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SWITCHGEAR IEC/IS
BHEL Manufacture Switchgear as per IEC:62271-1002001, IS:3427:1997/IEC:298:1990, IS:13118:1991/ IEC:56:1987
IEC:62271-100-2001 High voltage alternating current circuit breaker.
IS:3427:1997/IEC:298:1990 AC Metal enclosed switchgear and Controlgear for rated voltage above 1 kV & upto & including 52 kV. IS:13118:1991/IEC:56:1987 Specification for High Voltage Alternating current circuit breaker.
SWITCHGEAR
A GENERAL TERM COVERING SWITCHING DEVICES AND THEIR COMBONATION WITH ASSOCIATED CONTROL, MEASUREING, PROTECTIVE AND REGULATING EQUIPMENT, ALSO ASSEMBLIES OF SUCH DEVICES AND EQUIPMENT WITH ASSOCIATED INTERCONNECTIONS, ACCESSORIES, ENCLOSURE AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A MECHANICAL SWITCHING DEVICE CAPABLE OF MAKING, CARRYING, AND BREAKING CURRENTS UNDER NORMAL CIRCUIT CONDITIONS AND ALSO MAKING, CARRYING FOR A SPECIFIED TIME AND BREAKING CURRENTS UNDER SPECIFIED ABNORMAL CIRCUIT CONDITIONS SUCH AS THOSE OF SHORT CIRCUIT.
CHAMBERS IN SWITCHGEAR
CT/PT Chamber
LT CHAMBER
Incomer Feeder TIE Feeder Transformer Feeder Motor Feeder Bus Coupler Plant Feeder / Outgoing feeder Bus PT Line PT
Incomer Feeder: Switchgear Panel intended for supply power to the Switchboard. TIE Feeder: Switchgear panel which connects the two same voltage level switchboard. Power can flow in either direction TIE feeder. Motor Feeder: Switchgear panel employed for feeding the motor.
Plant / Outgoing Feeder: Switchgear panel employed for supply power to other switchboard. Bus PT: Switchgear panel having voltage transformer and used for the detection of bus voltage. Feeder/Line PT: Switchgear panel having voltage transformer and used for the detection of feeder/line side voltage.
TIE TIE
INCOMER INCOMER LINE PT LINE PT OUTGOING/ OUTGOING/ PLANT FDR PLANT FDR MOTOR FDR MOTOR FDR
BUS PT BUS PT
SAFETY INTERLOCKS: i) The VCB truck cannot be racked in or out unless circuit breaker is in 'Open' condition. The VCB truck can not be racked in unless secondary Plug & socket are engaged. The circuit breaker electrical closing operation is not possible unless secondary plug & socket are engaged. The secondary plug and socket can not be disengaged When the VCB truck is in 'Service or any Intermediate position between test and service positions. The circuit breaker closing operation is not possible unless the truck is in 'Service' or 'Test' position. The interlock mechanism cannot be operated unless the circuit breaker is in 'Open' condition.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
VII)
VIII)
IX)
Enable tripping of upstream/ downstream breaker Block closing of upstream/ downstream breaker
X)
CLOSING CIRCUIT : The closing circuit consists of fuses, control switch, anti pumping device, spring charged limit switch & closing coil. Closing command is executed by control switch through breaker NC contact when spring is charged. All auxiliary switch contacts position changes i.e. NO contact closes and NC contact opens. The CB can be closed manually by green coloured manual close knob provided in the mechanism box.
ANTI PUMPING : Anti pumping device prevent the CB from getting repeated closing and tripping impulses when a continuous closing command is given before the tripping impulse is withdrawn.
Tripping Schemes
Note : The tripping spring gets charged while the closing spring is discharged.
Using Relays Using Summation CT Using Motor Protection Circuit Breaker (MPCB) Using Time Limit Fuses
PANEL ILLUMINATION : 40W filament lamp is provided inside the instrument panel. The door operated panel illumination lamp gets automatically lighted on opening the door.
3 PIN SOCKET& SWITCH: 5/15 Amps, 240 V, 5 Pin socket with piano switch is also provided on the panel for hand lamp.
ANTI CONDENSATION :
Two tubular heaters with thermostat and piano switch are provided for anti condensation in breaker chamber and CT chamber.
The Trip circuit extends beyond the protection relay and other components such as fuses, relay contacts, switches etc requires considerable amount of circuit breaker wiring with intermediate terminal boards. These interconnections coupled with the importance of the circuit, results in the requirement to monitor the integrity of the circuit .
Voltage signals to instruments and meters mounted on switchgear panels are derived from the potential transformer (PTs). These PTs are either Bus connected or Feeder connected. Incase of fault any source feeder, arrangement should be made in such a way that PT signal should be available to meters and instruments
Alarm Schemes
Synchronizing Schemes
To bring new bus (source) into the switchboard when old one is running and shifting to new one. To meet synchronizism that means two AC supplies are correctly paralleled following condition should be satisfied. a) The voltages of the two supplies must be within acceptable limits. b) The frequencies of the two supplies must be within acceptable limits. c) The phase difference of the two supplies must be within acceptable limits. Methods adopted for synchronization are : Manual Synchronization By Check Synchronizing Relays A check synchronizing relay is used to prevent inter-connection of two badly synchronized supplied. Its dual purpose is to Safeguard manual synchronizing.
