A Project report on

Study of Inventory Control System and Trend Analysis in Mangalam Cement

Conducted At

(A unit of B.K. Birla group of companies)

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of

Master Of Business Administration

(2004-2006)

Guided by:
Mr.Sumit Sharma (Dy. Manager)

Submitted by:
Shabbar Hussain (M.B.A Part-II)

Submitted To

VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, PUNE

(Affiliated to Pune University, Approved by AICTE)

TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO 1. 2. PERTICULARS Introduction to cement industry Introduction to Mangalam Cement ltd a. b. c. d. 3. Company Profile Objective and Quality Policy Corporate philosophy TPM Policy

Introduction to finance department a. Structure of finance department

4. 5. 6.

Research Methodology Project Work Evaluating financial position by using ratio analysis a. Ratio analysis a tool kit b. Type of ratios c. Application of ratio analysis technique

7. 8. 9.

Conclusion Suggestion Bibliography

PREFERACE

Summer training has been accepted as a integral part of the Master Of Business Administration (M.B.A) as its objective is to let the students themselves familiar with the working environment in an organization, deal with at least some of the problem or aspects practically and tackle them or at least understand and analyze them. This of course paves a road for the where they have to lead later. Summer training also enables the student to train themselves in applied knowledge over the theoretical learning. I feel privileged for having undergone my summer training at MANGALAM CEMENT LTD. The training in this particular organization has enriched my knowledge regarding cement industry.

The project assigned to me was Inventory Planning and Control and Trend Analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure and privilege for me to present this report of summer training at Mangalam Cement Ltd, in partial fulfillment for the award of MBA, degree by PUNE UNIVERSITY, I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Sumit Sharma (Dy. Manager) and Mr. N.K. Maheshwari (Personnel head), Mangalam Cement Ltd. For their valuable guidance and encouragement given me to undertake this project. I am also committed to thanks to staff members of Mangalam Cement ltd. whose valuable and appropriate direction, in all respect was very helpful in preparing the report. I specially thank Mr.S.K Vaze, Professor VIM Pune for his valuable and appropriate guidance and direction

(SHABBAR HUSSAIN)

Introduction to Cement Industry

Cement industry is not of recent origin. It is one of the major and oldest manufacturing industries in the Indian economy. Cement industry showed its presence from early 1900s Jam agar Gujarat) got the credit for setting up first cement plant in 1914. It is an indigenous industry, with the country well endowed with the raw material, manpower, machinery, equipment and technology. It is a vital Industry assumes crucial role in economic growth and development of the country. It is a basic as well as consumer industry. It is an infrastructure development of a country. Cement is a product of mass consumption. It can define as a substance which can join or unite two pieces two together to from a unit mass. India stood cement producing country in the world. The installed capacity is 104 million tones and production is nearly 79 million tones. This is the significant achievement as in 1980 it was just 26 million tones. More ever the pr capital consumption in 1997 was 85 kg. As compared to that of 80 kg. In 1990. It is expected that in the first decade of 21st century, the should 140 million tones. Of cement per annum, with per capital consumption to the tones of 120 kgs. To satisfy the requirement of cement, we are having adequate coal lime reserve. Apart from the lime reserve, we are also having world class managerial experts and technical staff for efficient and economical operation of cement factory and offices. We are now in a position to play a dominant role in global production. We had already registered our presence in world maker by occupying the 4th position. We are just behind China, Japan and USA in terms of production. The table will show the production and market share of few countries S no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Country CHINA JAPAN USA INDIA RUSSIA ITALY OTHER Cement Production 389.2 94.4 69.5 33.2 48.5 21.2 686.5 % share 28.00 7.00 4.60 3.50 3.50 2.40 49.50

It was after independence that the need for self reliance is felt. At that time, cement was in a short supply. The government was forced to import huge quantity of cement to satisfy the

domestic demand. Realizing the fact that import is against the national interest, Govt took steps to decontrol the production. The first initiative in this direction was taken in 1982 and it was shown the good growth rate when the industry was deli censed with effect from 1991. Presently cement industry was facing hard time of following reasons. a.Supply in excess of demand b. Presence of large number of competitors c.Competition result in price war between companies However the company is expecting a boom time in future. Reason behind such an expectation. a.It is hoped that the per capital, consumption, which is 85 kg. As compared to outside work of 200 kg, will increase. b. The economy of the country is growing steadily. To support the economic growth, infrastructure development is needed .besides; population increase will put enormous strain on the rail and road network, power sectors housing constructions. Post facilities and other areas. These factors will increases demand for cement. With the GDP growth rates of 7% in the country during the ninth plan. Cement industry is likely to grow at above 9 % to 10% annually.

COMPANY PROFILE

Mangalam cement was promoted in the year 1978 by famed house of shri B.K. Birla the most eminent and illustrious industrialist of the country. It is a professionally managed and well established cement manufacturing company enjoying the confidence of the consumer because of its superior product and excellent customer service. Mangalam cement plant was situated in Morak 65km from Kota. Its commercial production was started in 1982, with total capacity of 1200 MT/day. The company has commissioned in 1924 its state art new cement plant with German technology for producing 7 lacks tones per annum at its exiting site at Morak, dist. Kota in Rajasthan under the name of Neer Shree Cement. Rupp Polysins, Germany and their counterpart Krupp industries India ltd. Have joined hands with Mangalam Cement Ltd. To produce BIRLA UTTAM Premium 43 and 53 grade Portland cement and PPC using ultra modern technology.

Its Unique Feature Are As Follows:Vibrating screen:

Commencing with a 500 TPH crusher with latest vibrated screen to ensure that only very clean limestone goes in the process of manufacturing cement. Stacker reclaimer:To perfectly homogenize the main raw materials i.e. Limestone X-Ray Analyzer: For quick and accurate analysis of all the raw material, clincker and cement Computerized Central: for stable and efficient operation. Roller Mills: Latest roller mills for coal/ Raw material grinding and roller press for clincker grinds to ensure uniform particle size of cement for greater strength. Electronic Packaging: for consistent result and prompt delivery. The company is obtaining the from its own mines located near the plant. The mine field is spread over 10 sq km. A part from this, it is also obtaining the high quality limestone, from Chittorgarh, Nagpur etc.

Brief Information about Mangalam

Location : Morak, Disst. Kota

Register Office Head Office Year of incorporation Commercial production Total project cost Total Capacity Manpower Brand name Product manufactured

: : : : : : : : :

Aditya Nagar, Morak-326517 Disst. Kota (Raj) 9/1 R.N Mukherjee Road, Kolcutta- 700 001 Mangalam 1978 Near Shree 1992 Mangalam 1978 Near Shree 1994 Rs.500 Cr. Mangalam 1lac MT/year Directly employed: 300 Staff, 700 Workers Birla Uttam OPC 43 grade. OPC 53 grade PPC MPA 53

OBJECTIVES OF MANGALAM CEMENT LTD

 To make continues effort to sustain and improve the quality and productivity levels and attain consistent result. To promote the culture for acquiring knowledge and skill to adapt to the new technology development. To encourage team work for finding solution to be problem of quality and productivity. and there implementation leading to enhanced commitment. Excellence in all spheres of management through census, consultation, system perfection, delegation, decentralization and human resource development for knowledge integration and skill development.

