A Novel ZVT ZCT PWM DC DC Converter

A Novel ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC Converter

AKSOY Isrntol

AKSOY Ismail

A NOVEL ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC CONVERTER

A.Faruk Bakan, Haci Bodur, Ismail Aksoy Yildiz Technical University, Electrical Engineering Department 34349 Besiktas, Istanbul TURKEY Tel: +90 / 212 2597070 / 2970 Fax: +90 / 212 2594869 e-mail: fbakan@yildiz.edu.tr, bodur@yildiz.edu.tr, iaksoy@yildiz.edu.tr URL: http://www.yildiz.edu.tr/Kfbakan
-

Keywords
Soft switching, ZCS converters, ZVS converters, converter circuit.

Abstract
In this paper, a novel active snubber cell which is used in a boost type DC-DC converter is proposed. The proposed snubber cell provides zero voltage transition (ZVT) and zero current transition (ZCT) for the main switch of the converter. All of the semiconductor devices turn on and off under soft switching. The converter has a simple structure and minimum number of components. Steady state analysis of the converter is presented, and theoretical analysis is verified by a prototype of a 1 kW and 100 kHz boost converter.

1. Introduction
High frequency PWM DC-DC converters have been widely used in industry due to their high power density, fast response and control simplicity. Increasing frequency offers more power density, but high switching losses and poor efficiency occur in the converter. Especially at high frequencies and high power levels, it is necessary to use soft switching techniques to reduce switching losses.
Soft switching techniques can be realized with zero voltage transition (ZVT), zero current transition (ZCT) both zero voltage and zero current transition (ZVZCT) techniques. In literature, a number of ZVT, ZCT and ZVZCT converters have been proposed [1]-[16]. In the ZVT-PWM converters main switch is turned on under ZVT. The turn off of the main switch with soft switching is not perfectly realized. In the ZCT-PWM converters, main switch is turned off under ZCS. The turn on of the main switch with soft switching is not realized. In most of the ZVT and ZCT converters, the auxiliary switch is turned on softly but is turned off with hard switching. There are many researches on soft switching techniques, and the best solution is using both of the ZVT and ZCT techniques together [10], [11] and [16].
or

In this study, a novel active snubber cell, which overcomes most of the problems of the normal ZCT-PWM converter [2] is proposed. The main contribution of this study is the modification of the control technique in the normal ZCT-PWM converter. Modifying only the control method provides to get ZVT and ZCT properties from the normal ZCT converter without making any change in the circuit topology. In the proposed converter the main switch is turned on with ZVT and turned off with ZCT. All of the semiconductor devices work under soft switching. The proposed converter has simple structure and low cost. The operation principles and theoretical analysis of the proposed converter are verified with a prototype of a 1 kW and 100 kHz boost converter.

EPE 2005 - Dresden

ISBN: 90-75815-08-5

P.' P.1

Novel

ZVT-ZCT

PWM

DC-DC

Converter

AKSOY

Ismail

2. Operation Principles and Analysis

The circuit scheme of the proposed ZVT-ZCT-PWM boost converter is given in Fig. 1. The proposed snubber cell consists of a snubber inductor Ls with a quality factor Q, a snubber capacitor Cs, a resonant capacitor Cr, an auxiliary transistor T2, and two diodes D1, and D2. The parasitic capacitors of T1, DF, and D1 are included in the capacitor Cr, and it is not necessary to use an additional Cr.

LF

LF~~~~~~~~~~~~~

DF
~ N

vi+c

T4T T2
L
1

Fig.l. Novel ZVT-ZCT-PWM boost converter.

It is assumed that input voltage, output voltage and input current are constant. The reverse recovery time of DF is taken into account. In the equations, semiconductor devices and resonant circuits are assumed ideal for simplification.

