TENSES Guess it!

I do my homework every night

1. Simple Present Tense a. Present Tense and Adverb of frequency

Simple present tense sering juga digunakan
2. Present Continuous Tense dengan Adverb of frequency, yaitu:
- always - usually
3. Present Perfect Tense - never - generally
4. Simple Past Tense - often - ever
- sometimes - rarely, etc
5. Past Continuous Tense
Eg.
6. Past Perfect Tense -He sometimes comes late to class
-Do you ever eat Chinese food?
7. Future (Present Future) Tense

8. Future Continuous Tense

b. Perubahan Verb1  Verb1(s /es)
1. Kata kerja berakhiran huruf Y, didahului
9. Future Perfect Tense huruf mati, diubah menjadi I, lalu
ditambah es.
10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Eg.
study  studies carry  carries
11. Future Perfect Continuous Tense try  tries fly  flies
12. Past Future Tense
2. Kata kerja berakhiran S, CH, SH, X, O
13. Past Future Continuous Tense ditambah es.
Eg.
14. Past Future Perfect Tense miss  misses kiss  kisses
teach  teaches wish  wishes
15. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense box  boxes go  goes

3. Kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan huruf

GRAMMAR didahului oleh huruf hidup dan tidak
termasuk kedalam kelompok 1 dan 2
1. Noun Phrases hanya ditambah s.
Eg.
2. Conditional Sentence and The Fact play  plays say  says
3. Comparison visit  visits buy  buys
come  comes work  works
4. Adjective Clause
2. Present Continuous Tense
5. Direct and Indirect Speech Adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan sekarang

6. Passive Voice Bentuk:

P  S + Tobe1 + V1-ing + …
N  S + Tobe1-not + V1-ing + …
--ooOoo— Q  Tobe1 + S + V1-ing + … ?