QUALITY POLICY

We pledge to produce and deliver Quality clinker and cement To the satisfaction of our customers By following a quality management system

FINANCE DEPARTMENT
Finance department of Mangalam cement is well organized with all the staff well qualified and experienced to handle day-to day affairs. It is concerned with the preparation of financial statements. The books of accounts are properly maintained and updated. Enabling

the timely preparation of financial statement. There is the proper coordination between the staff. Financial statement: Financial statement is generally prepared and presented annually. They are of use to prospective investors, creditors and even management. Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis to measure accurately the financial health and stability of organization to make the profits. Financial statement includes profit and loss and balance sheet. Taxes In Mangalam Cement there are two type of taxes. 1. Direct taxes 2. Indirect taxes Direct taxes Direct tax is beard by Mangalam, which pay direct tax by corporate tax section at its head office. Direct tax includes1. Income tax 2. Corporate tax

Indirect tax: There are three type of indirect tax: Royalty-anything below the surface of the earth belong to government and that is why Mangalam has to pay a tax of royalty o govt. For the mining of Lime Stone Sales tax: Sales tax is the last tax charge on the product Excise duty. It is the charge of manufactured product i.e. cement

Structure Of Finance Department

Joint President finance (Mr.R.C.Gupta)

Deputy Manager, finance (V.G. Haircut)

Junior Officer Finance (Mr.R.C. Purohit)

Assistant Officer Finance (Mr. Joshi)

Senior Assistant (Mr. Suresh Gupta)

Steno Grapher

INTRODUCTION

What is cement ?

Cement is a mixture of limestone. Clay, silica and gypsum. It is a fine powder which when mixed with water sets to a hard mass as result of the hydration of the constituent compounds. It is a most commonly used construction material. Different Type Of Cement:

There are different varieties of cement based on different composition according to the specific end uses namely ordinary Portland cement. Portland Pozolona Cement, Portland Blast Furnaces Slag cement. White cement and specialized cement. The basic difference lies in the percentage of clinker produces. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

OPC, popularly known as grey cement. Has 95% of clinker and 5% of gypsum and other material. It accounts for 70% of the total consumption. White cement is a variation of OPC and its used for decorative purpose like rendering of walls, flooring etc Portland Pozolona Cement (PPC)

PPC has 80% clinker. 15% pozolona and 5% gypsum and accounts for 18% of total consumption. Pozolona has siliceous and aluminous that do not posses cementing properties but develop these properties in the presence of water. It is cheaply manufacture because it uses fly ash/ burnt clay coal waste as the main ingredient. It has a lower heat of hydration which helps in preventing cracks where large volumes are being cast. Portland blast furnace slag cement (PBFSC)

PBFSC consist of 45% of Clinker. 50% blast Furnace slag and 5% of gypsum and account for 10% of total cement consumed. It has a heat of hydration even lower than PPC and is generally used in the construction of dams and similar massive construction.

White Cement

Basically it is OPC: clinker using fuel oil (instead of coal) and with iron oxide content below0.4% to ensure witness. Special cooling techniques are used. It is used to enhance

aesthetic value, in tiles and for flooring. White cement is much more expensive than grey cement. Specialized cement :

Oil Well Cement: Is made from clinker with special additives to prevent any porosity. Rapid Hardening Portland cement: It is similar to OPC, except that it is ground much finer, so that casting. The compressible strength increases rapidly.

Major Cement Industries in Rajasthan

1. ACC Limited Lakheri, Bundi (1924)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Ambuja Cement Limited , Beawar Aditya Cement works , Chittorgarh Birla Cement Works, Chittorgarh Binani Cement Limited , Sirohi J.K. Cement , Nimbahera J.K. Udyog Limited , Udaipur J.K. Corp. Limited, Sirohi (Laxmi Cement) Mangalam Cement (Neershree), Morak-Kota

10. Shree Cement , Beawar 11. Shri Ram Cement, Kota.

Our Corporate Vision

The 21st Century Atlas Atlas, the Titan Collective strength of the group:

These symbols as a whole represent the collective strength of the group. The astute and dynamic management that binds the group together and gives it leadership and direction is personified in the figure of Atlas. A pillar of strength, Atlas also stands for steadfastness, consistency and reliability. The sun Enlightenment and growth: The head of the Atlas also represents the Sun. in this context the sun represents for a luminous and powerful presence that a group should has over the industrial arena on one hand and resourcefulness in term of finance, technology skill and intellectual leadership on the other. Earth Segment - Diversified Activities: Each latitude around the Titan represents the different industries or activities that constitute the group. They individually draw and give the strength to the central figure of Atlas. The Globe- Global Vision: The groups global vision and harmonious blend of all the elements, sum up as well conceptualized conglomerate Strong Foundation Sustained growth Proven Leadership

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGHTS: It is best quality of cement manufacturer. Latest technology adopted Neeer Shree latest technology has given the best output. It is attributed by healthy work environment and management system Goodwill of B.K. Birla group is also strength of Mangalam Cement limited

Good and healthy work environment is also maintained Superior strength of its products Optimum setting time of the cement Good reputation among dealers/ Retailers & end users. Transportation cost is very less Electronic packaging system for prompt delivery It is self for raw material Sales depots and offices for prompt delivery and immediate attention for customer It has its own mines for raw material near the plant

grievances

Weakness: Worsening power situation facing companies to invest huge amounts in captive power Inadequacy of finance for the modernization. Increasing freight prices Infrastructure bottlenecks like transportation for the raw material. fuel supply and Continues losses may effects its goodwill and market value of its shares Not have good marketing network in Rajasthan except Kota division. Awareness of customer `is not good about Birla Uttam. plants

cement

Opportunities: Its superior qualities attract brand loyal and quality conscious customers. Expected infrastructure growth will add to the current demand. Cost can reduce by establishing own power plant. Company can reduce cost. If they have own transportation. By increasing investments in promotional activities. If company may increase its distribution/network of the area it may grow fast.

Threats: Large companies are coming up. This may put pressure on realization in central and

north area. Cement industry is facing price price war. It may compel Mangalam cement limit to

reduce its cement price. The low growth rate of cement market may affect the company sales. High cost of transportation may affect the sales. Excessive losses incurred by company can have bad impression in the mind of

customer.

VISION
We the member of Mangalam Cement Pariwar with persistent pledge to produce excellent quality cement as per the needs of our customers and to achieve optimum utilization of our resources by. Striving for zero accidents. Zero quality complaints and zero down time. Enhancing individual competencies through continuous human resources development aids and over all excellence through people

 Total motivated involvement through participated management activities with high degree of professionalism. Creating clean, conductive, green, healthy and safe environment. Continues effort for total quality management and quality way of life Endless effort of total productivity and maintenance by creating the highly performing work culture and inculcating the feeling that. this is my machine, I maintain it Fulfillment of the social responsibility of the organization by continues effort for rural development and upliftment of the surrounding areas

QUALITY POLICY We pledge to produce and deliver quality Clinker and Cement to the satisfaction of our customer by a quality management system.

TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE

Total productive maintenance or TPM of each and everything and every activity in the industry, with special care on the profitability with the involvement of all the employees.

MANGALAM TPM POLICY We at Mangalam Cement ltd. Aims for zero failure , zero defect zero accident and creating pollution free environment through introduction of TPM with participation of personal at all level in the unit. This will contribute to the improvement of overall equipment efficiency and awareness of all workmen and deduction in the cost.

