Collective Identity and Representation

Essay review

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LO
To improve essay writing skills through:
Dening focus of your essay writing Research and note taking Planning of structure and paragraphs Consistent use of PEEL Developing arguments and explanations

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Homework
Due Monday Essay (minimum 1000 words) With reference to any group you have studied discuss how their identity has been mediated.

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Mediated
Discuss in pairs what is meant by this term. Dene Give and example Explain Write it all down
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Representation Terminology
Dominant Alternative Redundant Absent Entropic

Discuss what might be the meanings for these terms with regard to representations of a particular group.

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Dominant Representations
The main way in which a group are seen in society Main issues around this:
Who creates this representation? What effect does this representation have on society/the group/individuals? Who benets from it? Who suffers by it? How true is this representation?

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Alternative
A different way to show a group A different interpretation of the groups representation which challenges the dominant
Who creates the alternative representation? Who benets from it and who doesnt?

Find an example of an alternative representation and explain why it is alternative

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Redundant
When a group is shown so often in the same way that the image no longer has any power
Can any representations be redundant? If so give an example and explain.

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Absent
When a group is not really represented in society.
Can you nd an example of a group which is seldom or never represented in the media? What is the effect of absent representation?

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Entropic
When there is a very challenging, controversial or unusual representation of a group.
How do we nd out about such representations? What is there effect on subsequent representations? How does the media respond to such representations?

Try to nd an example and explain its effect

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Black Representation
Hollywood Shuffle Watch clip What issue regarding representation is being made? Why is this important?

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Stuart Hall
Stuart Hall Interrogating the image Active not passive Challenging NOT accepting Marxism

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Text 1
Interrogate the text:
Narrative Images mise en scene Sound, dialogue, editing

Example Attack The Block Make notes during the viewing

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Type of Representation
Dominant Alternative Redundant Absent Entropic

Which applies to the trailer? Explain why

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Reference texts
Make a list of texts you could use to explore representation of young black men either Hollywood or nonHollywood, cinema, TV, games, advertising, print or moving image. You will need at least 8 texts for this exercise from at least 2 media forms (eg. TV, cinema, advertising)

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Suggestions
Crash (2004) Malcolm X (1992) Independence Day (1996) Blacula (1972) Django Unchained (2012) 50 Cent Reebok Advert (2006) Old Spice adverts (2009) Gillette Champions TV advert (2006) Bamboozled (2001) Kidulthood (2006) Black Mirror Ep2 (2013 Channel 4)

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Theory
What theories could you use to discuss representations?

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Marxism
Classical Marxist theory The media reinforces the ideological messages of those in power. Owners of media use their control over cultural production to maintain the status quo. Hegemony (Gramsci) In order to maintain control and social order, the ruling elite ensure that even minor sectors of society feel represented.
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Pluralism
The consumer or audience is more important than the producer in a capitalist society. Acceptance of bias and control BUT audiences ability to consume media is considered more important. Audience active in the making of meaning and decisions over the interpretation of the representation.
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Postmodernism
Audiences are consumers and dene themselves through the products they consume. Images dominate reality consumption of media products for their own sake Inter-textuality and surface reality the references to other texts within a text points to the unreality of the form itself Youtube allows everyone to be a producer
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Stereotyping
Richard Dyer describing Walter Lippmans 1922 denintion 1. An ordering process 2. A short cut 3. A way of referring to the world 4. An expression of our beliefs and values

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Focus
Focus on one area of representation only.
Nationality Race Gender Sexuality Disability/ability

Rene this through your choices of text and focus ie young black British men, white working class teenage girls, disabled sports people, British Upper class etc.
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Planning
Structure for the essay:
Plan a 3 part essay with 6 paragraphs including introduction and conclusion Dene each paragraph with a topic sentence which identies the purpose of the paragraph List the texts you will use for each paragraph List the points you will be making List the terminology which you will use List theories and theorists you will use
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