0.283m >
V 38.01 0.187m OK! OK!
- Annex B6 page 2 -
1000 1000 1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2
1333
667 W3
Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.7
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.71 5.06 5.06 0.66 2.22 15.71 13.49
- Annex B6 page 3 -
1.10 1.70 2.95
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
17.16 26.52 -5.67 0.00 38.01
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 1.150 ) + 0.850 ) / 3 )
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
1.29 0.90 1.13 1.70 M = Mr =
Moment 22.18 23.74 -6.39 0.00 39.54 45.93
0.00
17.05
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 17.05 ) / 0.283m >
V 38.01 0.090m OK! OK!
- Annex B6 page 4 -
Project

Annex B7
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.10
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B7 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
1.10 1.10
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
17.16 -1.83 0.00 15.33
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.82 0.86 0.26 0.02 0.06 2.02
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.55 0.73 1.10 M = Mr =
Moment 9.44 -1.34 0.00 8.09 9.44
0.00
3.36
kNm/m run
- Annex B7 page 2 -
H =
5.48 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.154 100 79.25 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 15.33
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1533 kN
79.25
19.34
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 0.79 B' x
x x / / / 0.79
B' 0.79 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex B7 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 1533
B' B' 0.79 0.79 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 79.25
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.40 ( ( 0.55 iq 0.55 0.52
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.26 Ki 0.26 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.55
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.00
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B7 page 4 -
1000 1000 1000 500 W2 W3 W4
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.10
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
- Annex B7 page 5 -
1.10 1.10
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
17.16 -1.83 0.00 15.33
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.550 ) / 3)
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.60 0.73 1.10 M = Mr =
Moment 10.24 -1.34 0.00 8.91 10.24
0.00
3.36
kNm/m run
- Annex B7 page 6 -

3.92
kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.101 100 89.87 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 15.33
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1533 kN
89.87
17.05
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex B7 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 0.90 B' x
x x / / / 0.90
B' 0.90 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 1533
B' B' 0.90 0.90 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 89.87
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.42 ( ( 0.56 iq 0.56 0.54
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.25 Ki 0.25 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.56
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex B7 page 8 -
Project

Annex B8
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
650 600
600 1100
kPa
1000 1000 W2 1000 W3 500 W4
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.10
kN/m m m m
kN/m2

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex B8 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
1.10 1.10
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
17.16 -1.83 0.00 15.33
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.68 0.70 0.21 0.02 0.06 1.67
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.55 0.73 1.10 M = Mr =
Moment 9.44 -1.34 0.00 8.09 9.44
0.00
3.02
kNm/m run
Mo ) 3.02 0.183m
/ ) / >
V 15.33 0.131m OK! OK!
- Annex B8 page 2 -
1000 1000 1000 500 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Insitu soil
W4
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.1
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
- Annex B8 page 3 -
1.10 2.95
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
17.16 -1.83 0.00 15.33
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.550 ) / 3 )
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.60 0.73 1.10 M = Mr =
Moment 10.24 -1.34 0.00 8.90 10.24
0.00
3.01
kNm/m run
Mo ) 3.01 0.183m
/ ) / >
V 15.33 0.078m OK! OK!
- Annex B8 page 4 -
Project
Annex C
: : :
NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Reference
Remarks
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

- Annex C page 1 -

= 250mm
6.4 m/s
Parameter
= = =
2.6 0.4 0.0
Geoguide 1 Table 8
= = =
21 kN/m3 0 kPa 35
o
= = =
19 kN/m3 5 kPa 35
o
- Annex C page 2 -


2.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex C page 3 -

Refer to Annex C1, C3, & C5 para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe above foundation 0.0 0.5 1.5 m m m
Stability (without back batter) OK! OK! OK!
Stability (with back batter) OK! OK! OK!

For details of calculations, please refer to the Appendix C1 to C6.
- Annex C page 4 -
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1
- Annex C page 5 -
Project

Annex C1
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
500 500 1000
kPa
1000 1000 W2 500 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1667

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
833
Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv Abbreviation
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 2.50 0.83 2.00
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m
o cv' Length of wall 100 30 Kah 0.330 (Note: m is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
- Annex C1 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.50 21 21 0.83 0.83
x x x /
1.67 0.83 0.83 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.12 9.62 9.62 1.26 3.47 28.09 24.62
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.83 x
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.00
x x x /
1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = V=
15.60 23.40 62.40 -8.33 0.00 93.07
= = = = =
1.25 1.39 0.42 0.28 0.28 M =
Moment 5.15 13.36 4.01 0.35 0.96 23.84
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 15.60 2 1.00 W2 23.40 2 1.50 W3 62.40 2 2.00 Pwv -8.33 2 x 2 Pav 0.00 2
Arm (m) / / / /
2 2 2 3
= = = = =
1.50 1.25 1.00 1.33 2.00 M = Mr =
Moment 23.40 29.25 62.40 -11.11 0.00 103.94 115.05
0.00
34.95
kNm/m run
OK! Eccentricity e = B = 2 = 0.139m / / 2 2 ( Mr - ( 115.05 Mo ) 34.95 ) / / V 93.07
- Annex C1 page 2 -
H =
28.09 kN / m
28.09
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.139 100 172.14 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
28.09 93.07
x x
100 100
= =
2809 kN 9307 kN
172.14
54.06
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.72 B' x
x x / / / 1.72
B' 1.72 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex C1 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 9307
B' B' 1.72 1.72 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 172.14
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.40 ( ( 0.54 iq 0.54 0.52
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.27 Ki 0.27 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.54
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex C1 page 5 -
2. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 500 500 1000 5 kPa
1000 1000 500 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1
Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh
1667 833
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o
Fill (Behind the Wall) c' ' m 'f kN/m3 kN/m