FIVE MAIN BASIC CONCEPT OF TPM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Building up a profitable business. Culture preventive policy all workers participation Genba Genbustsu (actual scene, actual thing and reality) Automation and unmanned plant operation

MANGALAM COMITTMENT TO TPM To double our productivity. To reduce the cost of production by 30% To reduce the cost of complaint by 75% To reduce inventory by 50%

To involve employees by applying their suggestion and increase in their

morale that is one suggestion per employee per year to be implemented. ACHIVEMENTS 190214 MT tons cement in Delhi in 1990-91 the Won prestigious company of the year award for cement industry highDSJ corporate excellence award in year 1991-1992 ISO9002 certificate from BIS.

test among all manufacturer during the year 1988-1989

Research Methodology
Management Information system:-

A management information system is a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedure to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute pertinent timely and accurate information for use by management decision makers. To improve their planning execution and control. The four subsystem of the companys management information system are:1. Internal Report System 2. Intelligence System 3. Research System 4. Analysis Through research an executive can get a synopsis of the current scenario which improves his information base for making sound decision affecting future operations of the enterprise. Research has its helpful hand in the area of financial planning and control. Financial research involves the process of systematic collection, compilation, analyses and interpretation of relevant data for financial planning and control. Research tools are applied effectively for studies involving financial position of the enterprise and for studying the Investment planning and the techniques used for the controlling the activities and major function of the company.

Research system:For undertaking my project, titled, Study of Inventory Control System and Trend Analysis in Mangalam Cement research has been conducted in four stages.

Defining the problem and research objective

Developing and collecting the information

Analyzing the information

Presenting the findings

Stage I:-Defining the Problem and Research Objective

a. What is the Process of inventory planning and control to classify the different type of inventory to determine the type and degree of control required for each. b. Trend analysis which involves the comparisons of the Ratios of the firm over the period of time which indicate the direction of change in the performance,improvement, deteriorations and consistency

Research Objective:Material control refers to the managerial functions which are directed to ensure that the required quality and quantity of material is required at proper time with the minimum amount of capital. Inventory control is not the wider term than material control. It seems to be a part of material control. The first step in inventory planning/control process is the classification of different type of inventory to determine the type and degree of control required for each. The ABC system is a widely used classification technique for the purpose. On the basis of the cost involved, the various items are classified into three categories. 1. A consisting of items with the largest investment

2. 3.

C with relatively low investment, but fairly large number of items B witch stands mid-way between category A and C

Category A requires more rigorous control, C requires minimum attention, and B deserves less attention than A. but more than C.

Order quantity problem:Economic order quantity(EOQ)is the second key inventory problem relates to determination of the size/quantity of the inventory which would be acquired that would minimize the total cost associated with inventory management.EOQ refers to the level of inventory at which the total cost of inventory comprising 1. Order/ setup cost. 2. Carrying cost is the minimum. Since data related to the Order/ setup cost and Carrying cost is confidential with the Mangalam for that we have not calculated the EOQ.

Order point problem:Yet another problem relating to the inventory planning and control is: when should the order to procure to inventory to be placed? It is that inventory level which is equal to the consumption during the lead time/procurement time. Reorder Level = Safety stock + (daily usages * lead time)

Safety stock:
Safety stocks are the minimum additional inventory which serves as a safety margin to meet an unanticipated increase in usages. This increase may be due to an unusually high demand or because of uncontrollable late receipt of incoming inventory.

RATIO ANALYSIS
Ratio analysis is a widely used tool of financial analysis. It is defined as the systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial statement so that the strength and weakness of the firm, as well as his historical performance and current financial position can be determined. Three types of comparisons are involved in the ratio analysis which reflects the relationship between the related variables:1. Trend analysis. 2. inter-firm comparison 3. Comparison with standards/industry averages.

In this project work the Trend Analysis of the of the Ratios of the financial result of last year with the Ratios of the same previous year is calculated. This analysis will figure out the performance of the Mangalam Cement in this year in comparison with the last year.

Ratios are broadly classified into four groups 1. liquidity Ratios 2. Capital Structure or Leverage Ratios 3. Profitability Ratios 4. Activity/Turnover/Efficiency Ratios

Stage II: - Developing and Collecting the Information:In these stage efforts was directed towards developing and collecting the data. This stage calls for determining the type of information needed and the most efficient way to gather the information. A researcher can get the secondary data or primary or both. This project work strongly depends on the collection of the secondary information or data. The data is being collected by visiting the different departments of the Mangalam on the basis of the questionnaire prepared and also the data relating to the ratios are being taken from the financial results published in news paper or on website of Mangalam Cement Ltd. www.manglamcement.com

Questionnaire:Ques1 Ques2 What are the raw material used in the production of the cement and segregate it into the direct or indirect material? What techniques are used for inventory planning and control

Ques3 June?

ABC analysis Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Perpetual inventory system Setting of Various Level.

What is the production of cement and Clinker in past three months from April to

Ques4 Ques5

What are the dispatches of cement in the past three months? What is the consumption of raw material for cement production in three months?

According to this questionnaire the effort has been made for collecting the information from the various department of Mangalam Cement ltd. Like inventory control techniques from stores department and consumption from the production department and all other information from the sales, accounts and finance departments. These all information collected is secondary and used for analytical purpose The data related to the valuation of inventory is confidential with Mangalam Cement for that the analysis of the valuation technique cannot be done in this project.

Stage III:-Analyzing the Information:The next step in the research process is to extract pertinent information and findings from data. We have attempted to apply some of the advance statistical techniques and decision models in the analytical research system in the hope of discovering additional information. For analysis purpose we have compare the techniques used by Mangalam in inventory planning with other techniques and have advised the more suitable technique which can also be implemented.

Stage IV: - Presenting the findings:The next step in this process is to find out the useful and fruitful information from the data or the analytical work done. The researcher should present major findings that are relevant to the major financial decision facing management. The study is useful when it reduces the amount of uncertainty facing the financial executive.

Study of Inventory Control System and Trend Analysis in Mangalam Cement

Synopsis:1. Technique used for inventory planning and control 2. What is the stock of raw material they maintain during the production? 3. Trend analysis of the financial position of the firm in comparison with the last year position.

PROJECT WORK
QUES1:-What is the Process of inventory planning and control to classify the different type of inventory to determine the type and degree of control required for each? The inventory can be referred as the sum total of the value of the raw material, fuels and lubricant, spare parts maintenance consumable. Semi-processed material and finished goods stock at any given point of time. The average business has about 30% of its working capital tied up in inventories. The technique used by Mangalam Cement with regards to the process of inventory planning and control to classify different type of inventory is ABC analysis. The concept of ABC analysis we have discussed in Research methodology. Below given table summarizes how Mangalam Cement treats the various category item according to there consumption value. 1. Every category has fast and slow moving items. a. Fast moving inventory is one which is used three or more times in a year b. Slow moving inventory is one which is used less than 3 times a year 2. Category of inventory according to its valuation. a. A consist of category where the valuation of inventory is 20000 and above b. B consists of inventory where the valuation of inventory is between 19999 and 10000. c. C consists of inventory where the valuation of inventory is less than 10000. Here is the data of the ABC analysis of the Mangalam Cement for the month of April and May.

31 May 2005 Rs.in lacks A Fast units 528 Rs. 293.43 Slow units 376 Rs. 234 units 225 Fast Rs. 11.76 units 229 B C Slow Rs. 30.56 Fast units 1198 Rs. 15.9 units 5458 Slow Rs. 383.13

31 April 2005 Rs.in lacks A Fast units 534 Rs. 318.17 units 361 Slow Rs. 241.86 Fast units 212 Rs. 11.95 B C Slow units 203 Rs. 30.34 units 1168 Fast Rs. 15.44 units 5374 Slow Rs. 380.02

We can see the above data that the company has engaged Rs 968.78 lacks in the month of May and Rs 997.78 lacks in the month of April. So almost 10 crore Rs. has been blocked in from the companies working capital and from that the amount on slow moving items, which is used less than three times in a year, is 647.69 lacks in May and Rs 652.22 lacks in the month of April so almost 7 crore of Rs has been blocked around slow moving items.