Operation Stages
The equivalent circuit schemes of the operation stages are given in Fig. 2(a)-(k) respectively, and related waveforms are shown in Fig.3. The resonance frequencies that occur in the circuit are defined as follows.
(Or =1/ LsCr

Ws

1/

VLC

(1)
(2)

Stage 1 [ to < t < t1 : Fig.2(a) :At t = to, iTI = 0, iLs = iT2 = 0, iDF = Ii, vCr = Vo and vcs =Vcso The initial voltage of snubber capacitor Cs depends on the losses of the resonant circuit. For simplicity these losses are not taken into account in the equations. The variation of Vcso according to the resonant circuit losses is determined by experiment. The main diode DF is in the on state and conducts the input current Ii. Turn on signal is applied to the gate of T2. At t = tl, snubber capacitor voltage vcs is charged to VCSI, iT2 reaches Ii and iDF falls to zero. When iDF reaches Irr, DF is turned off and this stage finishes. In this stage, T2 is turned on with ZCS due to L5, and DF is turned off with nearly ZCS and ZVS through the Ls and Cr. For this interval following equations can be written.
-

i
Ls

(Vo

VCsO) sin

os

(Vo
=

oVcso)
- Vc5

Los(

to)

(3)
(4)

vc5

VO - (VO

)cos o)5(t -to ).

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2005

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ISBN

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90-75815-08-5

75815 08

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A Novel ZVT ZCT PWM DC DC Converter

A Novel ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC Converter

AKSDY Ismail

AKSOY Ismail

Stage 2 [ tl <t<t2: Fig.2(b) ]: At t=tt, iTl =, iLS = Ii+Irr VCr =Vo and vCs =VCS. A resonance via the path Cr Cs Ls T2 occurs under the current Ii. In this stage vcs is assumed constant at the value of Vcsl for simplicity. At t = t2, VCr becomes zero and this stage finishes. For this stage,
-

O) sin (or (t tj) iLs = Ii + IIT cos(Or (t tj) _ ( C COrLs

-

(5) (6)

VCr

=-(Vcsi -Vo)cos(or(t-tI)+Vcsi -LS(Orlrr sin or(t-ti)

are

obtained.

Stage 3 [ t2 < t < t3: Fig.2(c) At the beginning of this stage, iLs = ILs2, and vCs = Vcsl are valid. Just after vcr becomes 0 at t2, the diode D1 is turned on and this stage begins. D1 conducts the excess of iLs from Ii. The duration of this stage is the ZVT time of the main transistor T1. The turn on signal of T1 is applied to its gate during this interval. When iT2 falls to Ii, diode current iDF falls to zero and this stage finishes. For this stage, the equations,

_ iLs = ILs2 cosc(s(t t2)- csi sino5s(t-t2)

-

(j)sLs = + Ls(OsILs2 sin 5s(t t2) Vcs VCsl COS (s(t t2)
-

(7)
(8)

are

derived.

Stage 4 [ t3 < t < t4 : Fig.2(d) At t = t3, iLs = Ii and vcs = VCs3. T1 is turned on and its current rises to Ii, iT2 falls to zero and D2 starts to conduction. The gate signal of T2 is removed, and it is turned off with ZCT. For this stage, the equations,

iLs = Ii coSs s(t -t3 ) _

derived.
<

Cs3 sin (os (t - t3)

sin

(9)
(10)

Vcs =VCs3 cosos(t-t3)+LscoIs

are

os(t-t3)

iT2 =iLs =0, and vcs =VCs4 are valid. A reverse resonance occurs via the path T Cs Ls- D2 under the input current Ii and continues until iD2 falls to zero. For this stage the following equations can be written. Stage 5 [ t4
t < t5: Fig.2(e) :At t=t4,
-

iTI Ii,
=

iLs

VCs4

V
=

sCs

sin wos (t-t4) (41)

o5s(t -t4 )
(12)

vc5

VCS4

cos

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A Novel ZVT ZCT PWM DC DC Converter

A Novel ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC Converter

AKSDY Ismail

AKSOY Ismail

(a) to

<

t < t,

(b) t,<t<t2

(c) t2<

t < t3

(d) t3<t<t4

(e) t4<t<t5

(f) t5<t<t6

IV

.,

V,,

V.

(g) t6< t <t7

(h) t7< t< tl

(i) t,< t< t,

Vt
()t9 < t < tio
Stage 6 [ t5 < t < t6 Fig.2(f) normal PWM converter.

VL
(k)

tjo < t < tll =to

Fig.2. Equivalent circuits of the operation stages.