A. Manual Bus Transfer i) Without Voltage Interruption ii) With Voltage Interruption a) Slow changeover b) Fast changeover B. Automatic Bus Transfer (under fault condition) with Voltage Interruption a) Slow changeover b) Fast changeover
Sensitivity : Protective system should be able to sense minimum value of fault current, thereby reducing the consequent damage. Speed : Protective system should be able to isolate fault in the shortest possible time. Selectivity : Protective system should be able to select and trip only the nearest circuit breaker. Stability : Protective system should not operate for external faults.
FAULT : It is defined as any abnormal condition, which causes reduction in the basic insulation level strength of system. FAULT DETECTION : POSITIVE, NEGATIVE & ZERO Phase sequence component of system.
Non Directional Over Current for Phase Faults (50/51) Non Directional Over Current for Earth Fault (50N/51N) Directional Over Current for Phase Faults (67) Directional Over Current for Earth Fault (67N)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Non- Directional Over Current and Earth Fault Protection (50/51/50N/51N) Sensitive Earth Fault Protection (50N/2) Differential Protection (87T) Restricted Earth Fault Protection (64R) Incipient Faults (49/63TX)
MOTOR PROTECTION
Wide range of A.C Motors Motor characteristics due to various duties All Motor needs protection and choice should be independent of a type of motor & load connected.
Allowing operation under normal conditions. Quick isolation from supply under abnormal conditions. Averting damage to the motor & driven mechanism. Enhancement of life of motor.
A. MOTOR INDUCED
MOTOR PROTECTION
1. INSULATION FAILURE 2. BEARING FAILURE 3. MECHANICAL FAILURE 4. LOSS OF FIELD (SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR)
B. LOAD INDUCED
1. OVERLOAD/ UNDERLOAD 2. JAMMING 3. HIGH INERTIA 1. HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 2. HIGH CONTAMINATED LEVEL-BLOCKED VENTILATION 3. COLD, DAMP AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
C. ENVIRONMENT INDUCED
MOTOR PROTECTION
Thermal Over Load protection (49) Single phasing/ Negative Phase Sequence Protection (46) Short-circuits between phases or between phase and earth in the motor winding or its connections. (50/51) Partial or complete collapse of voltage (27) Locked rotor (51S) Start or Stall Protection(48/51LR) Earth Fault Protection (50N) Loss-Of-Load Protection (37) Out of Step Protection (46) RTD/BTD Protection (26) Limitation of the number of start, Time between start (66)
PROTECTION AGAINST SWITCHING SURGES: What is an Electrical Surge ? External surge & Internal surge
Atmospheric Lightning cause External surge Switching action of devices cause internal surge
CAUSES OF SURGE GENERATION: Normal Switching On of a stationary motor. Normal switching Off of a stationary motor. Switching a Stalled motor or one running upto speed.
PROTECTION DEVICES:
These devices limits the over voltages in electrical system to the specified protection level, principally lower than the withstand voltage of equipment.
BUS DIFFERENTIAL
MOTOR RE-ACCELERATION
MOTOR DIFFERENTIAL
NR
NR
HV FEEDER BAYS
DC DC NR NR Main protection EHV FEEDER BAY I/Os I/Os NR COMMON BAY NR MV FEEDER BAYS NR NR NR
NR
NR
NR
FIG: 1
MV FEEDER BAYS
To ECS
HMI
GATEWAY
Numerical Relays
NR
NR
08 07 06 05 04 03
02
CPU
01
08 07 06 05 04 03
02
CPU
01
BIU 24x
Data Concentrator
Data Concentrator
NR
Ethernet Modbus (RS 485) Co-Axial Cable
NR
NR
NR
NR
BIU 24x
NR
NR
NR
Numerical Relays
Numerical Relays
FIG : 2
HMI
PROGRAMMER ROOM
LASER PRINTER
HMI
TO STATION LAN
FO
CER ROOM
FO
TO DDCMIS (ON OPC)
MV SWGRS
SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH
LT SWGRS
SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH
FIG : 4
TO MAIN SCADA
DATA CONCENTRATOR FO FO
(TYPICAL)
DATA CONCENTRATOR
TO MAIN SCADA
33KV SWGRS
SWITCH
SWITCH
(TYPICAL)
11KV
SWITCH SWITCH
SWGRS
(TYPICAL)
LT
SWITCH
(TYPICAL)
SWITCH
SWITCH
SWGRS
FIG : 5
STAR ARCHITECTURE
SCADA/EMS
OI
ETHERNET SWITCH
DC NR
DC NR
DC NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
FIG : 6
OI
DC DC DC NR NR
C264
NR
NR
FIG : 7
ETHERNET SWITCH
ETHERNET SWITCH
LAN n1
LAN n2
NR
FIG : 8
NR
NR
NR
IEC 103
UCA2
IEC 61850
No No Master/ Slave 0.19
No
No
Event Driven 100
No No
No No No
No No Master/ Slave 12
Reverse blocking principle is adopted to cut down the grading time of upstream breaker of HT stream. The down stream protection when operated on a fault shall block upstream protection. For this one contact of short circuit and earth fault protection of each outgoing feeder on one switchboard shall be paralleled, and connected to digital input of numerical relay in incomer panel. The digital input if not energized allows the fast operation of upstream protection. however, delay protection shall always be available
INCOMER LOGIC
The mechanical interlocks and keys are arranged to achieve following requirements :
For opening of the Bolted covers of CT/Cable Chamber of Outgoing feeder For opening the bolted covers of CT/Cable chamber of Incomer feeders panels For opening the bolted covers of the bus chamber of any panel
THANK YOU