Limitation of ABC analysis:1. ABC analysis, in order to be fully effective, should be carried out with standardization and codification.

2. ABC analysis is based on gradation of different items, this gradation may include a lot of subjective elements. 3. The result of ABC analysis should be reviewed periodically and updated.

COMPARISON WITH ANATHER TECHNIQUES Economic Order Quantity (EOQ):The correct quantity to buy is the quantity at which the cost of acquisition equals the cost of possession. This is technically known as the economic order quantity or the reorder quantity.EOQ helps to achieve the lowest unit cost. The concept of economic order quantity is primarily based on the consideration of the acquisition cost and possession cost, which has been discus below.

Acquisition Cost:In order of determining the EOQ the cost of acquiring the inventory should be known like cost of placing the order, cost of stocking material and the quantity discounts available. For the item being purchased. By knowing these we can find out the extra cost of servicing an order. It is the incremental cost rather than the average cost per order that is important here, because, within limits the fixed cost of these departments continues regardless of the number of order placed

Possession cost :The cost is also referred as the inventory carrying cost. This cost is mostly represented by the items like the rent of storage, cost of insurance, opportunity cost of tying up with large working capital with inventory.

Limitation of EOQ
1. The calculation of EOQ is based on the accuracy of the information of the ordering cost and the carrying cost on which they are based. 2. The concept is based on the assumption that the usage of material is both predictable and evenly distributed. 3. Acquisition cost and the carrying cost is not easy to be calculated. The data related with the acquisition cost and the possession cost is not available with the company. So it should not be feasible for the company to calculate the acquisition cost and the possession cost as a result it is difficult to calculate the EOQ.

Setting up of various levels

Another important technique of inventory planning and control is the setting the various levels for the inventory control. Various levels should kept in mined. Maximum stock level: - Maximum stock level represents the upper limit beyond which the quantity of any item is not normally allowed to rise. The main object of establishing this limit is to ensure that unnecessary working capital is not blocked in the stores. Maximum Level = Reordering Level + Reordering - Minimum Quantity Consumption

Mangalam should also maintain the maximum stock level so that its working capital is not engaged in for the slow moving items. Investment for the slow moving items is around 7 crore which is a big amount to invest. Minimum stock level: - This is the lower limit below which the stock of any item should not allow to fall. This is also known as safety or buffer stock. The main object behind this limit is to protect against the stock out of a particular item. Minimum stock level = Reorder Level (Normal Usages * Average Per period Delivery time) Reorder level: - reorder level is fixed between the minimum and maximum stock level. When the purchase of the material reaches at its point the company should initiate for the purchase of the material. The reorder level is slightly more than the minimum stock level to guard against Normal Usages and Abnormal delay in supply. Reorder-level=Maximum Consumption * Maximum period required During the period for delivery Danger level: - this is generally fixed below the minimum stock level. Normal stock should not be below the minimum level. If it reaches the danger level at any point of time, urgent action for replenishment of stock must be taken to prevent the stock out. Note: - Due to the lack of data available with the company we cannot able to calculate these levels because the data with the company are confidential.

Evaluating Financial Position

By Using Ratio Analysis

Introduction:-

1.1

Importance of financial statement analysis in an organization.

In our money oriented economy, Finance may be defined as provision of money at the time it is needed. To every one responsible for provision of funds, it is problem of securing importance to so adjust his resources as to provide for a regular outflow of expenditure in face of an irregular inflow of income. 1. The profit and loss account (Income Statement). 2. The balance sheet In companies, these are the two statements that have been prescribed and there contents have been also been laid down by law in most countries including India. There has been increasing emphasis on (a) Giving information to the shareholder in such a manner as to enable them to grasp it easily.

(b) Giving much more information e.g. funds flow statement, again with a view to facilitating easy understanding and to place a year results in perspective through comparison with post year results. (c) The directors report being quite comprehensive to cover the factors that have been operating and are likely to operate in the near future as regards to the various functions of production, marketing, finance, labour, government policies, environment in general.

Financial statements are being made increasingly used by parties like Bank, Governments, Institutions, and Financial Analysis etc.

The statement should be sufficiently informative so as to serve as wide an curia as possible. The financial statement is prepared by accountants based on the activities that take place in production and non-production wings in a factory. The accounts convert activities in monetary terms to help to know the position and performance of the enterprise.. 1.2 Uses of Financial Statement Analysis.

The main uses of accounting statements for; Executives:Bankers:Institutions \ Auditors:Investors :Accountants:To formulate policies. To establish basis for Granting Loans. To extend Credit facility to business. To assess the prospects of the business and to know whether they can get a good return on their investments To study the statement for comparative purposes.

Financial Ration Analysis The Tool Kit

3.1 Ration Analysis :-

Ratio Analysis is the process of determining and interpreting numerical relationship based on financial statement. It is defined as the systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial statement so that the strength and weakness of a firm as well as its historical performance and current financial conditions can be determined. A ratio is a statically yard stick that provides a measure of the relationship between variables and figures. The relationship between variables or figures can be expressed in fractions. For Ex. Quotient of current assets by current Liabilities. Percentages;For Rs. Cost of goods sold as percentage of sales. Proportion of numbers:For Ex. Double the Turnover in last one year. These alternative methods establish a relationship among variables for the purposes of financial analysis referred to as Ration Analysis. Ration are simple to calculate and easy to understand, Financial analysis employee these fools to explain financial statements and performance of a company.

3.2

Objectives of Ratio Analysis:-

The main objective of Ration Analysis technique is to reveal the relationship in more meaningful way so as to enable us to draw conclusion from them. The ration analysis thus as a quantitative tool helps the Analyst to draw answers to questions such as Are the Net Profits Adequate Are the assets being use efficiently is the firm solvent Can the firm meet its current obligation and so on

Thus the Ratio Analysis help the

Owner or Investors: For estimating earning capacity. Creditors: Concerned primarily with liquidity and ability to pay interest and redeem loan within specified period. Financial Executive: - Interested in evaluating analytical tool that will measure costs efficiency, liquidity and profitability, with a view to making intelligent decisions.

Basis of comparison;Ratios are relative figures reflecting the relationship between variables. This enables the analysis to draw conclusion regarding financial operations The use of ratio as a tool of financial analysis involves their comparison, for a single ratio, like absolute figures, fails to reveal the true position. For ex, P /E ratio (price /earning ratio for particular scrip) should be compared over a period of time to get a true picture of company performance. Thus comparisons with related facts is the basis of ratio analysiss In ratio analysis, four types of comparisons are involved. 1 2 3 4 Trend Ratio Inter firm comparisons Comparisons of items within a single years financial statement of a firm. Comparisons with standard or plans

Trend ratios:Comparison of firm over time i.e. present ratios are compared with past ratios. Trend ratios indicate the direction of change in performance improvement deterioration or consistency over the years. Inter firm comparisons:Comparisons of the ratios of a firm with those of other in the same line of business or with the industry reflect its performances in relations to its competitor. The other type of comparisons may relate to comparisons of items with in a single year financial statement of a firm and comparisons with standard or plans.

Types of Ratio
Types of Ratios: -

1. 2. 3. 4. 5

Liquidity ratios Leverage Ratios Turnover Ratios Profitability Ratios Valuation Ratios.

4.1

Liquidity Ratio: -

Liquidity refers of the ability of a firm to meet its obligation in the short run, usually one year or when the become duration for payment. A proper balance between liquidly and profitability is required for efficient Financial Management. Liquidity ratios are based on the relationship between current assets the sources for meeting short-term obligation and current liabilities. The ratios, which indicate the liquidity of a firm, are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Current Ratio. Acid test Ratio. Fund-Flow Ratio. Net working capital.