]

At t = t5, vCS

VCs5 and

iTl

Ii. This

stage is the

on

state of the

Stage 7 [ t6 < t < t7: Fig.2(g) At t = t6 turn on signal is applied to T2. Resonance starts by the way of T, Cs Ls T2 under the input current Ii. At t= t7, iLs becomes Ii, and the diode D1 is turned on and this stage finishes. For this stage the following equations can be derived.
-

iLs =_ Cs5L sin os(t-t6)

Vcs =VCs5
cos

(13)
(14)

os (t - t6)

Stage 8 [ t7 < t < t8: Fig.2(h) The resonance in the previous stage continues. D1 conducts the excess of iLs from Ii during this stage. The on state of D1 is the zero current transition (ZCT) time of T1. After the diode is turned on, the gate signal of T1 is removed. At t = t8 main diode current reaches -Ir, auxiliary transistor current iT2 falls to Ii Ir and this stage stops. For this stage,
-

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A Novel ZVT ZCr PWM DC DC Converter

A Novel ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC Converter

AKSDY Ismail

AKSOY Ismail

VCr

vCs t ''''''''''- ----- ----

''''

'''' ''

/------------'----------------

LSA/l

........

..

VCs

=Vcs7 cos

Os (t

-t7 ) + LssIi sinCOs (t-t7 )

(16)

are obtained.

Stage 9
voltage

t8 <t <

t:

Fig.2(i) ]

:At

t = t8

= constant, and iLs = Ii

Ir.

The capacitor
T2 is

vCr

increases to

and

iT2

current falls to zero. The gate signal of T2

is removed.

turned off with ZCS. According to the operating conditions it can also turn off with ZCT. In this stage the
following equations are valid.

Ls= i-jrrcoswr(t-t8)vCr

L sinowr(t-t8)
sincor(t-t8)

(17)

=Vcs8 -VUS8~costor(t-t8)-iLscorIff

(18)

Stage 10 [ <o t < t1 t9 Fig.2(j)] At t = t iL = interval takes a very short time, because Cr consists

and vCr = vc58. Cr iS charged by of only

Ii

linearly. This

parasitic

capacitors

and its value is too small.

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A Novel ZVT ZCT PWM DC DC Converter

A Novel ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC Converter

AKSDY Ismail

AKSOY Ismail

When vCr reaches the output voltage VO, this stage is finished. The voltage equation of capacitor given as,

C,
(19)

is

VCr

VCs8 + li (t t9) / Cr

Stage 11 [ t1o <t<t 1: Fig.2(k) ]: At t=t0o. vCr is the off state of the normal PWM converter.

=VO

VCS =VCs8 =Vcso0 and iDF =I i This stage

3. Experimental Results
A prototype of a 1 kW and 100 kHz boost converter is performed to verify the predicted analysis of the proposed ZVT-ZCT-PWM converter and it is shown in Fig.4. Nominal values of the semiconductor devices used in the experimental circuit are listed in Table 1. The selection of the resonant capacitor and inductor are made according to simulation. The oscillograms obtained from the operating circuit by a digital oscilloscope are given in Fig.5.

The voltages, currents and gate drive signals of the main and auxiliary switches are shown in Fig.5a and Fig.5b respectively. In Fig.5a it is seen that main switch is turned on with ZVT and turned off with ZCT. Also in Fig.5b and Fig.5c it can be seen that the auxiliary switch and the diode are turned on and turned off softly. It was observed that experimental results verify the theoretical analysis of the proposed converter.
LF=l mH

Vi

200 V

400 V

V.

Table 1. Nominal values of the semiconductor devices in the proposed converter.

DEVICE
PART NUMBER
V (V) I (A) tr (ns) tf (ns)

D1

T,

T2
D2 DF

IXGH16N6OB2D1 Internal Diode of T1 IRFP460 Intemal Diode of T2 MUR860

600

16

50
-

150
-

tirr (ns)
-

600
500

16
20

30
-

50
-

70
-

500 600

20 8

700 50

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A Novel ZVT ZCT PWM DC DC Converter

A Novel ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC Converter

AKSDY Ismail

AKSOY Ismail

a) Vswl (200V/div), iSWl (IOA/div), and VGI (20V/div)

b)

VSW2

(200V/div), iSW2 (IOA/div), and VG2 (20V/div)

C) VDF (200V/div),

and 1DF

(lOA/div)

d)

vo (200V/div),

vCs (IOOV/div)

1Ls

(lOA/div), and

Fig. 5. Oscillograms from experimental circuit.