o 2
5 0 2.50 0.83 2.00
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.50 21 21 0.83 0.83
x x x /
1.67 0.83 0.83 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
4.12 9.62 9.62 1.26 3.47 28.09 24.62
- Annex C1 page 6 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.83 x
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.00
x x x /
1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = V=
15.60 23.40 15.60 -8.33 0.00 46.27
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 15.60 ( 2.00 x 0.10 W2 23.40 ( 1.00 x 0.10 W3 15.60 ( 0.25 x 0.10 Pwv -8.33 ( 2 x 2 Pav 0.00 2
Arm (m) + 1.500 ) + 1.250 ) + 1.000 ) / 3)
x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = =
1.69 1.34 1.02 1.33 2.00 M = Mr =
Moment 26.39 31.43 15.91 -11.06 0.00 62.68 73.73
0.00
34.89
kNm/m run
OK! Eccentricity e = B = 2 = 0.161m / / 2 2 ( Mr - ( 73.73 Mo ) 34.89 ) / / V 46.27
- Annex C1 page 7 -

23.33
kN / m
28.09
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.161 100 167.90 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
28.09 46.27
x x
100 100
= =
2809 kN 4627 kN
167.90
27.56
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex C1 page 8 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.68 B' x
x x / / / 1.68
B' 1.68 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 4627
B' B' 1.68 1.68 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 167.90
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.14 ( ( 0.27 iq 0.27 0.23
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.48 Ki 0.48 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.27
mi + 1 2.98
iq
mi 1.98
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 0.99 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex C1 page 9 -
Project

Annex C2
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
500 500 1000
kPa
1000 1000 W2 500 W3
W1 Pav Pa1
Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa3 Pa4 Pwh
1667 833
Toe Pwv W1, W2, W3 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv = = = = = = Self-weight of the proposed protection wall Lateral pressure due to surcharge Vertical component of active earth pressure Horizontal component of active earth pressure Lateral pressure due to groundwater Upthrust
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.50 0.83 2.00
kN/m m m m
kN/m2

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex C2 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.50 21 21 0.83 0.83
x x x /
1.67 0.83 0.83 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.39 7.90 7.90 1.04 3.47 23.70 20.23
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.83 x
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.00
x x x /
1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = V=
15.60 23.40 62.40 -8.33 0.00 93.07
= = = = =
1.25 1.39 0.42 0.28 0.28 M =
Moment 4.23 10.98 3.29 0.29 0.96 19.76
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 15.60 2 1.00 W2 23.40 2 1.50 W3 62.40 2 2.00 Pwv -8.33 2 x 2 Pav 0.00 2
Arm (m) / / / /
2 2 2 3
= = = = =
1.50 1.25 1.00 1.33 2.00 M = Mr =
Moment 23.40 29.25 62.40 -11.11 0.00 103.94 115.05
Step 6 Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity Overturning Moment Mo = 19.76 + 11.11 Restoring Moment Mr = 115.05 kNm/m run Mo > => OK! => Mr ( Mr Eccentricity e = B / 2 = 2 / 2 - ( 115.05 = 0.095m By Middle-third Rule, B/6 = 2 / 6
0.00
30.87
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 30.87 ) / 0.333m >
V 93.07 0.095m OK! OK!
- Annex C2 page 2 -
2. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 500 500 1000 5 kPa
1000 1000 500 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
1667 833
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.50 0.83 2
kN/m2 kN/m m m m
2
-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.50 21 21 0.83 0.83
x x x /
1.67 0.83 0.83 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.39 7.90 7.90 1.04 3.47 23.70 20.23
- Annex C2 page 3 -
kN/m - run 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.83 x
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.00
x x x /
1.00 1.00 0.50 2
= = = = = V=
15.60 23.40 62.40 -8.33 0.00 93.07
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 15.60 ( 2.00 x 0.10 W2 23.40 ( 1.00 x 0.10 W3 62.40 ( 0.25 x 0.10 Pwv -8.33 ( 2 x 2 Pav 0.00 2
Arm (m) + 1.500 ) + 1.250 ) + 1.000 ) / 3 )
x x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = = =
1.69 1.34 1.02 1.33 2.00 M = Mr =
Moment 26.37 31.42 63.63 -11.06 0.00 110.37 121.43
0.00
30.81
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 30.81 ) / 0.333m >
V 93.07 0.026m OK! OK!
- Annex C2 page 4 -
Project

Annex C3
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
500 500 1000
kPa
1000 1000 W2 500 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.50
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
- Annex C3 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.30 6.16 6.16 0.81 2.22 18.64 16.42
1.00 1.50 1.50
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
15.60 23.40 -5.00 0.00 34.00
= = = = =
1.00 1.11 0.33 0.22 0.22 M =
Moment 3.30 6.84 2.05 0.18 0.49 12.86
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
1.00 0.75 1.00 1.50 M = Mr =
Moment 15.60 17.55 -5.00 0.00 28.15 33.15
0.00
17.86
kNm/m run
- Annex C3 page 2 -
H =
18.64 kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.300 100 89.92 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
18.64 34.00
x x
100 100
= =
1864 kN 3400 kN
89.92
37.81
kPa
To calculate Bearing Capacity qult , qult = cf' Nc sc ic tc gc + 0.5 ' B' N s i t g For Bearing Capacity Factors, Nq = exp(tan'f) tan2(/4+'f/2) = = = Nc = = = N = = = exp ( exp ( 18.96 ( ( 30.78 2 2 23.30 3.14 Nq 18.96 x x x x ( ( tan'f 0.584 1 1 Nq 18.96 ) x ) x ) ) + + tan2( tan ( x x 1 1
2
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 0.90 B' x
x x / / / 0.90
B' 0.90 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex C3 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 3400
B' B' 0.90 0.90 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 89.92
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.16 ( ( 0.29 iq 0.29 0.25
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.46 Ki 0.46 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.29
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex C3 page 5 -
2. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 500 500 1000 5 kPa
1000 1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667 W3