4.1.1 Current Ratio The current Ratio is the ratio of current liabilities it is calculated as: Current ratio = Current assets ________________ Current Liabilities The current assets include cash and Bank Balance, Marketable securities, Bills, Receivable, Inventories, Loan sand advances, Advances Payment and prepaid expenses. The current liabilities include creditors, bills payable bank overdraft short-term loans, outstanding expense & income tax payable, unclaimed divided and proposed dividend. Te current ratio measures the ability of the firm to meet its current liabilities. The current assets get converted into cash into the operational cycle of the firm and provide the fund needed to pay current liabilities. The higher the ratio, to ward off.

4.1.2 Acid Test Ratio: The acid test ratio is the ratio between quick current assets and current liabilities. It is calculated as Quick assets Acid Test Ratio = Current liabilities The term quick asset refers to current assets that can be converted into cash immediately. Quick assets current assets (inventories + prepaid expenses) It is based on current asset, which are highly liquid. This also called quick ratio. Generally, an acid test ration of 1:1 considered satisfactory as a firm can easily meet all current claims 4.1.3 Bank to working capital Gap Ratio: This ratio establishes a relationship between short-term bank borrowing and working capital gap It is calculated as Short term bank Borrowing Bank Finance to working Gap Ratio = Working capital gap Working capital equal to current assets less current liabilities other than bank borrowing. The tondon committee reports suggest this ratio should not exceed 0.75 even under most liberal scheme of financing.

4.1.4 Fund flow ratio: A dynamic analysis of liquidity call for examination of cash inflow and cash outflow in addition to the size of the liquid asset balances at a given point of time. The current ratio and acid test ratio are static in nature. Quick assets Internal measure =

Average daily flow of operational cash expenditure

4.2

leverage or capital structure ratios: -

These ratios refer to the use of debt finance long term solvency of the firm can be examined by using leverage or capital ratios. The leverage ratio or capital structure ratio can be defined as the financial ratios which throw light on the long term solvency of a firm reflected in its ability to assure the long term creditors with regards to. 1. Periodic payment of interest during the period of loan. 2. Repayment of Principe on maturity or in predetermined installments at due dates. Leverage ratio help in assessing the risk arising from the use debt capital. Two type of ration that is commonly used to analyze financial ration are. 1. Structural ratios. 2. Coverage ratios

4.2.1

Structural ratios: -

Structural ratios are based on the proportion of debt and equality in the financial structure of the firm, two important coverage ratios are interest converge ratios and fixed charge coverage ratio 5:3:1 Structural ratios Debt equity ratio This ratio reflects the relative claims of creditors and share holders against the assets of the firm, debt equity ratios establishment relation ship between borrowed funds and owner capital to measure the long term financial solvency of the firm. The ratio indicates the relative proportions of debt and equity in financing the assets of the firm. It is calculated as follows Debt Debt equity ratio = Equity

The debts side consist of all liabilities (that include short term and long term liabilities) of the firm. The equity side consists of new worth (plus) preference capital. The lower the debt equity ratio the higher in the degree of protection enjoyed by the creditors. The debt equity ratio defined by the controller of capital issue, debt is defined as long term debt plus preference capital which is redeemable before 12 years and equity is defined as paid up equity capital plus preference capital which is redeemable after 12 years. The general norm for this ratio is 2:1. on case of capital intensive industries as norms of 4:1 is used for fertilizer and cement industry and a norms of 6:1 is used for shipping units.

Debt asset ratio:The debit asset ratio establishes a relationship between borrowed funds and the assets of firm. It is calculated as: Debt Debt Asset Ratio = ------------------------------Asset Debt includes all liabilities. Short term as well as long term and the assets include the total of all the assets (the balance sheet total) This ratio is related to the debt equity as follow. Debt ----------------------Equity Debt asset ratio = -- -----------------------------------------1+ Debt ---------Equity

4.2.2

Coverage Ratios.

These ratios are computed from the information available in the profit and loss account. The coverage ratios measure the relation ship between what is normally available from operations of the firm and the claims of the outsider. The various coverage ratios are 1. Interest coverage ratio 2. Fixed charges average ratio 3. Dividend coverage ratio Interest coverage Ratio This ratio is also know as Time interested Earned ratio This ratio measures the debt servicing of capacity of a firm in so far as fixed interest on long term loan is concerned. Interest coverage ratio determined by dividing the operating profits or earning before interest and taxes by fixed interest charges on loans

It is calculated as Earning Before Interest &Taxes (EBIT) = -------------------------------------------Debt Interest

Interest coverage Ratio

The EBIT is used in the numerator of this ratio because the ability of a firm to pay interest is not affected by tax payment as interest on debt fund in a tax deductible expenses. The ratio apparently measure the margin of safety the firm enjoys with the respect to its interest burden. A high interest coverage ratio implies that the firm can easily meet its interest burden even if EBIT decline. A low interest coverage ratio results in financial embarrassment when EBIT declines. This ratio is not appropriate measures of interest coverage because the source of interest payment is cash flow before interest and taxes. In this view, we may use the modified interest coverage ratio. EBIT +depreciation Coverage ratio Modified Interest Coverage Ratio = ----------------------------Debt Interest

Fixed charges coverage Ratio: This ratio helps in measuring the debt servicing ability adequately because it considers both interest and the principal repayment obligations. It is calculated as:

Fixed charges coverage Ratio:

EBIT +depreciation --------------------------------------Repayment of Loan

If the denominator of this ratio only the repayment of loan is adjusted upwards for the tax factor because the loan repayment amount un like interest, is not tax deductible. This ratio may be amplified to include other fixed charges like lease payment and preference dividend. Thus,

Dividend Coverage Ratio

Earning After Tax (EST) ------------------------------------------------Preference Dividend

This ratio like the interest coverage ratio reveals the safety margin available to the preference share holder. The higher the coverage the better it is from their point of view.

4.3

Turnover Ratio

Turnover Ratios are also referred to as Activity ratio or Assets. Management ratios. This ratio establishes relationship between the level of activity represented by sales or cost of good sold and levels of various assets. The important turnover ratios are: Inventory Turnover ratio

Average collection period ratio Receivable Turnover ratios Fixed Asset Turnover ratios Debtors Turnover ratios Creditors Turnover ratios

Inventory Turnover ratio: This Ratio is computed by dividing net sales by inventory Thus, Inventory Turnover ratio = Net sales ---------------Inventory

The numerator of this ratio is the net sales for the year and the denominator is the Inventory balance at the end of the year. This ratio is deemed to reflect the efficient the management of inventories and vice versa. This statement need not be always true. A low level of inventory may cause a higher inventory turnover ratio. It might be argued that the inventory turnover ratio may be Cost of goods sold _________________________ Avg. inventory

Inventory Turnover ratio Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory

= Sales -Gross Profit = Average of (Opening +Closing Stock)

This ratio also indicates how fast inventory is sold A high ratio is good from the viewpoint of liquidity and vice versa. Average collection period. Average collection period. = Receivable -----------------------------Average sales per day

The receivable figure of the ratio generally represents the receivables balance at the end of the year. When sales the highly seasonal, the average of receivable figure at the and of

each month or each season can be used and when sales growth is high the average of the beginning and ending receivables balances are to be used. An average sale per day in the denominator is simply the sales of the year divided by 365. The average collection period should be compared with firm credit terms to judge the efficiency of receivables management. As a rule of thumb, the average collection period should be not exceeding 1 times the credit period. Receivable Turnover ratios The Receivable Turnover ratio measures the relationship between credit sales during a particular accounting period and the average receivables (sundry debtors) outstanding during the period. It is expressed in two forms Receivable Turnover ratios = Net Sale ----------------Receivables

Average collection period after calculating daily sales (sales day) and dividing accounts receivable by sales per day. The receivables figures used is the receivables figures at the end of the period . The receivables turnover ratio and the average collection period are a follows. Average Collection Period = 360 -----------------------------Receivables turnover Ratio

The shorter the average collection period the higher the receivables turnover ratio. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = Net Sales ---------------------Fixed Assets

The net sales indicate the net sales for the period and fixed assets are the balance in the net fixed assets account at the end of the year. This ratio measures the efficiency with which fixed assets are employed. If the fixed assets turnover ratio is high it indicates the there is a high degree of efficiency in assets utilization. Similarly if the ratio is low if reflects in efficient use of assets.

