Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530

A structural equation model of residents attitudes for tourism development

Dong-Wan Koa,*, William P. Stewartb
b a Division of Tourism Science, Kyonggi University, San 94-6, Yiui-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon-Si, Kyonggi-Do 442-760, South Korea Department of Leisure Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 Huff Hall, 1206 S. Fourth Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA

Received 3 July 2001; accepted 4 January 2002

Abstract This study tests the structural equation model between residents perceived tourism impacts and attitudes toward host community. The model consisted of ve latent constructs and nine path hypotheses and is based upon 732 mailback questionnaires returned by residents of Cheju Island, Korea, a major domestic tourism destination. It was found that residents community satisfaction was closely related to perceived positive and perceived negative tourism impacts. These constructs were directly causing attitudes toward additional tourism development. But the hypothesized path relationships between personal benets from tourism development and the constructs of perceived negative tourism impacts and overall community satisfaction were rejected. In conclusion, community satisfaction was inuenced by perception of tourism impacts, and may be useful in planning for additional tourism development. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Tourism impacts; Overall community satisfaction; Residents perception and attitudes

1. Introduction Tourism development is widely viewed as an important set of economic activities to enhance local economies. Many studies have suggested that development and promotion of tourism is a source of new employment, revenues, additional tax receipts, foreign exchange benets, and enhances community infrastructure that will, in turn, attract other industries (Lankford & Howard, 1994). Until recently, the development and promotion of the tourism industry has been widely accepted as a positive economic step, especially in less developed countries (Cooke, 1982). The term tourism impact has been gaining increasing attention in the tourism literature. A number of studies in recent years have examined host residents perception of the impact of tourism development on their community, and it continues to be an important issue. A major reason for rising interest has been the increasing evidence that tourism development leads not only to
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-31-249-9509; fax: +82-31-2499503. E-mail addresses: dwko@kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr (D.-W. Ko), wstewart @uiuc.edu (W.P. Stewart).

positive, but also has the potential for negative, outcomes at the local level (Lankford & Howard, 1994). Liu and Var (1986) noted that tourism development is usually justied on the basis of economic benets and challenged on the grounds of social, cultural, or environmental destruction. Furthermore, the economic benets traditionally associated with tourism development are now being measured against its potential for social disruption (Cooke, 1982). Huang and Stewart (1996) indicated that tourism development may change residents relationships to one another and to their community. It is generally felt that the perception and attitudes of residents toward the impacts of tourism are likely to be an important planning and policy consideration for successful development, marketing, and operation of existing and future tourism programs (Ap, 1992). Although many studies have been performed to identify residents perception of tourism impacts and attitudes toward tourism, just a few have assessed relationships between tourism development and community satisfaction. To date, little research has examined the relationships between residents perceived impacts of tourism on their community and attitudes toward their own community. Residents must perceive

0261-5177/02/$ - see front matter r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 2 6 1 - 5 1 7 7 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 0 6 - 7

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tourism in overall positive terms to sustain development of tourism programs. In this context, relationships between residents perception of tourism impacts and community satisfaction are an important, yet not well understood, area of research. A signicant portion of the social impact of tourism literature suggests that stakeholder involvement and community-based planning should be a part of the early stages of tourism development (Jamal & Getz, 1995). It has been argued that when residents are involved in the planning process, then tourism development will be socially responsible and social impacts will be perceived as appropriate by the host community (Robson & Robson, 1996). However most studies directed at residents perceptions of tourism and community-based planning have been conducted in the west: Canada (e.g., Ritchie, 1993), the US (e.g., Ap & Crompton, 1993), the UK (e.g., Robson & Robson, 1996), or Australia (e.g., Brown & Giles, 1994). Whether or not community involvement effects social impacts within Asian countries is still an open point that has yet to be fully examined. Currently, there is limited understanding of the relationships between residents perception of tourism impacts and community satisfaction. The lack of such research limits the current literature on understanding residents behavior toward the impacts of tourism (Ap, 1992). For a tourism-related economy to sustain itself, residents must be willing partners in the process. Because of the frequency of interaction between residents and tourists, their willingness to serve as gracious hosts is critical to the success of tourism. Therefore, residents must be involved in the planning and their attitudes toward tourism and perceptions of its impact on community life must be continually assessed (Allen, Long, Perdue, & Kieselbach, 1988). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a structural model that explains the relationships between the residents perception of tourism impacts and attitudes toward host community.

