Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

EXPERIMENT 3: COMPUTERIZED THICK CYLINDER ABSTRACT

This experiment is to obtain the stress strain and determine the minimum and maximum principal stress of thick cylinder. It is also to compare between experimental and calculated values. In this experiment, we use a computerized thick cylinder device to do the experiment. We will set the settings in the computer and the values are taken. These are the calculated an also the measured values. Therefore we are to tabulate the values and make comparison between the two experimental values and theoretical values.

OBJECTIVE
To obtain the values of stress, strain and determination of minimum and maximum principal stress of the thick cylinder. To compare experimental value with theoretical value.

INTRODUCTION
Thick walled cylinders are widely used in chemical, petrochemical and military industries as well as nuclear power plans. They are usually subjected to high pressure and temperature to analyze the stress distribution in a thick cylinder. Another important aspect of this experiment is to give the ability to students to calculate the principal stress and strain in thick walled cylinders. Some terms related to this experiment are defined as follow; Youngs Modulus It is the ratio of stress to strain in a particular direction. It has a constant value for a wall material. For this experiment, the cylinder wall is made by aluminum which value of Youngs Modulus, E = 73.1 GN/m2.

Poisson Ratio The ratio of the strain in a direction of right angles to the applied load to the strain in the direction of the applied load. One strain is compressive, the other is tensile and a minus sign is used in the mathematical statement. The Poisson Ratio for this cylinder (aluminum), = 0.33.

Maryam Jahanzad Principal Stresses

KEM110702

The greatest direct stress in the material (1) is the maximum principal stress and the minimum principal stress (2). In a thick cylinder these are the hoop and radial stresses. There is also a maximum shear stress, max. The greatest stresses are on the inside wall of the cylinder.

Figure1. Thick cylinder used in lab This apparatus enables the student to investigate the distribution of radial and hoop stresses and strains throughout the wall of a thick cylinder and to compare experimental results with the theoretical results. The cylinder is made from duralumin in two halves cemented together. One face of the joint has an eccentric shallow groove containing ten strain gauges at carefully determined radii and orientation. These measure radial and hoop strains from which the corresponding stresses are calculated. The groove is completely filled with jointing cement. Additional strain gauges on the inner and outer walls enable the measurement of longitudinal and circumferential strains. The cylinder is mounted in a sturdy frame and the whole unit complete with a hydraulic hand pump for applying pressure is fitted to a modular steel base. All strain gauges are temperature compensated forming a full bridge high stability circuit for each channel. Cylinder pressure is measured by an internal transducer and also by a Bourdon gauge. This 2

Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

provides a possible instrumentation based experiment in checking the calibration of the Bourdon gauge. An on-board micro-controller and ADA interface with full signal conditioning and an RS232 socket facilitates connection to the users.

Theory
Consider a thick cylinder subject to internal pressure p 1 and an external pressure p2. Under the action of radial pressures on the surfaces the three principal stresses will be r compressive radial stress, t tensile tangential stress and a axial stress which is generally also tensile. The stress conditions occur throughout the section and vary primarily relative to the radius r. It is assumed that the axial stress a is constant along the length of the section. This condition generally applies away from the ends of the cylinder and away from discontinuities.

Figure2. Distribution of pressure in thick walled cylinder Consider a microscopically small area under stress as shown. u is the radial displacement at radius r. The circumferential (Hoop) strain due to the internal pressure is;
t=

Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

At the outer radius of the small section area (r + r ) the radius will increase to (u + ). The resulting radial strain as r -> 0 is;
r=

Strain: 1. Hoop Strain From the theory it can be seen that the equation is as below: *( Substituting values for E, K and R [( ) ( )] ) ( )+

2. Radial Strain - From Theory the equation is as below: *( Substituting the values of E, K and R we got: [( ) ( )] ) ( )+

3. Longitudinal Strain From the theory it can be seen as below: *( Substituting the values of E, K and R we got: [( Stresses: ) ( )] ) ( )+

Therefore: - (1) - (2) (N/m2) (N/m2) 4

Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

By substituting into these equations the measured strain values, the individual stress in the cylinder wall can be calculated. These values can then be compared with the calculated theoretical values founded. The above equations can be reduced to: (N/m2) And (N/m2) These equations are related to derived stresses There are also theoretical stresses: ( ( ) ) (N/m2) (N/m2)

Results from this table can be represented graphically. As strain at the bore and outside diameter cannot be measured, the derived values of hoop stress at these radii cannot be found by simple use of equations. However, it can be derived as:

Where H is the experimental value, The values of H are known by experiment, and the values of R at the bore and the outside diameter are P MN/m2 and 0 respectively. The hoop stress at the bore and outside diameter, therefore, can be derived and compared with the purely theoretical values, i.e.: At bore: At outside diameter: The maximum shear stress () = 1.065 P = 1.065 * P *106 N/m3

Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

Experiment 1 results: Strain Distribution through Wall

Gauge Radius (mm) Number

Experimental Nature of Strain (x 10 ) H R H R H R H R H R H L H 39.44 -41.50 23.55 -20.93 2.24 1.87 11.03 -7.85 9.16 -6.36 78.13 0.56 5.98
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theoretical Strain (x 10 ) 36.24 -31.48 22.86 -18.11 15.49 -10.73 10.84 -6.09 9.07 -4.31 79.95 -2.34 7.10 -3.20 10.01 -0.69 2.83 13.24 -12.60 -0.18 1.76 -0.09 2.04 1.82 -2.90 1.12
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Strain