It is important to note that when the fixed assets of the firm are old and substantially depreciated, the fixed turnover ratio tens to be high because the denominator ratio is very low. Total assets turnover ratio:The main objectives of the total assets turnover ratio are to measure how efficiency assets are employed. It is a kind to the out capital ratio in economic analysis. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = Net Sales ---------------------Fixed Assets

Total assets simply the balance sheet total at the end of year. If the total assets turnover ratio is high it implies that there is high degree of efficiency in assets utilization and vice-versa.

Debtors turnover ratio: The debtors turnover ratio is determined by dividing the net credit sales by average debtors outstanding during the year. Therefore Debtors turnover ratio = Net credit sales Average debtors Here net sales consist of gross credit less returns. Average debtors are simply average of debtors at the beginning and at end of the year. The main function of this ratio is to measure how rapidly debts are collected. A high ratio is indicative of shorter time lag between credit sales and cash collection/ A low ratio indicates that debts are not being collected rapidly.

Creditor turnover ratio:-

Creditor turnover ratio is a rate between net purchase and average amount of creditor out standing during the year. Creditors turnover ratio = net credit purchases Average of creditors Net credit purchase Purchase less returns to supplier Average creditors = Average of creditors outstanding at the Beginning and at the end of the year. = gross credit

A low turnover ratio reflects liberal terms granted by suppliers, while a high turnover ratio shown that accounts are settled rapidly. The creditors turnover ratio is an important tool as a firm can reduce its requirement of current assets by relying on suppliers creditors. The intent to which trade creditors are willing to wait for payment can be approximated by the creditors turnover ratio.

4.4

Profitability Ratios:-

Profitability is measured of efficiency and the search for its provides an incentive to achieve efficiency. Profitability the final results of business operations mainly the owners and management are in the financial soundness of the firm. The management of the firm is eager to measure its acting efficient. Similarly the owners invest their funds with the expectation of reasonable return. Thus it all depends on the profit for the ensure operating efficiency to the management and ensure reasonable return to the owners. 1. Profit margin ratio (gross and net) 2. Expenses ration or operating ratio profitability ratios in relation to investment are.

3. Return on investment 4. Return on assets 5. Return on equity 6. Return on capital employed. 7. Net income to total assets ratio.

4.4.1 Profit margin ratio:Profit margin ratio measures the relationship between profit and sales; there are two profit margin ratios Gross margin ratio Net margin ratio

Gross profit margin ratio: Gross profit can be defined as the difference between net sales and cost of goods sold. Gross margin profit ratio is also known as gross margin gross profit margin ratio is calculated by dividing gross profit by sales. Gross profit margin ratio = gross profit Net sales Net sales-cost of goods sold. The gross profit margin ration shows the margin left after meeting manufacturing cost. The ratio also measures. The efficiency of production as well as pricing. The Gross profit to sales is a sign of good managements as it implies that the cost of production of the firm is relatively low. A high ratio may also imply of a higher sales rise without a corresponding increase in the cost of goods sold. Whereas a low gross profit margin in a danger signals, warranting a careful and detailed analysis of the factors responsible for the same.

The main contributing factors responsible for low ratio maybe high cost of production as will as inefficient utilization of fixed as well as current assets a low selling price resulting from severe competition, inferior quality. Lock of demand etc. Net Profit Margin Ratio: The Net Profit Margin Ration determines the between Net profit and sales of business firm. This relationship is also known as net margin. This ratio shows the earning left for shareholder (both equity and preference) as percentage of Net sales. Net Margin Ratio measures the over all efficiency of production, Administration selling, Financing and pricing.

Thus, Net Profit Net profit Margin Ratio: ------------------Net Sales

A high Net profit Margin indicates adequate return to the owners as will as enable a firm to withstand adverse economic conditions when selling price is decanting, cost of production is rising and demand for product is falling. A low Net Profit Margin has opposite implications. A firm with low net profit margin can earn a high rate of return on investment it has a higher inventory turnover. Jointly considering gross and net profit margin provides a valuable understanding of the cost and profit structure of the firm and enables the analyst to identity the source of business efficiency of inefficiency.

4.4.2

Profitable Ratios in regard to Investment

The profitable ratios can also be computed by relating the profits of a firm to its investments. These ratios are popularly termed return on investment (ROI). There are three different concept of investment in vogue assets. Capital employed and Shareholders Equity.

Based on each of the above there are three board categories of ROIs They are Return on Assets Return on Capital Employed Return on Shareholders Equity.

Return on Assets: Return on Assets ration measure the profitability ratio in terms of relationship between Net Profit and Assets. There are various approaches possible to define net profit and Assets. The concept of Net profit may be Net Profit after Taxes. Net Profit after Taxes plus Interest Net Profit after Taxes plus Interest minus Tax Saving.

Assets may be variants of return on assets are Net Profit after Taxes --------------------------------Average Total Assets

Return on Assets =

The Return on Assets based ration would be an under estimate as the interest paid to the creditor is excluded from the Net Profit. Net Profit after Taxes +Interest --------------------------------Average Fixed Assets

Return on Assets =

Return on Assets =

Net Profit after Taxes +Interest --------------------------------Average Tangible Assets

The above may not provide correct results for inter firm comparison. As a measure of operating performance, the above equations should be substituted by the following: Return on Assets = Net Profit after Taxes +Interest Tax Advantage on Interest -------------------------------------------------------------------Average Total \ Fixed Tangible Assets

This equation correctly reports about the operating efficiency of firms if they all are equity financed. The main purpose of return on assets is to measure the profitability of the total funds Investment of a firm. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE):Return on capital employed is same as return on assets except for the difference that the profits are related to the capital employed. In this ratio the term capital employed refers to the long term funds supplied by the creditors and owners of the firms. The return on capital employed can be computed \calculated in two ways firstly it is equal to non-current liabilities (Long Term Liabilities) plus owners equity. Secondly it is equivalent to net working capital plus fixed assets. Net profit After Taxes +Interest ----------------------------------------------------Average Total Capital Employed Net profit After Taxes +Interest Tax Advantage on Interest ----------------------------------------------------Average Total Capital Employed

ROCE =

ROCE =

ROCE =

Net profit After Taxes +Interest ----------------------------------------------------Average Total Capital Employed-Average Intangible Assets

In the ratio is compared with similar firms, with industry average and over time would provide sufficient insight into how efficiently the long term funds of owners and creditors are being used. The higher the ratio, the more efficient in used of the capital employed.