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.50
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
3.30 6.16 6.16 0.81 2.22 18.64 16.42
- Annex C3 page 6 -
1.00 1.50 1.50
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
15.60 23.40 -5.00 0.00 34.00
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 1.000 ) + 0.750 ) / 3)
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
1.14 0.80 1.00 1.50 M = Mr =
Moment 17.85 18.63 -4.98 0.00 31.50 36.48
0.00
17.84
kNm/m run
- Annex C3 page 7 -

15.15
kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.202 100 109.64 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
18.64 34.00
x x
100 100
= =
1864 kN 3400 kN
109.64
31.01
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex C3 page 8 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.10 B' x
x x / / / 1.10
B' 1.10 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 3400
B' B' 1.10 1.10 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 109.64
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.17 ( ( 0.31 iq 0.31 0.27
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.45 Ki 0.45 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.31
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex C3 page 9 -
Project

Annex C4
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
500 500 1000
kPa
1000 1000 W2 500 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1333 667

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.50
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
- Annex C4 page 1 -
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.71 5.06 5.06 0.66 2.22 15.71 13.49
1.00 1.50 1.50
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
15.60 23.40 -5.00 0.00 34.00
= = = = =
1.00 1.11 0.33 0.22 0.22 M =
Moment 2.71 5.62 1.69 0.15 0.49 10.66
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
1.00 0.75 1.00 1.50 M = Mr =
Moment 15.60 17.55 -5.00 0.00 28.15 33.15
0.00
15.66
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 15.66 ) / 0.250m >
V 34.00 0.236m OK! OK!
- Annex C4 page 2 -
2. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 500 500 1000 5 kPa
1000 1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2
1333
667 W3
Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 2.00 0.67 1.5
kN/m2 kN/m m m m
2
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
2.00 21 21 0.67 0.67
x x x /
1.33 0.67 0.67 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.71 5.06 5.06 0.66 2.22 15.71 13.49
- Annex C4 page 3 -
1.00 1.50 2.00
x x /
1.00 1.00 2
= = = = V=
15.60 23.40 -5.00 0.00 34.00
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 1.000 ) + 0.750 ) / 3 )
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
1.14 0.80 1.00 1.50 M = Mr =
Moment 17.84 18.62 -4.98 0.00 31.49 36.46
0.00
15.63
kNm/m run
Mo ) / 15.63 ) / 0.250m >
V 34.00 0.137m OK! OK!
- Annex C4 page 4 -
Project

Annex C5
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
500 500 1000
kPa
1000 1000 W2 500 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.00
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
- Annex C5 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
1.00 1.00
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.82 0.86 0.26 0.02 0.06 2.02
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 15.60 1 1.00 Pwv -1.67 1 x 2 Pav 0.00 1
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.50 0.67 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 7.80 -1.11 0.00 6.69 7.80
0.00
3.13
kNm/m run
OK! Eccentricity e = B = 1 = 0.165m / / 2 2 ( Mr - ( 7.80 Mo ) 3.13 / ) / V 13.93
- Annex C5 page 2 -
H =
5.48 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.165 100 67.01 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 13.93
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1393 kN
67.01
20.79
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 0.67 B' x
x x / / / 0.67
B' 0.67 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex C5 page 4 -
+ + + + Qn 1393
B' B' 0.67 0.67 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 67.01
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.35 ( ( 0.50 iq 0.50 0.47
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.29 Ki 0.29 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.50
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.00
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex C5 page 5 -
1000 1000 500 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.00
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
- Annex C5 page 6 -
1.00 1.00
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
(kNm/m run)
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe Force (kN/ m) W1 15.60 ( 0.50 x 0.10 Pwv -1.67 ( 1 x 2 Pav 0.00 1
Arm (m) + 0.500 ) / 3)
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.55 0.66 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 8.54 -1.11 0.00 7.43 8.54
0.00
3.13
kNm/m run
- Annex C5 page 7 -

4.06
kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.112 100 77.68 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 13.93
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1393 kN
77.68
17.94
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex C5 page 8 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 0.78 B' x
x x / / / 0.78
B' 0.78 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 1393
B' B' 0.78 0.78 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 77.68
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.37 ( ( 0.52 iq 0.52 0.49
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.28 Ki 0.28 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.52
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.00
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex C5 page 9 -
Project

Annex C6
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
500 500 1000
kPa
1000 1000 W2 500 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.00
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
- Annex C6 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
1.00 1.00
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.68 0.70 0.21 0.02 0.06 1.67
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.50 0.67 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 7.80 -1.11 0.00 6.69 7.80
0.00
2.78
kNm/m run
Mo ) 2.78 0.167m
/ ) / >
V 13.93 0.140m OK! OK!
- Annex C6 page 2 -
1000 1000 500 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Insitu soil
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1
kN/m2 kN/m m m m
2
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
- Annex C6 page 3 -
1.00 2.00
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.500 ) / 3 )
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.55 0.66 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 8.53 -1.11 0.00 7.43 8.53
0.00
2.78
kNm/m run
Mo ) 2.78 0.167m
/ ) / >
V 13.93 0.087m OK! OK!
- Annex C6 page 4 -
Project
Annex D
: : :
NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Reference
Remarks
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

- Annex D page 1 -

= 250mm
6.4 m/s
Parameter
= = =
2.6 0.4 0.0
Geoguide 1 Table 8
= = =
21 kN/m3 0 kPa 35
o
= = =
19 kN/m3 5 kPa 35
o
- Annex D page 2 -


1.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex D page 3 -

Refer to Annex D1 & D3 para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe above foundation 0.0 0.5 m m
Stability (without back batter) OK! OK!
Stability (with back batter) OK! OK!