Eg.
TENSES P  We are listening to the teacher at present
N  We are not listening to the teacher at
1. Simple Present Tense present
Adalah sebuah pola kalimat yang menunjukkan hal, Q  Are we listening to the teacher at present?
keadaan atau pernyataan tentang Suatu Kebiasaan
(habitual action) atau kejadian yang terjadi berulang – 3. Present Perfect Tense
ulang atau terus menerus. Adalah pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan hal atau perbuatan yang sudah selesai
Bentuk: pada waktu sekarang.
P  S + V1 (s/es) + O
N  S + (do/does)not +V1 + O Bentuk:
Q  Do/Does + S + V1 + O? P  S + have/has + V3 + …
N  S + (have/has)not + V3 + …
Eg. Q  Have / Has + S + V3 + … ?
P  I go to the movie every night
N  I don’t go to the movie every night Adverbs yang sering digunakan
- already- since
Q  Do I go to the movie every night?
- yet - for, etc
- just
P  The sun rises in the east
N  The sun does not (doesn’t) rise in the east Eg.
Q  Does the sun rise in the east? P  I have dropped the glass
N  I have not (haven’t) dropped the glass
Created by shobahul hoir ta. 1
 Q  Have I dropped the glass?
4. Simple Past Tense
Adalah pola kalimat yang menunjukkan hal, keadaan
atau kejadian yang telah lalu, (kemarin, tadi pagi,
minggu lalu,dsb).
Bentuk:
P  S + V2 + O + …
N  S + did-not + V1 + O + …
Q  Did + S + V1 + O + … ?
Eg.
P  The boy passed their examination last
year
N  The boy did not(didn’t) pass their
examination
Q  Did the boy pass their examination last
year?
5. Past (Progressive) Continuous Tense
Adalah pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan kajadian atau kegiatan yang sedang
berlangsung (dalam proses), yang terjadi pada saat
tertentu pada masa yang telah lewat.
Past Continuous bisa diartikan juga adanya dua
kejadian dalam waktu yang hampir bersamaan.
Kejadian yang lebih dulu itulah past continuous
sedangkan kejadian berikutnya adalah Simple Past.
Bentuk:
S + Tobe2 + V1-ing + O + …
Or
When + Simple Past, Past Continuous
While + Past Continuous, Simple Past
Eg.
- At this time last Sunday Elki was sleeping.
- When I came in, my father was talking to a friend
- While we were walking to school, it started to rain
6. Past Perfect Tense
Adalah pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan perbuatan yang sudah selesai atau sesuatu
yang terjadi duluan dan simple past terjadi kemudian,
pada waktu lampau. Hal ini juga menekankan pada
“selesainya” pekerjaan itu.
* Time signal (TS) yang sering digunakan:
- before - after - when - as soon as
- until / till - that - if - by the time, etc
Bentuk:
P  S + had + V3 + TS + S + V2 + …
N  S + had-not + V3 + TS + S + V2 + … or
S + had + V3 + TS + S + did-not + V1 +
… P
Q  Had + S + V3 + TS + S + V2 + … or
Did + S + V1 + TS + S + had + V3
Eg:
P  John had gone to the store before went
home
N  After Susan had listened to Albert’s
record,
she didn’t ask him to lend it to her
Q  Did Rene catch a cold after she had been
out
in the rain?
7. Future Tense
Created by shobahul hoir ta.
Adalah pola kalimat yang menunjukkan hal, kegiatan
atau keadaan yang akan terjadi atau yang akan
dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang.
Bentuk1 (use shall or will):
P  S + shall/will + V1 + O + …
N  S + (shall/will)not + V1 + O + …
Q  Shall/Will + S + V1 + O + … ?
Shall hanya boleh
digunakan oleh subject
I dan We
P  I shall go to Semarang tomorrow
N  I shall not (Shan’t) go to Semarang tomorrow
Q  Shall I go to Semarang tomorrow?
Bentuk2 (use to be going to):
P  S + tobe1 + going to + V1 + O + …
N  S + tobe1-not + going to + V1 + O + …
Q  tobe1 + + S + going to + V1 + O + … ?
Try! Who can give an example?
8. Future Continuous Tense
Adalah pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan suatu hal yang sedang terjadi, pada
waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang.
Bentuk:
P  S + shall/will + be + V1-ing + O + …
N  S + (shall/will)not + be + V1-ing + O + …
Q  Shall/Will + S + be + V1-ing + O + … ?
Eg.
Tono will be studying English at the end of this year.
“ hal ini dapat dijelaskan bahwa: kegiatan atau
peristiwa belajar bahasa inggris sedang akan terjadi
pada akhir tahun. Tidak menjadi soal, kapan mulai
belajar, dan berlangsung sampai kapan. Tapi yang
jelas, bahwa kegiatan belajar bahasa inggris itu sedang
berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang.”
P  They will be having a meeting soon
N  They will not (won’t) be having a meeting
soon.
Q  Will they be having a meeting soon?
9. Future Perfect Tense
Adalah bentuk kata kerja yang dipakai untuk
meyatakan suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa yang akan
sudah selesai terjadi/berlangsung pada saat tertentu di
waktu yang akan datang.
Bentuk:
 S + shall/will + have + V3 + …
N  S + (shall/will)not + have + V3 + …
Q  Shall/Will + S + have + V3 + … ?
Eg:
P  You will have done your work by this
time
tomorrow
N  You won’t have done your home work by
this
time tomorrow.
Q  Will you have done your work by this
time
tomorrow?
2
10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Adalah pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk Age
menyatakan hal atau perbuatan yang sudah terjadi
sejak lampau, yang sampai sekarang masih Temperature
berlangsung terus. Biasanya dinyatakan dalam jangka
waktu tertentu.
Shape
Bentuk:
P  S + have / has + been + V1-ing + … Color
N  S + have / has + not + been + V1-ing + …
Q  Have / has + S + been + V1-ing + … Original Country

Time Signal yang sering digunakan adalah: Material

- for - long
- since - this week Purpose
- lately - all the morning
- recently - the whole night

Eg.
Noun
P  He has been studying English for 3 years.
N  He has not been studying English for 3 Ikuti langkah – langkah diatas, jika
years tidak bisa ikuti flow chart di bawah ini:
Q  Has he been studying English for 3 years?

11. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Adalah pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk
menunjukkan hal atau perbuatan yang berlangsung,
dan akan memakan jangka waktu sampai saat tertentu Start
di masa akan dating.