2. Conceptual model integrating community satisfaction Although most of the studies of host community tourism attitudes and perceptions have focused on differences in the perceived impacts of tourism among different types of local residents, a few have discussed relationships between residents perception of tourism impacts and attitudes toward their own community. McCool and Martin (1994) found that Montana residents were concerned that increasing levels of tourism would crowd them out of local shing, hunting, and other recreation areas. Allen et al. (1988) revealed that relationships between tourism development and satisfaction of various dimensions of community life

were generally nonlinear with citizen involvement, public services, and the environment being most sensitive to tourism development. They argued that negative attitudes about tourism appear to be conned to certain dimensions of community life related to public services and opportunities for civic involvement. Unfortunately, their study did not discuss relationships between residents perception of tourism impacts and community life satisfaction. Also, Allen, Haffer, Long, and Perdue (1993) found that residents agreed that their community should attract more tourists because this would lead to a higher quality of life. Although very little research has directly examined the inuence of personal benets from tourism on perception of impacts, numerous authors have interpreted the observed relationship between resident characteristics and perceptions of impact as supporting a positive relationship between personal benets from tourism and favorable perceptions of tourism impacts (Perdue, Long, & Allen, 1990). However, most of these studies do not test the assertion that residents perception of tourism impacts inuences attitudes toward community satisfaction. As a notable exception, Perdue et al. (1990) developed a model that examined relationships between residents perception of tourism impacts and their support for it. They tested a model that hypothesized relationships among rural resident perceptions of tourism impacts, support for additional tourism development, restrictions on tourism development, and support for special tourism taxes. They found that when controlling for personal benets from tourism development, perception of impacts were unrelated to socio-demographic characteristics and that support for additional development was positively related to perceived positive impacts of tourism. Support for additional tourism development was negatively related to the perceived positive future of the community. Their conclusions were based on a multivariate regression analysis, however goodness-oft was not fully addressed in their reported process of model development. The hypothetical model (Fig. 1) is adapted from Perdue et al. (1990) whose model consisted of ve latent constructs about tourism development and community satisfaction. Also, it has nine path hypotheses, which are the relationships among ve latent constructs: personal benets from tourism development, positive perceived tourism impacts, negative perceived tourism impacts, overall community satisfaction, and attitudes for additional tourism development. Each path represents an hypothesized relationship with the direction of effect identied as either positive (+) or negative (). Primary research questions are directed at the inuence of perception of tourism impacts on overall community satisfaction, and the extent to which community satisfaction effects attitudes for additional

D.-W. Ko, W.P. Stewart / Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530

Perceived Positive Tourism Impacts H5 + H1 + H4 +

523

Personal Benefit from Tourism Development

H3 +

Overall Community Satisfaction

H8 -

Attitudes for 8Additional Tourism Development

H2 -

H6 -

H7 -

Perceived Negative Tourism Impacts

H9 +

Fig. 1. Relationships between residents perceived tourism and attitudes toward host community (Adapted from Perdue et al., 1990).

tourism development. The model also hypothesizes relationships among ve latent constructs. This research tests the goodness-of-t of the model and hypotheses with structural equation modeling.

1997, various local governments initiated the development of 23 additional tourism sites for the island. 3.2. Procedures The 1041 mailback questionnaires were delivered to a proportional stratied random sample of adults in each community of Cheju Island. A 70% response rate resulted from 732 usable questionnaires returned. Respondents consisted of 448 males (61%) and 284 females (39%). Their age ranged from 20 to 63 years with 61% being 4049 years and 23% being 3039 years old. Native residents of the island comprised 83% of respondents. The items of this study were originally derived from a comprehensive review of existing literature. The items for residents perception of tourism impacts were taken from seven existing empirical studies (e.g., Pizam, 1978; Belisle & Hoy, 1980; Liu & Var, 1986; Milman & Pizam, 1988; Perdue, Long, & Allen, 1987; Lankford & Howard, 1994; Haralambopoulos & Pizam, 1996). Although these combined studies reported 39 items about residents perception of tourism impacts, this study used 24 items due to exclusion of uncommon items (e.g., increases morality, honesty, politeness and manners, mutual condence, and attitude toward work, increases exploitation of local natives) and redundant items. The items of community satisfaction were derived from studies related to Allen, Long, Perdue, and their colleagues. Allen and Beattie (1984) and Allen et al. (1988) developed 33 items that grouped into seven dimensions of community satisfaction: public services, economic, environment, medical services, citizen involvement, formal education, and recreation services and