For details of calculations, please refer to the Appendix D1 to D6.
- Annex D page 4 -
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1
- Annex D page 5 -
Project

Annex D1
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
300 1000
kPa
1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1000 500

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Toe Pwv W1, W2 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv Abbreviation
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 1.50 0.50 1.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex D1 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.50 21 21 0.50 0.50
x x x /
1.00 0.50 0.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.47 3.46 3.46 0.45 1.25 11.10 9.85
1.00 1.30 1.30
x x /
1.00 0.50 2
= = = = V=
15.60 40.56 -3.25 0.00 52.91
= = = = =
0.75 0.83 0.25 0.17 0.17 M =
Moment 1.86 2.89 0.87 0.08 0.21 5.89
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
0.80 0.65 0.87 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 12.48 26.36 -2.82 0.00 36.03 38.84
0.00
8.71
kNm/m run
- Annex D1 page 2 -
H =
11.10 kN / m
11.10
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.080 100 113.92 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
11.10 52.91
x x
100 100
= =
1110 kN 5291 kN
113.92
46.45
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.14 B' x
x x / / / 1.14
B' 1.14 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex D1 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 5291
B' B' 1.14 1.14 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 113.92
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.55 ( ( 0.67 iq 0.67 0.65
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.18 Ki 0.18 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.67
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex D1 page 4 -
2. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 300 0 1000 5 kPa
1000 500 0 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1000 500 W3

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 2
5 0 1.50 0.50 1.30
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.50 21 21 0.50 0.50
x x x /
1.00 0.50 0.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.47 3.46 3.46 0.45 1.25 11.10 9.85
- Annex D1 page 5 -
1.00 1.30 1.30
x x /
1.00 0.50 2
= = = = V=
15.60 10.14 -3.25 0.00 22.49
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.800 ) + 0.650 ) / 3)
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
0.90 0.67 0.86 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 13.97 6.81 -2.80 0.00 17.98 20.78
0.00
8.69
kNm/m run
- Annex D1 page 6 -

8.80
kN / m
11.10
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.113 100 107.49 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
11.10 22.49
x x
100 100
= =
1110 kN 2249 kN
107.49
20.92
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex D1 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 1.07 B' x
x x / / / 1.07
B' 1.07 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 2249
B' B' 1.07 1.07 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 107.49
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.25 ( ( 0.40 iq 0.40 0.37
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.37 Ki 0.37 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.40
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.01
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex D1 page 8 -
Project

Annex D2
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
300 1000
kPa
1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2 1000 500

Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Toe Pwv W1, W2 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv = = = = = = Self-weight of the proposed protection wall Lateral pressure due to surcharge Vertical component of active earth pressure Horizontal component of active earth pressure Lateral pressure due to groundwater Upthrust
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.50 0.50 1.30
kN/m m m m
kN/m2

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex D2 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.50 21 21 0.50 0.50
x x x /
1.00 0.50 0.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.03 2.85 2.85 0.37 1.25 9.35 8.10
1.00 1.30 1.30
x x /
1.00 0.50 2
= = = = V=
15.60 40.56 -3.25 0.00 52.91
= = = = =
0.75 0.83 0.25 0.17 0.17 M =
Moment 1.52 2.37 0.71 0.06 0.21 4.88
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / / /
2 2 3
= = = =
0.80 0.65 0.87 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 12.48 26.36 -2.82 0.00 36.03 38.84
0.00
7.69
kNm/m run
Mo ) 7.69 0.217m
/ ) / >
V 52.91 0.061m OK! OK!
- Annex D2 page 2 -
2. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation) (with back batter 1:10) 300 0 1000 5 kPa
1000 500 0 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa2
1000
500 W3
Insitu soil
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.50 0.50 1.3
kN/m2 kN/m m m m
2
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.50 21 21 0.50 0.50
x x x /
1.00 0.50 0.50 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
2.03 2.85 2.85 0.37 1.25 9.35 8.10
- Annex D2 page 3 -
1.00 1.30 1.30
x x /
1.00 0.50 2
= = = = V=
15.60 40.56 -3.25 0.00 52.91
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.800 ) + 0.650 ) / 3 )
x x x
0.995 0.995 0.995
= = = =
0.90 0.67 0.86 1.30 M = Mr =
Moment 13.96 27.24 -2.80 0.00 38.40 41.20
0.00
7.68
kNm/m run
Mo ) 7.68 0.217m
/ ) / >
V 52.91 0.016m OK! OK!
- Annex D2 page 4 -
Project

Annex D3
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
300 1000
kPa
1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Toe Pwv W1, W2 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv Abbreviation
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.00
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m

19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan b/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex D3 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
1.00 1.00
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.82 0.86 0.26 0.02 0.06 2.02
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.50 0.67 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 7.80 -1.11 0.00 6.69 7.80
0.00
3.13
kNm/m run
- Annex D3 page 2 -
H =
5.48 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.165 100 67.01 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 13.93
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1393 kN
67.01
20.79
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
/4 0.785 cot cot ) )
+ + 'f 30.3 x x
'f 30.3
/2 /2
) )
tan tan
'f 30.3
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 0.67 B' x
x x / / / 0.67
B' 0.67 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
- Annex D3 page 3 -
+ + + + Qn 1393
B' B' 0.67 0.67 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 67.01
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.35 ( ( 0.50 iq 0.50 0.47
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.29 Ki 0.29 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.50
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.00
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex D3 page 4 -
1000 500 0 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
= = = = = = Unit
Value 21 0 35 1.2 30.3

o o

o 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.00
kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m = 0.10
19 5 35 34 28.9 1.2 30.3 4.2 24.1 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
2.6 0.4
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m )) ( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
kN/m2
o
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.65 1.54 1.54 0.20 0.56 5.48 4.93
- Annex D3 page 5 -
1.00 1.00
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.500 ) / 3)
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.55 0.66 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 8.54 -1.11 0.00 7.43 8.54
0.00
3.13
kNm/m run
- Annex D3 page 6 -