Bentuk:
P  S + will/shall + have been + V1-ing + … Cari Determiner ( a , an , the, that)
N  S + will/shall + not + have been + V1-ing
+…
Q  Will/Shall + S + have been + V1-ing + …
Ya Beri
Eg. Ada
P: no urut
Mr. Hasan will have been working in that factory for
exactly three years next December.
Tidak
N:
Mr. Hasan will not (won’t) have been working in that
factory for exactly three years next December.
Lihat Adjective
Q: Cari Opinion (cute, beautiful, good)
Will Mr. Hasan have been working in that factory for
exactly three years next December?

--ooOoo—
Ya Beri no
Ada
urut
GRAMMAR

1. Noun Phrase Tidak

Adalah suatu frase yang memiliki

adjective (kata sifat) yang lebih dari Lihat Adjective
satu, sehingga perlu dilakukan Cari Shape (small, big )
penyusunan. Penyusunan Adjective
tersebut mengikuti aturan berikuit:

Determiner Ya Beri no
Ada
urut

Adjective Opininon
Tidak
Size
Created by shobahul hoir ta. Lihat Adjective
3
Cari Age (new, old)
 Ya Beri no
Ada
Ya Beri no urut
Ada
urut
Tidak
Tidak
Lihat Adjective
Lihat Adjective Cari Original  Material
Cari Temperature (cool, cold,warm) (metallic, silk)

A B

A
B

Ya Beri no
Ada
urut Ya Beri no
Ada
urut
Tidak
Tidak
Lihat Adjective
Cari Shape (round, square) Lihat Adjective
Cari Purpose
(Present or Past Participle)

Ya Beri no
Ada
urut
Ya Beri no
Ada
urut
Tidak

Tidak
Lihat Adjective
Cari Color (red,blue)
Cari Noun
(car, creature, tree)

Ya Beri no
Ada
urut Ya Beri no
Ada
urut
Tidak
Tidak
Lihat Adjective
Cari Original  Country / City Susun sesuai angka
(Germany,
Created by shobahul Sundanese)
hoir ta.
urutan 4
 2. You will spoil it if you aren’t careful
3. We would answer if we could
4. They will get wet if it rains
5. I should be pleased if you came
6. If I have known that, I should not
Finish / End have made a mistake
7. It would have been better if you had
waited
8. If I were you, I should go home
immediately
9. Will you help me if I need you?
10. He would told you if you had asked
him

The Fact:

If I had a naughty student, I would

punish him
It means: “I don’t have a naughty
student”

It would have been better, if they

hadn’t come
It means: “They came”

2. Conditional Sentence 3. Comparison

Adalah kalimat pengandaian(berandai- Adalah perbandingan kata sifat. Terdiri
andai). If-conditional terdiri dari tiga dari tiga bentuk yaitu:
bentu semakin kebawah tingkat
ketidak mungkinannya semakin tinggi.  Tingkat Biasa (Positive Degree)
 Tingkat Lebih (Comparative Degree)
Bentuk:  Tingkat Paling / Ter (Superlative
Degree)
Type1:
If – Present Tense, Present Future

Sub Clause Main Clause

 Positive Degree
The Fact:
Karena pada Type1 kemungkinan bisa Bentuk:
terjadi atau tidak untuk Type1 faktanya … + as + adjective +
adalah kemungkinan yang di andai-
as + …
andaikan terjadi.

Type2:
Eg.
If – Past Tense, Past Future
My brother is as big as your brother
The Fact:
Present Tense  Type1
Adjective Sesuai
bentuknya
Type3:
If – Past Perfect, Past Future Perfect
(kakakku sebesar (sama besarnya)
kakakmu)
The Fact:
Past Tense  Type 2
 Comparative Degree
Note: Bentuk:
Tobe2 yang digunakan pada If- … + adjective +er + than + …
conditional disarankan menggunkan
were. Jadi, was boleh tidak digunakan  1 – 2 S.kata
… + more + adjective + than +
Example: … ≥ 3 S.kata
1. If I come, I shall see you