3. Method 3.1. Study site The study was conducted in Cheju Island in Korea during November and early December 1997. Cheju Island is the largest and southernmost island of the Korean peninsula, is 1846 km2, oval-shaped, and in 1996 held a population of 524,000 people. The highest point is Halla Mountain at 1950 m in elevation; most of the residents live on the coastal plains at elevation of 300 m or less. Cheju Island is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Korea. The Korean government initiated tourism development on Cheju Island in the 1960s, and the local governments of the island made it a top priority in the 1970s. The main attractions of Cheju Island are its outstanding natural scenery of mountains rising from beautiful coastlines, the cultural heritage of the island people, the historic ambience of the rural villages, and opportunities for playing golf. According to the Cheju Statistical Yearbook (Cheju Do, 1997), there are 41 hotels with a collective capacity of 5168 rooms. In 1996, 4,140,000 visitors (209,000 were international) visited the island and spent the equivalent of US$ 1205 million that accounted for 28% of the gross income of Cheju Island. Tourism is the primary business sector of the Cheju economy, with the tangerinegrowing industry as second at US$ 720 million. In

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opportunities. This study employed all but two elements (adult education, dentists) that were not relevant in the case of Cheju Island. A 5-point Likert-type scale was utilized for most items in this study (5=strongly agreed or very satised; 1=strongly disagreed or very dissatised). Maddox (1985) recommended the use of a Likert-type scale in tourism impact research due to its superior validity (convergent and discriminant). An exception was the use of a binary scale (2=yes; 1=no) for attitude for additional tourism development. Data analysis was performed in two stages. In the rst stage, reliability analysis was conducted using SPSS (ver. 7.5) to evaluate the stability and consistency for measured items. In the second stage, the evaluation of goodness-of-t indices for the proposed structural equation model and testifying hypotheses were performed by using Analysis of MOment Structure (AMOS, ver. 3.6), and were estimated using asymptotically distribution free (ADF) method because the items of attitudes for additional tourism development were measured via binary scale. Standardized scores were used in the second stage of the analysis.

4. Results 4.1. Reliability analysis Reliability analysis was used to evaluate the stability and consistency for measured items of each latent

construct. The criteria used in deciding whether to delete an item were its corrected item-to-total correlation and whether the elimination improved the corresponding alpha values (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988). In general, items with corrected item-tototal correlations below 0.30 were eliminated. Reliability analysis was performed in two stages. The rst stage of reliability analysis was directed at scales related to perceived tourism impact and overall community satisfaction. The variable of these latent constructs used summated rating scales comprised of many items. The corrected items-total correlation and Cronbach Alpha Coefcients for perceived tourism impacts are shown in Table 1 (positive tourism impact) and Table 2 (negative tourism impact). The items of positive perceived economic impacts (four items), positive perceived social and cultural impacts (six items), negative perceived social and cultural impacts (ve items) and negative perceived environmental impacts (three items) in Table 1 had Cronbach Alpha Coefcients of over 0.74 with no increase resulting if any of the items were deleted. This Cronbach Coefcient Alpha exceeds Nunnally and Bernsteins (1994) recommendation of 0.70, and supports the use of these items in each scale. The perceived positive environmental impacts scale (three items, Table 1) and perceived negative economic impacts scale (three items, Table 2) had Cronbach Alpha Coefcients under 0.70. Even though the three items for perceived positive environmental impact had a Cronbach Alpha Coefcient of 0.54, it would increase to