4.06
kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!
x =
0.112 100 77.68 m m2
L' 100 =
x x
L' L'
= =
5.48 13.93
x x
100 100
= =
548 kN 1393 kN
77.68
17.94
kPa
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
- Annex D3 page 7 -
+ + + +
Nq 18.96 0.4 0.4 tan 'f tan
/ / x x x 30.3
Nc 30.78 B' 0.78 B' x
x x / / / 0.78
B' 0.78 L' 100 L' /
/ /
L' 100
100
+ + + + Qn 1393
B' B' 0.78 0.78 + +
/ / / / cf ' 4.2
L' L' 100 100 x x
) ) ) ) A' 77.68
/ /
x x
cot cot
'f 30.3
) )
= = = = = = = = =
( ( 0.37 ( ( 0.52 iq 0.52 0.49
1 1 1 1 - ( - (
1 1
Ki 0.28 Ki 0.28 -
) ) ) ) iq 0.52
mi + 1 2.99
iq
mi 1.99
ic
) / ( ) / (
Nc 30.78
x x
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
- ( - ( 1 1
1 1 -
5.71
tq 5.44 tan tan
) / ( ) / ( 'f 30.3
Nc 30.78 ) )
x x
2 2
tan tan
'f 30.3
) )
x 1.00 x
1 x 1.00
=>
OK!
OK!
- Annex D3 page 8 -
Project

Annex D4
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Remarks
300 1000
kPa
1000 500 W2
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3

Insitu soil
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Toe Pwv W1, W2 Pa1 Pav Pa2, Pa3, Pa4 Pwh Pwv = = = = = = Self-weight of the proposed protection wall Lateral pressure due to surcharge Vertical component of active earth pressure Horizontal component of active earth pressure Lateral pressure due to groundwater Upthrust
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1.00
kN/m m m m
kN/m2

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85cv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
- Annex D4 page 1 -
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
1.00 1.00
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
= = = = =
0.50 0.56 0.17 0.11 0.11 M =
Moment 0.68 0.70 0.21 0.02 0.06 1.67
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) / /
2 3
= = =
0.50 0.67 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 7.80 -1.11 0.00 6.69 7.80
0.00
2.78
kNm/m run
Mo ) 2.78 0.167m
/ ) / >
V 13.93 0.140m OK! OK!
- Annex D4 page 2 -
1000 500 0 W2 W3
W1 Pav Pa1 Pa3
Pa2 Pa4 Pwh
667 333
Insitu soil
Abbreviation
Value 21 0 35 1 35.0 30 0.271

o o

o 3 2
5 0 1.00 0.33 1
kN/m2 kN/m m m m
2
10
0.10

c' ' cv' b m 'f cf'
19 5 35 34 28.9 1 35.0 5.0 28.9 3.610
kN/m3 kN/m2
o o o
(= 0.85fcv' ) ( = tan-1(tan '/m ))

2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m ) ( = b / m ) (/ = 0 / = 0)
bf Kp
x x x x x
1.00 21 21 0.33 0.33
x x x /
0.67 0.33 0.33 2
/ /
2 2
Pah =
= = = = = = Pai =
1.35 1.26 1.26 0.17 0.56 4.61 4.05
- Annex D4 page 3 -
1.00 1.30
x /
1.00 2
= = = V=
15.60 -1.67 0.00 13.93
(kNm/m run)
Arm (m) + 0.500 ) / 3 )
x x
0.995 0.995
= = =
0.55 0.66 1.00 M = Mr =
Moment 8.53 -1.11 0.00 7.43 8.53
0.00
2.78
kNm/m run
Mo ) 2.78 0.167m
/ ) / >
V 13.93 0.087m OK! OK!
- Annex D4 page 4 -
1.
Scope and Qualifications
This paper gives technical guidance for the design of gabion wall used in river embankment. It also stipulates the requirements for Reno Mattress against the local scouring at the toe of gabion wall. This paper is not applicable to revetment structures other than the vertical faced gabion wall structures for the protection of river embankment. This paper does not take into consideration wave forces or other hydrodynamic forces arising out of supercritical flow, curvature flow, ship waves etc. acting on the gabion wall. Therefore, the designer should treat the guidance with great caution when using the guidance for the design of gabions used for coastal protection and in engineered channels. If in doubt, the designer should consult engineers with knowledge/experience on hydrodynamics and suppliers of gabion structures. This paper assumes that gabion wall would sit on top of good soil foundation. Before carrying out the design of gabion wall, the designer should ensure that the foundation of the gabion wall should have been properly investigated.
2.
General Background
Gabions are employed for many uses due to their versatility, which includes hydraulic structures in river training works and in protection works for roads and land reclamation. The gabions are steel wire cages that vary in size and are designed to abate the destructive forces of erosion. Gabions are uniquely woven by twisting each pair of wires one and one half turns continuously providing the inherent strength and flexibility required. Gabion cages are normally designed to contain quarry run or river run stones available at the site of erection. Cages are stacked to construct structures of great durability and flexibility. The formed structure is capable of carrying stress in biaxial tension. Gabion cages are not merely containers of stone since each unit is securely connected to each adjacent cage during construction. The wire mesh is monolithic through the structure in three dimensions, from top to bottom, end to end, and from outer face to inner face. It is, therefore, apparent that the wire reinforces the stone filling in tension. Gabions form flexible structures that can deflect and deform to a certain limit in
Date: November 2006
Page 1-
any direction without fracture. It can withstand the movement of ground without inordinate structure deformation. This attribute enables the gabion structure to be built with a minimum foundation preparation. Gabion structures behave as perforated barriers, allowing water to gradually pass through them. This is a valuable characteristic in that hydrostatic pressure never builds up behind or under the structure and cause failure to the gabion design. Gabion structures are regarded as permanent. In the early stages after installation, siltation takes place between the stone fill promoting vegetation and adding to the permanency of the structure. In view of the environmentally friendly nature of the gabion construction as compared to concrete, gabions are becoming more popular in engineering works in river embankments which demand a natural looking environment with growth of vegetation and potential for ecological lives.
3.
Design Considerations of Gabion Wall used in River Embankment
There is currently no universally accepted method for designing gabion walls. However, it is suggested in GEOGUIDE 1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition, that gabion walls should be considered as gravity retaining wall for the purpose of design. The detailed design calculations for gabion wall of retaining height ranging from 1m to 4m, used in river embankment are shown in Appendix B.
3.1 Treatment of the Foundation of Gabion Wall