Error Difference

28.0 28.0 36.0 36.0 45.0 45.0 56.0 56.0 63.0 63.0 18.5 75.0 75.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

graph of hoop strain against radius

90 80 hoop strain (x 10-6) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 radius (mm) 60 80 Series1 Series2 Power (Series1) Power (Series2)

graph of radial strain against radius

5 0 -5 0 radial strain (x 10-6) -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 radius (mm) Series1 Series2 Poly. (Series1) Poly. (Series2) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Maryam Jahanzad Experiment 2 results: Stress Distribution through Wall Internal cylindrical pressure= 4.00 MN/m2 Radius, r (mm) Calculated (MN/m2) Derived (MN/m2) Calculated (MN/m2) Derived (MN/m2) -2.3 -1.1 0.2 -0.3 4.4 2.1 1.4 0.2 0.7 18.5 28 36 45 56

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63

75

4.5

2.1

1.4

1.0

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.4

-4.0

-1.6

-0.9

-0.5

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

-0.3

graph of stress against radius

hoop stress (MN/m2) 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 radius (mm) 60 70 80 Series1 Series2

graph of stress against radius

1 radial stress (MN/m2) 0 -1 0 -2 -3 -4 -5 radius (mm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Series1 Series2

Maryam Jahanzad Experiment 3 results: Principal Stresses Principal stress at a cylinder pressure of 4.00 MN/m2 Maximum principal stress is the hoop stress at the inner surface, 1 1 = 4.52 MN/m2 Minimum principal stress is the radial stress at the inner surface, 2 2 = -4.00 MN/m2 Maximum Shear stress, max is: 0.5(1 2), max = 4.26 MN/m2

KEM110702

DISCUSSION
for first part of experiment we have;

Gauge Radius (mm) Number 28.0 28.0 36.0 36.0 45.0 45.0 56.0 56.0 63.0 63.0 18.5 75.0 75.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Nature of Strain H R H R H R H R H R H L H

Percentage of discrepancy (%) 8.83 31.80 3.02 15.63 85.73 117.43 1.66 28.90 0.99 47.33 2.28 123.93 15.77

Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

The table above shows the percentage of discrepancy of strains for each gauge number. It is observed that most of the measured strains are very close to the calculated strains with percentage difference less than 10% and these strains are considered to agree with the theory. The smallest percentage difference obtained is 0.99%. However, there are some of the measured strains that give extremely large percentage of discrepancy, which is over than 100%. The largest percentage of discrepancy is 123.93%. This may be due to some errors that will be discussed later. For second part of experiment we have;

Percentage Difference (%) Radius, r (mm) Hoop Stress, H 18.5 28 36 45 56 63 75 2.22 0.00 0.00 80.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 Radial Stress, R 43.75 22.22 140.00 50.00 200.00 -

As we can see from the table above, results from the hoop stress are more reliable than those of radial stress, as the percentage difference of experimental values from theoretical values are generally less than percentage difference of radial stress since they are all more than 20%. At third part of experiment we have;

The maximum principal stress obtained is the hoop stress (tensile) with positive value and the minimum principal stress is the radial stress (compressive) with negative value. These results totally agree to the theory. As it was mentioned earlier there are some errors during this experiment which caused discrepancy of experimental values from theoretical values. Some of these errors are as follow; There is always a deviation between the actual and the calculated value. This is because when calculating the values, it is consider everything as assumptions. Therefore, when it comes to real life, many things are fluctuating such as different area of the cylinder can withstand different values of stress and strain, the force acting on the cylinder is not the same on every place,. There are also some computer errors or the difference in detecting the experimental values. 10

Maryam Jahanzad

KEM110702

There is a parallax error when we have to take the reading of pressure reader. Actually, The eye positions are incorrect, that is not perpendicular to the pressure gauges scale when setting the internal cylindrical pressure to 4.00 MN/m2. Extra pressure is applied by the subject while setting the internal cylindrical pressure to 4.00 MN/m2 and this is actually considered as zero error.. This causes differences between the measured and calculated values as in calculations, the pressure is assumed to be exactly 4.00 MN/m2. But the pre cautions we can take into consideration during carrying out the experiment are might be; To prevent parallax error we can use digital pressure gauge. To prevent zero error we can either consider uncertainty into our calculation or the pressure on the diaphragm was ensured to be zero by checking that the hand wheel was unscrewed enough to rotate without resistance and the pressure gauge on the equipment reads 0. Keep our hands away from equipment and table that equipment are placed on.

CONCLUSION
The stress and strain value is able to be retrieve from the computer and the values are almost accurate but there is still some difference in values. The minimum principle stress is determined to be -4.00MN/m2 whereas the maximum principle stress is 4.52 MN/m2. The maximum shear stress is 4.26MN/m2. The experimental values and theoretical values are also compared and percentages of discrepancy are calculated. It can be concluded that most of the experimental values agree with the theoretical values. However, some of the results give large percentage difference and the possible reasons or errors that may occur are discussed.

REFERENCES

http://www.tecquipment.com/Materials-Testing/Stress-Strain/SM1011.aspx
lab sheet. 2012//2013. Semester 1. Russell C. Hibbeler, (1997). 7th edition. Mechanics of Materials. Prentice Hall International, Inc. http://www.iaeng.org/publication/IMECS2009/IMECS2009_pp1649-1654.pdf

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