Return on Equity:The return on equity the profitability of equity funds invested in the firm. Return on equity is regarded as very important measures because it reflects the productivity of the ownership (or risk capital employed in the firm) Thus Equity Earning = ------------------Net Worth Equity earning of this ratio is equal to profit after tax less preference divided Return on Equity Net worth includes all contribution made by equity shareholder (paid up capital + reserve & surplus) This ratio is called as return on net worth. This ratio is influenced by several factors return on investment, debt equity ratio average cost of Debt. Funds and tax rate. Return on investment:The return on investment is a measure of business performance, which is not affected by interest charges and tax payments. Thus

Return on investment =

EBIT Total assets

Numerator represent pre-earning belonging to all sources of finance, total assets represent total financing. This ratio focuses on operation performance and obstructs away the effect of financial structure and tax rate. It is eminently suited for inter firm comparisons. This ratio is internally consistent.

Net income to total assets ratio: -

The main purpose of net income to total assets ratio is measure how efficiency the capital is employed. Net income of total assets ratio = Net income / Earning Per Profit Share

The market price per share may be the price prevailing on a certain day or preferably the average price over a period of time. The earning per share (EPS) is simply profit after tax divided by number of outstanding equity shares. The PE ratio is a summary measures & which primarily reflects the following factors growth, prospects, risk characteristics, share holders, orientation, corporate image and degree of liquidity. Yield: Yield: Divided + price change Initial price This may be split into two parts Divided + Initial yield divided yield Initial price capital gain/loss yield Price change

Generally companies with low growth prospects after a high divided yield and low capital gains yield, companies with superior growth prospects after a low divided yield and high capital gains yield. Market value to book value ratio: Market value per share Market value to book value ratio = Book value per share This ratio reflects the contribution of a firm to the net wealth of the society. If the market value to book value ratio is equal to 1. All the three ratios return on equity, earnings per share (which is inverse to PE ratio) and total yield are equal If the ratio is say 2 the firm has created a net wealth of one rupee for every rupees invested in it. If the ratio is equal to 1 it implies that the firm has neither contribution nor detracted from the net wealth of the society.

Application of Ratio Analysis Techniques

Application Of Ratio Analysis Technique

6.1

Liquidity ratio 1. Current ratio 2. Acid test ratio = = Current assets Current liabilities Quick assets Current liabilities Acid test ratio 1.11 1.32 1.22 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.18 2.19 2.39 2.77

Financial year 1994-95 1995-96 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Current ratio 1.68 1.57 1.45 1.13 1.17 1.09 1.22 3.21 4.69 5.12
Cret r t u na r io

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 9 94 9 5 1 9 95 9 6 1 9 97 9 8 1 9 98 9 9 1 9 99 0 0 F a c l Ya i ni n a er 2 0 00 0 1 2 0 01 0 2 2 0 02 0 3 2 0 03 0 4 18 . 6 17 . 5 15 . 4 13 . 1 17 . 1 19 . 0 12 . 2 31 . 2 49 . 6

52 . 1

2 0 04 0 5

Ai t sr to c et a d i 3 2 . 5 2 1 . 5 1 0 . 5
-9 5 -9 6 -9 8 -0 0 -0 1 -0 2 -0 5 -9 9 -0 3 -0 4

27 . 7 29 . 1 29 . 3

11 . 1

12 . 3

12 . 2

18 . 0

16 . 0

13 . 0

18 . 1

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

F ac lYa i ni er n a

6.2 Leverage ratio

2 0 0 4

1 9 9 8

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

1. 2. 3. 4.

Debt Equity Ratio Debt Asset Ratio

= =

Debt/Equity Debt/Assets Total Debt/ TotalCapital Employeed EBIT + Dep/Debt Interest Total Debt to total capital employed 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.56 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.77

Total debt to total capital employed = Interest coverage ratio Debt Equity Ratio 1.21 1.16 1.17 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.25 1.27 1.38 2.12 =

Financial year 1995-96 1996.97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Debt Assets Ratio 0.41 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.47 0.49 0.41 0.52 0.62

Debt Assets Ratio 0.62 0.7 0.52 0.6 0.49 0.47 0.41 0.5 0.41 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
19 95 19 96 96 19 .97 97 19 98 98 19 99 99 20 00 00 20 01 01 20 02 02 20 03 03 20 04 04 -0 5

Debt Equity Ratio 2.5 1.38 1.5 1.211.161.171.151.151.171.251.27 1 0.5 0

19 95 -9 6 19 97 -9 8 19 99 -0 0 20 01 -0 2 20 03 -0 4

2.12

T ta D b toto l c p l e p y d o l et ta a ita mlo e 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 0 .1 0

1997-98

1998-99

1999-00

2000-01

2003-04

1995-96

2001-02

2002-03

6.3

Turnover Ratio

2004-05

1996.97

Net sales 1. Inventory turnover ratio = Average Inventory Net Sales 2. Debtors turnover ratio = Total Debtors Net Sales 3. Fixed assets turnover ratio = Fixed assets Net Sales 4 current assets turnover ratio = Current assets Net sales 5. Net Capital employed (Avg.) = Capital Employed

Financial year 1995-96 1996.97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Inventory turnover ratio 5.88 6.55 7.86 7.50 6.81 5.85 7.31 5.89 6.96 5.76

Debtors turnover ratio 7.67 7.07 8.55 8.93 9.61 12.06 8.93 11.32 13.22 11.62

Fixed asset Current turnover assets ratio turnover ratio 1.51 2.42 1.57 2.97 1.53 3.29 1.38 2.71 1.36 2.58 1.28 3.51 1.68 2.71 2.33 2.59 2.51 3.32 1.96 2.61

Net capital employed (AVG) 1.05 1.06 1.03 0.93 1.32 0.97 1.64 1.03 1.56 1.22

Inventory turnover ratio 10 8 6 4 2 0

19 95 19 -96 96 19 .97 97 19 -98 98 19 -99 99 20 -00 00 20 -01 01 20 -02 02 20 -03 03 20 -04 04 -0 5
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Debtors turnover ratio 12.06 9.61 8.55 8.93 7.67 7.07 13.22 11.32 11.62

6.55 5.88

7.86 7.5

7.31 6.96 6.81 5.85 5.89 5.76

8.93

Fix ed as s et turnov er ratio 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

19 95 19 -96 96 19 .97 97 19 -98 98 19 -99 99 20 -00 00 20 -01 01 20 -02 02 20 -03 03 20 -04 04 -05

2.51 2.33 1.96 1.68 1.511.571.531.381.36 1.28

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

N t ca ita e p ye (AVG e p l m lo d ) 2 1 .5 1 0 .5 0
-9 6 -9 8 -0 0 -0 2 9 5 9 7 9 9 0 1 0 3 -0 4 2 0

1 51 6 1 3 .0 .0 .0

1 2 .3 0 3 .9 0 7 .9 1 3 .0

1 9

2 0

1 9

1 9

19 95 19 96 96 19 .97 97 19 -98 98 19 -99 99 20 -00 00 20 -01 01 20 -02 02 20 -03 03 20 -04 04 -0 5

19 95 19 -96 96 19 .97 97 19 -98 98 19 -99 99 20 -00 00 20 -01 01 20 -02 02 20 -03 03 20 -04 04 -0 5

Current assets turnover ratio 3.51 3.32 3.29 2.97 2.71 2.58 2.712.59 2.61 2.42

1 4 .6

1 6 .5 1 2 .2

6.4 Profitability Ratio: Gross profit 1. Gross profit to sales = Turnover-Excise Net profit (PAT) 2. Net Profit to sales = Net sales Net profit 3. Net profit on Fixed Assets = Fixed Assets Financial year 1995-96 1996.97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Gross sales profit 8.18 8.54 11.99 11.91 11.63 10.12 7.93 10.23 9.66 7.60 to Net profit to sales 1.39 1.81 4.88 2.43 2.86 2.81 1.98 2.33 2.74 2.41 Net profit on fixed assets 2.19 2.63 7.83 6.279 3.36 4.56 3.29 6.89 6.90 4.70