Foundation treatment is important to the stability of gabion wall as weak foundation may result in bearing failure or soil slip. Since it largely depends on the soil conditions which may varies significantly for different locations, designers should consider the requirements of treatment of foundation case by case. If necessary, rockfill and/or other appropriate measures as determined by the designers should be adopted to stabilize the formation before placing gabions.
3.2 Provision of Gabion Aprons

Gabion aprons are commonly used to protect the toe of a gabion retaining wall structure from scour that could cause undermining in channel works applications. It is recommended that the gabion apron in the form of Reno Mattress, (refer to Section
Date: November 2006
Page 2-
5.0) be a minimum of 300 mm in depth. The length of the gabion apron shall extend beyond the toe of the structure a minimum of 2 times the anticipated depth of scour formed under the apron. This will ensure that the gabion apron reaches beyond the outer limit of the anticipated scour hole that may form. For fast-flowing rivers, designers need to determine the exact depth and extension of Reno Mattress case by case with the consideration of scouring at river invert during peak flow. Scour occurs at toe of gabion retaining wall when it obstructs the channel flow. The flow obstructed by the gabions form a horizontal vortex starting at the upstream end of the gabions and running along the toe of the gabions, and a vertical wake vortex at the downstream end of the gabions. In accordance with Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At Bridges, Fourth Edition, Froehlich's live-bed scour equation can be used to obtain the potential depth of scour.
Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
Date: November 2006
Page 3-
Fig. 3.1 Abutment shape
K2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow = ( / 90) 0.13 ( < 90 if wall points downstream > 90 if wall points upstream ) L = Length of active flow obstructed by the wall, m Ae = Flow area of the approach cross section obstructed by the wall, m2 Fr = Froude Number of approach flow upstream of the wall = Ve/(gya)1/2 Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s Qe = Flow obstructed by the wall and approach structure, at peak flow, m3/s ya = Average depth of flow on the floodplain (Ae/L), m L = Length of wall projected normal to the flow, m
ys = Scour depth, m
Fig. 3.2 Orientation of embankment angle, , to the flow
Date: November 2006
Page 4-
Fig. 3.3 Determination of length of embankment blocking live flow for abutment scour estimation
Example: Assume K1 = 0.82, K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1 L and ya are the base width and retaining height of the gabion wall as shown in the drawing in Appendix A. Computed Scour Depth, ys as follow: Fr 0.25 2.01 3.78 5.45 7.10 0.5 2.54 4.72 6.74 8.73 0.75 2.97 5.49 7.79 10.06 1 3.35 6.15 8.71 11.22 1.5 4.01 7.32 10.31 13.25 2 4.59 8.34 11.71 15.03
ya 1 2 3 4
L 1.5 2.25 2.75 3.25
3.3 Provision of Geotextile Filter

The gabion apron will require minimal excavation and grade work. Generally the gabion apron and gabion block are placed directly on the ground utilizing a geotextile filter fabric between the gabions and soil interface to prevent leaching of soils underneath the gabions.
Date: November 2006
Page 5-
The drawings in Appendix A show the details of gabion wall of retaining height ranging from 1m to 4m, used in river embankment.
4.
Construction of Gabion Wall
4.1 Packing and Assembly

Packing (i) For ease of handling and shipping, the gabions are bundled folded flat. Assembly (i) (ii) Open the bundle and unfold each unit. Lift the sides, the ends and the diaphragms of each unit into vertical position.
(iii) Attach the sides of four corners together with locking wire fastener or tying wire and the diaphragms to the front and back of the gabion. (iv) The tying operation begins at the top of the cage. The tying wire is laced around the selvedge through each mesh all the way to the bottom of the cage.
4.2 Installation and Filling

Installation (i) Empty gabion baskets shall be assembled individually and placed on the approved surface to the lines and grades as shown or as directed, with the position of all creases and that the tops of all sides are level. All gabion baskets shall be properly staggered horizontally and vertically. Finished gabion structures shall have no gaps along the perimeter of the contact surfaces between adjoining units.
(ii)
Date: November 2006
Page 6-
Fig. 4.1 Abutment shape (Courtesy of and adapted from TerraAqua Gabions) (iii) All adjoining empty gabion units shall be connected along the perimeter of their contact surfaces in order to obtain a monolithic structure. All lacing wire terminals shall be securely fastened. (iv) All joining shall be made through selvedge-selvedge wire connection; mesh-mesh wire connection is prohibited unless necessary. Filling (i) The initial line of gabion basket units shall be placed on the prepared filter layer surface and adjoining empty baskets set to line and grade, and common sides with adjacent units thoroughly laced or fastened. They shall be placed in a manner to remove any kinks or bends in the mesh and to uniform alignment. The basket units then shall be partially filled to provide anchorage against deformation and displacement during the filling operation.
Date: November 2006
Page 7-
(ii)
Deformation and bulging of the gabion units, especially on the wall face, shall be corrected prior to additional stone filling. Care shall be taken, when placing the stone by hand or machine, to assure that the PVC coating on the gabions will not be damaged if PVC is utilized. All stone on the exposed face shall be hand placed to ensure a neat compact appearance.
(iii) Gabions shall be uniformly overfilled by about 2540 mm to account for future structural settlements and for additional layers. Gabions can be filled by any kind of earth filling equipment. The maximum height from which the stones may be dropped into the baskets shall be 900 mm.
4.3 Gabion Stone Placement