4. Conclusion
In this study, a PWM boost converter with a new active snubber cell has been analyzed in detail. The operation principles and theoretical analysis are verified with a prototype of a 1 kW and 100 kHz PWM boost converter. The proposed active snubber cell provides ZVT turn on and ZCT turn off together for the main switch. Also, all of the semiconductor devices have operated with soft switching. The proposed converter has a simple structure and low cost and most of the desirable features of DC-DC converters are obtained.

References
[1]. G. Hua, C. S. Leu, Y. Jiang, and F. C. Lee, "Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 9, pp. 213-219, Mar. 1994.
[2]. G. Hua, E. X. Yang, Y. Jiang, and F. C. Lee, "Novel Zero-Current-Transition PWM Converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 9, pp. 601-606, Nov. 1994.
on on

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A Novel ZVT-ZCT PWM DC-DC Converter

AKSOY Ismail

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[3]. H. Mao, F. C. Lee, X. Zhou, H. Dai, M. Cosan, and D. Boroyevich, "Improved Zero-Current-Transition Converters for High-Power Applications," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat. vol. 33, pp. 1220-1232, Sept./Oct. 1997.
,

[4]. K. Mark Smith, Keyue Ma Smedley, "A Comparison of Voltage-Mode Soft-Switching Methods for PWM Converters," IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 12, pp. 376-386, Mar. 1997. [5]. J. G. Cho, J. W. Baek, G. H. Rim and I. Kang, "Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Multiphase Converters," IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 13, pp. 152-159, Jan. 1998. [6]. C. J. Tseng and C. L. Chen, "Novel ZVT-PWM Converters with Active Snubbers," IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 13, pp. 861-869, Sept. 1998. [7]. V. Grigore and J. Kyyra, "A New Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Buck Converter," in Proc. 9th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conf. (MELECON'98), Tel Aviv, Israel, vol. 2, 1998, pp. 1241-1245. [8]. J. M. P. Menegaz, M. A. Co., D. S. L. Simonetti, and L. F. Vieira, "Improving the operation of ZVT DC-DC Converters," in Proc. 30O Power Electron. Spec. Conf. (PESC'99) Charleston, vol.1, 1999, pp. 293-297. [9]. H. Bodur, M. H. Saruln, and A. F. Bakan, "A Passive Lossless Snubber Cell Design For An Ohmic Loaded PWM IGBT Chopper Fed By a Diode Bridge From AC Mains," in Proc. Int. Conf. Elec. Electron. Eng. (ELECO'99) Bursa,
,

Turkey, Dec. 1-5, 1999, pp. 440-444.

[10]. C. M. de 0. Stein, and H. L. Hey, "A True ZCZVT Commutation Cell for PWM Converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, pp. 185-193, Jan. 2000.

on

[11]. D. Y. Lee, B. K. Lee, S. B. Yoo, and D.S. Hyun, "An Improved Full-Bridge Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM DC/DC Converter with Zero-Voltage / Zero-Current Switching of the Auxiliary Switches," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, pp. 558-566, Mar. / Apr. 2000. [12]. T. W. Kim, H. S. Kim, and H. W. Ahn, "An Improved ZVT PWM Boost Converter," in Proc. 31th Power Electron. Spec. Conf. (PESC'00) Galway, Ireland, vol. 2, 2000, pp. 615-619.
,

[13]. H. Bodur and A. F. Bakan, "A New ZVT-PWM DC-DC Converter," IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 17, pp. 40-47, Jan. 2002. [14]. H. Yu, B. M. Song, and J. S. Lai, "Design of a Novel ZVT Soft-Switching Chopper," IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 17, pp. 101-108, Jan. 2002. [15]. H. Bodur, A. F. Bakan, and M. Baysal, "A Detailed Analytical Analysis of a Passive Resonant Snubber Cell Perfectly Constructed for a Pulse Width Modulated DC-DC Buck Converter," Electrical Engineering, Springer-Verlag, vol. 85, pp. 45-52, Feb. 2003. [16]. H. Bodur and A. F. Bakan, "A New ZVT-ZCT-PWM DC-DC Converter," IEEE Trans.Power Electron., vol. 19, pp. 676-684, May 2004.

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