Review of Thermodynamics The equations of stellar structure involve derivatives of thermodynamic variables such as pressure, temperature, and density.

To express these derivatives in a useful form, we will need to review the basic thermodynamic relations. First, lets dene the variables: : P: T: : the the the the gas density gas pressure gas temperature mean molecular weight q: u: s: V: the the the the specic specic specic specic heat content internal energy entropy volume (1/)

Note that q, u, s, and V are all per unit mass. From these variables come the specic heats cV = cP = dq dT dq dT =T
V

s T s T

(1.1)
V

=T
P

(1.2)
P

the ratio of the specic heats = cP cV (1.3)

the adiabatic temperature gradient

ad

ln T ln P

(1.4)
s

an isothermal compressibility coecient = P V V P =

T,

ln ln P

(1.5)
T,

a volume coecient of expansion = T V V T =

P,

ln ln T

(1.6)
P,

and a chemical potential coecient = V V =

P,T

ln ln

(1.7)
P,T

(For the following, we will assume the chemical composition is xed.) We will also need the rst law of thermodynamics: dq = T ds = du + P dV (1.8)

Note that although there are four variables in this equation (s, T , P , and V ), only two are independent.

To derive the relationships between the various thermodynamic variables, rst take s and V as independent, and re-write (1.8) as du = T ds P dV (1.9) However, when written in terms of s and V , du is formally du = which means that u s =T
V

u s

ds +
V

u V

dV
s

and

u V

= P
s

(1.10)

Now, mathematically 2u 2u = V s sV so u V or T V =
s s

u s

=
V

u s

u V

P s

(1.11)
V

Similarly, if we choose s and P as the independent variables, and add d(P V ) to each side of (1.9), then the rst law of thermodynamics becomes dH = d(u + P V ) = T ds P dV + P dV + V dP = T ds + V dP

The total rst derivative of H is then dH = which implies that H s and =T

P

H s

ds +
P

H P

dP
s

and

H P V s

=V
s

T P

=
s

(1.12)
P

If we subtract d(T s) from each side of the rst law of thermodynamics, then T and V are the free parameters, via dF = d(u T s) = T ds P dV T ds sdT = P dV sdT We then get the relations F T = s
V

and

F V

= P
T

which leads via the second derivatives to s V =

T

P T

(1.13)
V

Finally, if T and P are chosen to be independent, and d(P V T s) are added to (1.8), then we can derive the relation s P =
T

V T

(1.14)
P

Thus, we have Maxwells relations T V T P s V s P =

s

P s V s P T V T

(1.11)
V

=
s

(1.12)
P

=
T

(1.13)
V

=
T

(1.14)
P

To derive a relation between the specic heats, start by letting T and P be independent, and write the specic heat content as dq = T ds = T and dP as dP = This gives dq = T s T dT + T
P

s T

dT +
P

s P

dP
T

P T

dT +
V

P V

dV
T

s P

P T

dT +
V

P V

dV
T

We can now evaluate (dq/dT ) while holding V constant, i.e., with dV = 0 dq dT =T

V

s T

+T
P

s P

P T

The term on the left side of the equation is cV , the rst term on the right is cP , and (ds/dP )T = (dV /dT )P by a Maxwell relation (1.14). Thus, cP cV = T V T P T

The rst partial dierential can immediately be written in terms of the volume coecient of expansion (1.6) V T =
P

V T

(1.15)

The second partial dierential can also be re-written, if one rst notes that the total derivative for dV is dV = V T dT +
P

V P

dP
T

Thus, when V is held constant, dV = 0, and P T =

V

V T

V P

The numerator on the right side is again (/T ), while the denominator is related to the compressibility coecient by V P Thus P T =
T

V P

=
V

P T

(1.16)

and

P V 2 P 2 cP cV = = T T

(1.17)

Note that this reduces to R = k/mA for an ideal gas.

Finally, to express the change in the heat content of a system, dq, in terms of the intensive parameters only, choose V and T as the independent variables, and write the change in entropy as ds = s T dT +
V

s V

dV
T

Using the denition of heat capacity (1.1) and the Maxwell relation (1.13), this becomes ds = cV dT + T P T dV
V

If we now substitude (1.16) for (P/T )V , and convert dV to d using dV = 1/2 d, we get an expression for dq dq = T ds = cV dT P d

This can then be further simplied by noting that d = Thus ln ln P d ln P +

T

ln ln T

d ln T =
P

dP dT P T

P 2 dq = cV dT + dT dP T dq = cP dT dP

or (1.18)

This equation also leads directly to an expression for the adiabatic temperature gradient. If dq = 0, then cP dT = dP

which implies that T P and

ad

=
s

cP =
s

ln T ln P

P T cP

(1.19)

Note that for an ideal gas, the denition of an adiabat implies that P P = T P (1)/ T Hence for a monotonic gas with = 5/3,
ad

= (2/3)

(5/3) = 0.4

(1.20)

Note also that (1.19) can then be substituted back into (1.18) to yield an equation for dq in terms of P , T , cP , and adiabatic temperature gradient dq = cP dT T cP P
ad

dP = cP T

dT T

ad

dP P

(1.21)