(i) The stone fill shall be placed into the gabion units in 300 mm lifts. Cells shall be filled to a depth not exceeding 300 mm at a time. The fill layer should never be more than 300 mm higher then any adjoining cell. Connecting wires shall be installed from the front to back and side to side of individual cell at each 300 mm vertical interval for gabions of depth exceeding 500 mm.
(ii)
(iii) The voids shall be minimized by using well-graded stone fill and by hand placement of the facing in order to achieve a dense, compact stone fill.
4.4 Lid Closing

(i) The lids of the gabion units shall be tightly secured along all edges, ends and diaphragms in the same manner as described for assembling.
5.0 Installation of Reno Mattress

Basically, the procedure for installation of reno mattress is similar to the construction of gabion units. Particular attention should be paid to the following : (i) Mattress units should be placed in proper position so that movement of rockfill inside the cage, due to gravity or flowing current, is minimal. Thus, on slopes, Mattresses should be placed with its internal diaphragms at right angles to the direction of the slope. On river beds, position the Mattress with the internal diaphragms at right angles to the direction flow.
Page 8-
Date: November 2006
(ii)
The Mattresses may be either telescoped or cut to form and tied at required shape when necessary, for example, when Mattresses are laid on a radius. For a sharp curve, it may be necessary to cut the Mattress diagonally into triangular sections and tie the open side securely to an intact side panel.
6.
Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall and Reno Mattress
Sample clauses of PS, MM and SoR for gabion wall and Reno Mattress are shown in Appendix C.
7.
Maintenance Related Considerations and Maintenance Requirements
Geoguide 1 (Sections 9.5 and 13) may be referenced for the basis of providing a general guideline on maintenance of gabion walls. Generally speaking, maintenance requirements should be duly considered during both the design stage and during routine inspection after completion of works [Ref. 8.5]. Detailed discussion on the maintenance requirement both in detailed design stage and routine inspection are beyond the scope of this Technical Report. The necessary maintenance requirements should be judged on a case-by-case basis. However, some of the important considerations required to be considered during detailed design stage and routine inspection are listed below. Suggested considerations on maintenance requirements to be looked at during design stage : The water quality of river/stream would affect the durability of the wire used in the basket. The suitability of the gabion structures to be used in such river/stream environment should be within manufacturers recommendation. If necessary, corrosion protection measures should be applied to wires, such as PVC coated galvanized steel wires; Gradation of stone aggregates should be based on gabion thickness and grid size. As a rule of thumb, the size of stone measured in the greatest dimension should range from 150mm to 300mm. In addition, the smallest stone size must generally be larger than the wire mesh openings (usually of
about 100mm); Package of stone aggregates should be manually performed instead of mechanically performed. The mechanically package can cause unwanted stress to the net. However, manually packing of stone aggregates should not be over emphasized. Poorly packed gabions will cause undue movements as well as excessive abrasion to the PVC coating. To allow for the settlement of the stone aggregates, an over fill of about 25-40mm is considered to be adequate; The strength of the stone aggregates should be durable to resist the impact from flood flow particularly if the flood flow is violent. The stress created by the violent flood flow against gabions will lead to the shaking and mutual thrust of stones inside gabions. If the stones are fragile, the stones will start to crush into pieces small enough to fall outside the gabion net; The opening of the gabion net can be torn away by the continuous thrust of materials carried by runoff (e.g. sable, gravel, and rubble) against iron wires. When the net opens, the stone filling it up fall out, and the structure loses all its weight and, consequently, its function; and Gabions structures are generally composed of superimposed layers of gabion baskets. Special attention should be paid on gabion structures with a stepped shape, only a part of the superimposed layer rests on a lower layer of gabions. The remaining part rests directly on the earthfill. In this case, the underlying earthfill has to be compacted carefully, and its adherence to the lower layer of gabions should be ensured before surperimposing the next layer. Suggested considerations on maintenance requirements to be looked at during routine inspection : A gabion structure needs to be inspected annually and after each flood event. However, a newly placed gabion structure is recommended to be inspected for every 3 months or after each rainfall event whichever is the less; Signs of undercutting or other instability should also be checked; Any displacement or shifting of the wire baskets should need to be corrected immediately;
Checking on the sign of damage or erosion of the river embankment should be included; and Checking for the wires of panels/cages for any signs of rusting and wear should be included.
8.
Reference Documents
8.1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At Bridges, Fourth Edition, May 2001. 8.2 U.S. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Water Planning, Stream Guide, Stream Management Guide No. 15 Gabion Revetments 8.3 U.S. Environmental Department of Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Storm Water Best Management Practices Decision Support Tool #129 Gabions
8.4 Tricardi, Watershed Management Use of Gabions in Small Hydraulic Works 8.5 Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, GEOGUIDE 1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition, October 2003.
Date: November 2006
Page 11-
Date: November 2006
Page 12-
Drawing Notes: 1. 2. All dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise specified. Depending on the soil conditions, designers should determine whether any ground treatment for foundation is required in consideration with sliding, bearing or soil slip failures. Determination of Potential Scour Depth by Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
3.
K2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow = ( / 90) 0.13 ( < 90 if wall points downstream > 90 if wall points upstream ) L = Length of active flow obstructed by the wall, m Ae = Flow area of the approach cross section obstructed by the wall, m2 Fr = Froude Number of approach flow upstream of the wall = Ve/(gya)1/2 Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s Qe = Flow obstructed by the wall and approach structure, at peak flow, m3/s ya = Average depth of flow on the floodplain (Ae/L), m L = Length of wall projected normal to the flow, m ys = Scour depth, m
App. A - 1
Example: Assume K1 = 0.82, K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1 L and ya are the base width and retaining height of the gabion wall as shown in the sketches in the calculations in Appendix B. Computed Scour Depth, ys as follow: Fr 0.25 2.01 3.78 5.45 7.10 0.5 2.54 4.72 6.74 8.73 0.75 2.97 5.49 7.79 10.06 1 3.35 6.15 8.71 11.22 1.5 4.01 7.32 10.31 13.25 2 4.59 8.34 11.71 15.03
Ya 1 2 3 4
L 1.5 2.25 2.75 3.25
4. Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The dimensions of the hexagon shall be 80 x 100 mm. 5. The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.7 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot dip galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 6. The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of 0.5 mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm. 7. The diameter of the mild steel lacing wire and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and 3.0 mm respectively, galvanized and coated with PVC in a similar way to the mesh wire. 8. All wires shall be mild steel to BS 1052. 9. The gabion shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh which includes the lid. 10. All edges of gabions, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically selvedged
App. A - 2
in such a way as to prevent ravelling of the mesh and to develop the full strength of the mesh. 11. The gabion shall be divided by diaphragms into cells which length shall not be greater than 1m. 12. Infill to gabion shall be rock fill material of size 150 mm to 300 mm and shall be placed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. 13. All front and side faces of the gabion wall shall be fixed with hand packed square stones of approximately 300 x 200 x 200 mm in size.
App. A - 3
App. A - 4
Annex E page 1
Annex E page 2
Annex E page 3
Design of Gabion Wall Used in River Embankment
Appendix C
Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
Particular Specifications Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress 7.45 Submissions of Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress (1) The following particulars of the proposed material together with the method of construction shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval at least 14 days before first delivery of gabion mesh and Reno Mattress mesh to site: (a) manufacturers literature for the gabion mesh and Reno Mattress mesh, including details of: - types of material employed; and - recommendations of handling, storage, placing, jointing, fixing and infilling with rocks. (b) a certificate for the material showing the manufacturers name, the date and place of manufacture and details showing that the material complies with the requirements stated in the Contract, including results of tests required in accordance with the Contract. 7.46 Gabion mesh (1) The mesh used in fabricating gabion shall be of a proprietary type approved by the Engineer. (2) Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The dimensions of the hexagon shall be 80 x 100 mm. (3) The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.7 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot dip galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of 0.5 mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm. The diameter of the mild steel lacing wire and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and 3.0 mm respectively, galvanized and coated with PVC in a similar way to the mesh wire. All wires shall be mild steel to BS 1052. (4) The PVC coating shall conform to the following requirements: tensile strength shall not be less than 210 kg/cm2 in accordance with ASTM D412-75;
App. C - 1
elongation shall not be less than 200% and not greater than 280% in accordance with ASTM D412-75; and resistance to abrasion shall not be greater than 0.19g in accordance with ASTM D1242-56(75).
7.47Construction of Gabion Wall (1) The gabion shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh which includes the lid. Tying of mesh shall be in strict accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. (2) The gabion shall be divided by diaphragms into cells which length shall not be greater than 1m. (3) All edges of gabions, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically selvedged in such a way as to prevent ravelling of the mesh and to develop the full strength of the mesh. (4) Infill to gabion shall be rock fill material of size 150 mm to 300 mm and shall be placed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. (5) All front and side faces of the gabion wall shall be fixed with hand packed square stones of approximately 300 x 200 x 200 mm in size. 7.48Reno Mattress mesh (1) The mesh used in fabricating Reno Mattress shall be of a proprietary type approved by the Engineer. (2) Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The least nominal dimension of the hexagon opening shall be 64 mm. (3) The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.2 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot dip galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of 0.5 mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm. The diameter of the mild steel lacing wire and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and 2.7 mm respectively, galvanized and coated with PVC in a similar way to the mesh wire. All wires shall be mild
App. C - 2
steel to BS 1052. (4) The PVC coating shall conform to the following requirements: tensile strength shall not be less than 210 kg/cm2 in accordance with ASTM D412-75; elongation shall not be less than 200% and not greater than 280% in accordance with ASTM D412-75; and resistance to abrasion shall not be greater than 0.19g in accordance with ASTM D1242-56(75).
7.49Construction of Reno Mattress (1) The Reno Mattress shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh excluding the lid. The lid shall be a separate piece made of same type mesh as basket. Tying of mesh shall be in strict accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. (2) The Reno Mattress shall be uniformly partitioned by diaphragms into internal cells. The diaphragms shall be secured in position to the base and shall be in strict accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. (3) All edges of Reno mattress, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically selvedged in such a way as to prevent unravelling of the mesh and to develop the full strength of the mesh. (4) Infill to Reno Mattress shall be rock fill material of size 75 mm to 200 mm depending on the height of Reno Mattress and shall be placed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. The size of rock fill shall be such that a minimum of two layers of rock must be achieved when filling the mattress.
App. C - 3
Method of Measurement Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress 7.82 Item Description 7.83 Measurement Gabion wall and Reno Mattress The unit of measurement shall be in cubic metre. The measurement of gabion wall and Reno Mattress shall be the volume calculated by multiplying the crosssectional area of the gabion unit by the height as shown on Drawings or ordered by the Engineer. 7.84 Item Coverage The items for gabion wall shall include for: (5) levelling and preparation including but not limited to blinding concrete and/or rockfill; (6) assembling, placing and typing together in position; (7) staking, tensioning and jointing the units together; (8) providing and fabricating the gabion unit including cutting and folding mesh to form special units and shapes; (9) providing, packing and compacting rubble filling; (10) overfilling to allow for settlement; (11) bracing wires and wiring lids after fillings; (12) square stone facing; (13) in the case of watercourses and ponds, work in and/or dealing with the flow of water; (14) placing additional steel wire mesh on the face of the gabions; (15) all necessary tests including submitting results to the Engineer.
App. C - 4
Schedule of Rates 0720 Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress Item No. 072001 072002 Description Gabion wall Reno Mattress Unit m3 m3 Schedule Rate
To be assessed when incorporating into contract SOR
App. C - 5

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

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Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT REPORT NO.