Created by shobahul hoir ta. 5

 Eg.
A mountain is higher than a hill
1 suku kata

Asal kata “higher”  High (Tinggi)

Karena ingin ditambah kata “lebih”
maka menjadi:

High  + er  higher
Dian Sastro is more beautiful than
Mpok Atiek
3 suku kata

Asal kata “Beautiful”  more +  More

Beautiful

 Superlative Degree 4. Adjective Clause (Relatives)

Bentuk Adalah sebuah kelompok kata yang
… + the + adjective + est + … mempunyai Subyek dan Predikat yang
 1 – 2 S.kata digunakan untuk memodifikasi sebuah
kata benda.
… + the + most + adjective + …
 ≥ 3 S.kata Defining Relatives

Mount Kelud = 1.458 km above sea
level
Mount Jaya Wijaya = 2.598 km above
sea level
Mount Merapi = 3.255 km above sea
level
Discuss these sentences!
Mount Merapi is the highest
Kholilur is the most diligent boy in
her class
Note!!!
• Jika terdiri dari 1 suku kata(one-
syllable) maka kita tambahkan –er /
-est.
Cheap cheaper  cheapest
Tom?
• Jika terdiri dari 2 suku kata(two-
syllable) maka kita tambahkan –er /
-est.
Clever cleverer  cleverest
• Jika terdiri dari 3 atau lebih suku
kata(three-syllable or more) maka
kita tambahkan more- / most-
Interested  more interested
most interested
• Huruf mati terakhir dari sebuah
adjectives berikut harus dirangkap.
Big, cruel, fat, fit, hot, sad, thin, wet
• Jika berakhiran huruf “Y”, maka
diganti “i”
Lazy  lazier  laziest
• Irreguler Comparison
Defining relative clauses (also called
identifying relative clauses or
restrictive relative clauses) give
detailed information defining a general
term or expression. Defining relative
clauses are not put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with five
girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you
ask somebody whether he knows this
girl. Here the relative clause defines
which of the five girls you mean.
Do you know the girl who is talking to
Non-Defining Relative
Non-defining relative clauses (also
called non-identifying relative clauses
or non-restrictive relative clauses) give
additional information on something,
but do not define it. Non-defining
relative clauses are put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with only
one girl. The two are talking to each
other and you ask somebody whether
he knows this girl. Here the relative
clause is non-defining because in this
situation it is obvious which girl you
mean.

Created by shobahul hoir ta. 6

 Do you know the girl, who is talking to lives near our school.
Tom?
2. We don’t know the old man.
Mr. Arwan greeted him just now.
Note: In non-defining relative clauses,
who/which may not be replaced with © Ikuti langkah – langkah pada
that. nomor satu. Jika benar, maka
jawaban Anda harus seperti di
Object pronouns in non-defining bawah ini:
relative clauses must be used.
We don’t know the old man
Jim, who we met yesterday, is very whom Mr.
nice. Arwan greeted just now.
PERHATIKAN! 3. The girl is very kind-hearted
Who  to replace person functioning He called her Anna
as subject © Ikuti langkah – langkah pada
Whom to replace person functioning nomor satu. Jika benar, maka
as object jawaban Anda harus seperti di
Whose  to replace person / bawah ini:
thing functioning
as possession The girl whose he called
Which  to replace thing functioning as Anna is very
subject or kind-hearted
object 4. Most of the students can do the test
That  to replace person / thing well
functioning as Mr. Ervan gave it last Tuesday
subject or object © Ikuti langkah – langkah pada
nomor satu. Jika benar, maka
jawaban Anda harus seperti di
Eg. bawah ini:
1. The woman lives near our school.
She helped you yesterday Most of the students can do the
test which
© Cari diantara dua kalimat diatas Mr. Ervan gave last Tuesday well.
yang sama / disebutkan dua kali.
The woman lives near our 5. Direct and Indirect Speech (Reported
school. Speech)
She helped you yesterday
Kalimat dalam Reported Speech,
© Lihat kalimat yang kedua, letak perhatikan penjelsan berikut:
pengulangan terletak pada
posisi? • Pronoun / Kata ganti
The woman lives near our
school. In reported speech, you often have
She helped you yesterday to change the pronoun depending
Posisi di Subyek on who says what.
(Subject) Example
She says, “My mum doesn’t have
© Tentukan penggabungnya time today.” She says that her
Karena kalimat kedua mum doesn’t have time today.
pengulangan berada pada posisi
Subject maka, kata hubung
yang digunakan adalah Who • No Backshift