G ss p fit to sa s ro ro le 1 4 1 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0
1 9 9 5

1 .9 1 .9 1 .6 1 9 1 1 1 3 8 8 .1 8 4 .5

1 .1 0 2 7 3 .9

1 .2 9 6 0 3 .6

7 .6

-9 6 1 9 9 6 .9 7 1 9 9 7 -9 8 1 9 9 8 -9 9 1 9 9 9 -0 0 2 0 0 0 -0 1 2 0 0 1 -0 2 2 0 0 2 -0 3 2 0 0 3 -0 4 2 0 0 4 -0 5

N po to fi e as t e r fi n x d s e t s 1 0 8 6 4 2
-9 6 -9 8

73 . 8 67 . 9 2 29 . 1 23 . 6 36 . 3 46 . 5 39 . 2

69 . 8

6 . 9 4 . 7

0
1 9 9 5

1 9 9 7

N t p fit tosa s e ro le 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 8 .8 2 3 .4 2 6 .8 2 1 .8 1 8 .9 2 3 .3 2 4 .7 2 1 .4

1 9 .3

1 1 .8

-9 6 1 9 9 6 .9 7 1 9 9 7 -9 8 1 9 9 8 -9 9 1 9 9 9 -0 0 2 0 0 0 -0 1 2 0 0 1 -0 2 2 0 0 2 -0 3 2 0 0 3 -0 4 2 0 0 4 -0 5

1 9 9 5

2 0 0 3

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 1

-0 4

-0 0

-0 2

6.5 Return on Investments Net profit (before tax)-Interest 1. Return on total capital employed = Total capital employed Net profit after tax 2. Return on net worth = Net worth Net Profit (after Tax) 3. Return on Assets Financial year 1995-96 1996.97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 = Total Assets Return on total Return on net Return on assets capital worth employed 12.82 3.65 1.23 16.61 5.20 1.90 17.75 12.08 4.47 14.23 5.68 3.56 11.29 11.25 2.29 9.63 7.56 3.59 10.23 9.25 2.98 16.29 11.51 6.89 14.26 10.25 3.99 8.89 9.37
R tu o to l ca ita e p y d e rn n ta p l m lo e 1 8 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 1 9 -9 95 6 1 9 -9 97 8 1 9 -0 99 0 2 0 -0 01 2 2 0 -0 03 4 1 .8 2 2 1 .2 1 9 9 3 .6 1 .2 0 3 8 9 .8 1 .7 7 5 1 .2 6 9 1 .2 4 3 1 .2 4 6

2.69

1 .6 6 1

R tuno n t w rth e r n e o 1 4 1 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 19- 6 9 59 1 9 -9 97 8 1 9 -0 99 0 20- 2 0 10 2 0 -0 03 4 3 5 .6 5 .2 5 8 .6 7 6 .5 1 .0 2 8 1 .2 1 5 9 5 .2 1 .5 1 1 1 .2 0 5 9 7 .3

F a c lYa in n ia e r

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1995 9 6 1998 9 9 2001 0 2 2004 0 5 1 3 .2 1 .9 4 7 .4 3 6 .5 2 9 .2 3 9 .5 2 8 .9 6 9 .8 3 9 .9 2 9 .6

Conclusion

CONCLUSION
Conclusion drawn from the study of Inventory control system in Mangalam Cement ltd. Mangalam Cement has adopted ABC analysis for inventory planning. And from that we come to know that that company engaged its 10 core in the inventory in stock and from that 7 corers in slow moving items which is been used less than three time a year. We suggest bringing that inventory to some lower amount so that its working capital may get stronger than before. We suggest that the company should set maximum and minimum level for its inventory so that its investment should become less in the inventor There is no acquisition cost and the possession cost calculated by the company for that the calculation of economic order quantity (EOQ) is not possible. So it should be difficult for the company to calculate the reordering level for that company has to bear the extra cost other than fixed cost like the ordering charges, transportation charges etc. Zero level inventory system is also the most efficient way of maintaining the proper inventory but Mangalam Cement cannot able adopt this because it is in the remote area and 60 km away from kota so that it will take time to get the item from there and some important and costly equipments are to be exported. So it is not feasible for the company to adopt zero level inventory system.

In the end I suggest Mangalam Cement that it should set the various levels for its inventory planning like the maximum level, minimum level and danger level. From that the investment in the inventory is being lowered. Now a day through the advance technology of computers and internet. The work of setting levels for the inventory has been easier through efficient Management Information System (MIS).

The conclusion drawn from the analysis of ratio is the previous chapter is presented in the following section 6.1 Return on Investment Mangalam Cement ltd return on assets (ROA) return on total capital employed and return on shareholders equity have increased considerably from 1995-96 to 2004-05. Return on assets (ROA) return on total capital employed and return on shareholders equity how increased by about 35% from 1995-96 to 2004-05 indicating an excellent overall performance by the management. This ROA is comparable to some highly profitable companies like the Colgate Palmolive Ltd. Hindustan Lever Ltd who are active in the consumer product business Rajasthan Spg. Wvg. Mills is into highly specialized industrial products hence their achievement in return on investment should set p example for other to follow: 6.2 Turnover Ratios The turnover ratios show fairly good performance by the company. The inventory turnover ratio (approx. 4 times) indicates good inventory management. The average collection period (varies between 50-70 days with an expectation in year 2004-05 indicate a liberal credit contract. It does not border a cash and carry system. The fixed asset turnover ratio indicates a low profitable deployment of fixed assets (approx. 2 times) the capital employed to turnover ratio indicates fair utilization of capital employed. The average collection period should to exceed1.5 times the credit period companies like Colgate Palmolive has a average collection period of 15 days compared to this Mangalam Cement ltd. should bring its average collection period. The company should concentrate on profitable deployment of fixed assets.

6.3 Liquidity Ratio The current ratio (approx. 1.5) and quick ratio (approx. 1.3) indicates an effective liquidity management by Mangalam Cement ltd. A high current and quick ratio indicates that the company can meet its current obligation liabilities. The high liquidity ratios reflect a very strong short term financial structure. Mangalam Cement ltd. should maintain current assets in the form of receivables and cash rather than in inventory so as to meet its current obligation efficiency.

6.6 Profitability Ratio Mangalam Cement ltd. Gross profit Margin ratio and the net profit margin ratio on an average of is about 35% and 10% respectively. These figures and during the last three financial years are truly remarkable. The gross profit margin ratio and the net profit margin ratio have increased during 1995-96 to 2004-05 in spite to low profit suffered by the company during 1995-96 which indicates that company heavy capital expenditure for expansions of spindles and looms by the company. It may by noted as Net profit Margin has Been around 15%in the last three financial years reflecting a better earning for the shareholders. 6.7 Leverage Ratio The high Debt equity, debt assets and debt to total capital ratio indicates a moderate existence of equity and capital employed these ratio indicate that the company has a low geared capital structure Mangalam Cement ltd. is able to maintain an average interest coverage ratio indicating that the firm enjoys the margins of safety with the respect to this interest burden. The company maintains a modest interest coverage ratio so that it can easily meet its interest burden even if EBIT suffers a decline. Considering the above ratios for a period of time during 1995-96 and 2004-05, it is clear that Mangalam Cement ltd. has achieved an overall efficiency in production Administration Selling, Financing, Pricing and Tax Management.