© Gabungkan kalimat dua dengan Do not change the tense if the

kalimat satu, dengan cara introductory clause is in Simple
menghapus pengulangan pada Present (e. g. He says). Note,
kalimat dua dan however, that you might have to
menggatikannya dengan kata change the form of the present
hubung tersebut. tense verb (3rd person singular).

The woman who helped you Example

yesterday He says, “I speak English.”
Created by shobahul hoir ta. 7
 He says that he speaks English.
• Backshift
You must change the tense if the
introductory clause is in Simple Past
(e. g. He said). This is called
backshift.
Example
He said, “I am happy.”
He said that he was happy.
The verbs could, should, would,
might, must, needn’t, ought to, and
used to do not normally change.
Example:
He said, “She might be right.”
He said that she might be right.
• Place and Time Expression
It is Friday and you meet
James at a restaurant. James tells
you that he saw Caroline in this
restaurant today. (“I saw Caroline
here today.”) A few minutes later,
Helen joins you and you want to
report what James has told you.
Place (here) and time (today) are
the same and you can say:
→ James said that he had seen
Caroline here
today.
One day later, you meet Mary
at the same restaurant. Again, you
want to report to her what James
has told you. The place is the same,
but not the time (it happened
yesterday). So you would say:
→ James said that he had seen
Caroline here
yesterday.
Still a few days later, Tom
rings you at home. Again, you want
to report to him what James has
told you. However, now you are not
Created by shobahul hoir ta.
at the restaurant (but at home) and
a few days have passed since then.
So you would say:
→ James said that he had seen
Caroline at the
restaurant on Friday.
oder
→ I met James in a restaurant on
Friday and he
said that he had seen Caroline
there that day.
# Question in Reported Speech
Besides, note that instead of ‚that‘
you use the interrogative. If there is
no interrogative, use ‚whether‘ / ‚if‘.
Eg.
DS : He said: “She lives in London.“
IS : He said that she lived in London
QI/DS : He asked, “Where does she live?”
QI/IS : He asked where she lived
QWI/DS: He asked, “Does she live in London?”
QWI/IS : He asked whether she lived in London
Or
He asked if she lived in London
Ket:
DS  Direct Speech
IS  Indirect Speech
QI  Quest With Interrogative
QWI  Question without Interrogative
6. Passive Voice
Adalah bentuk pasif.
Bentuk:
Subject + Tobe + V3
Eg.
Present Tense
A : She waters the flowers everyday
P : The flowers are watered (by her)
everyday
Present and Past Continuous
A : She is watering the flowers now
P : The flowers are being watered (by
her) now
8
 A : She was watering the flowers 3. Raymond. 2000. “Bimbingan Pemnatapan
P : The flowers were being watered Bahasa Inggris”. Yama Widya: Bandung
(by her)
4. Grace Eudia. 2005. “Look Ahead An English
Past Tense Course”. Erlangga: Jakarta
A : She watered the flowers yesterday
P : She was watered the flowers 5. www.ego4u.com
yesterday
6. Purnomo Wahyu. 2007. “Acces to English
Present and Past Perfect Competence”. Sanksekerta Inti Media: Surabaya
A : She has just watered the flowers
P : The flowers have just been
watered

A : She had watered the flowers

P : The flowers had been watered

Present Future and Modals 1

A : She will water the flowers
tomorrow
P : The flowers will be watered
tomorrow

A : She can water the flowers

P : The flowers can be watered (by
her)

Daftar Bacaan

1. Zumakhsin. 2007. “Progress A conceptual

Approach to Learn English”. Ganeca
Exact:Bandung

2. Allen W. Stannard. 1974. “Living in English

Structure”. Hazell Watson & VoineyLtd: Great
Britain

Created by shobahul hoir ta. 9