Table 1 Reliability of perceived positive tourism impact scales Variable name and description Economic impacts Improves investment, development, and infrastructure in the economy Increases employment opportunities Contributes to income and standard of living Improves towns overall tax revenue Social and cultural impacts Improves quality of life Increases availability of recreational facilities and entertainment Improves understanding and image of different communities/cultures Increases demand for historical and cultural exhibits Encourages variety of cultural activities Improves quality of police and re protection Environmental impacts Preserves environment and improves the appearance (and images) of an areas Improves living utilities infrastructure (supply of water, electric, and telephone, etc.) Improves public facilities (pavement, trafc network, and civic center) Mean (SD) Items-total correlation Alpha if items deleted 0.80 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.71 0.71 0.74 0.54 0.64 0.34 0.33

3.3(0.9) 3.0(0.9) 3.1(0.9) 3.3(0.8)

0.61 0.66 0.64 0.53

3.2(0.9) 2.8(0.9) 3.0(0.8) 3.0(0.9) 3.0(0.9) 3.1(0.9)

0.51 0.50 0.55 0.48 0.49 0.37

3.0(0.9) 3.4(0.8) 3.6(0.8)

0.23 0.41 0.43

D.-W. Ko, W.P. Stewart / Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530 Table 2 Reliability of perceived negative tourism impact scales Variable name and description Economic impacts Unfairly increased real estate cost and property taxes Increases cost of living Increases price of goods and services Social and cultural impacts Increases trafc accidents Increases crime/robberies/vandalism Increases alcoholism, prostitution, and sexual permissiveness Increases gambling/illegal games Increases exploitation of local natives Environmental impacts Damage natural environment and landscape Destroy local ecosystem Increases environmental pollution (litter, water, air, and noise) Mean (SD) Items-total correlation 0.39 0.52 0.47 Alpha if items deleted 0.65 0.64 0.47 0.53 0.81 0.82 0.77 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.70 0.66 0.78

525

3.3(0.9) 3.6(0.8) 3.6(0.9)

3.6(0.9) 3.5(0.9) 3.5(1.0) 3.4(1.0) 3.3(1.0)

0.44 0.64 0.70 0.65 0.59

3.4(1.0) 3.6(0.9) 3.7(0.9)

0.70 0.66 0.78

0.64 if the item of preserves environment and improves the appearance (and images) of an areas was deleted. This item is qualitatively distinct from the other two items that deal directly with community infrastructure, which explains the high alpha (0.64) if this item is deleted. The items of negative perceived economic impact had a Cronbach Alpha Coefcient of 0.65 with no increase resulting if any of the items were deleted. However, these two scales had items-total correlation of over 0.30, which is a general criterion for acceptable reliability. Therefore, this study used the two scales for perceived positive environmental impact (after the item of preserves environment and improves the appearance (and images) of an areas was deleted) and the scale for perceived negative economic impact without any items deleted. The corrected items-total correlation and Cronbach Alpha Coefcient for community satisfaction are shown in Table 3. The latent construct of community satisfaction consisted of seven scales. Three of the scales had Cronbach Alpha Coefcient above 0.70, and three additional scales were above 0.60. Each of the scales whose coefcient was above 0.60 had items-total correlations greater than 0.30, and thus were retained for analysis. The economic satisfaction scale (ve items) had a Cronbach Alpha Coefcient of 0.42, which would increase to 0.52 if the item cost of living were deleted. Two items within this scale had items-total correlation lower than the general criterion of 0.30. The results of reliability analysis showed that the items of economic satisfaction have weak reliability. However, since the dimension of economic satisfaction is a very important factor in discussing community satisfaction, this study used the scale as part of community satisfaction after the item cost of living was deleted. The weak reliability of

the economic satisfaction sub-scale remains as a limitation of the empirical portion of this study. 4.2. Evaluation of proposed model The proposed model hypothesized that there were signicant causal relationships among ve latent constructs of personal benets of tourism development, perceived tourism impacts (positive and negative), overall community satisfaction and attitudes for additional tourism development. The causal relationships represented the nine hypotheses in the path model. Empirical evaluation of such hypotheses is complicated by the fact that latent constructs are not directly observable. Evaluation is based on sets of observed or measured variables that serve as indicators of latent variables, with the relationship between the observed and latent variables being estimated using factor analysis. The relationship among latent variables or among latent variables and surrogate latent variables (observed variables serving as single-item proxies for latent variables) is typically estimated using regression analysis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a technique for simultaneously estimating the relationships between observed and latent variables (the measurement model), and the relationships among latent variables (the structural model). SEM is a method that has gained popularity because it combines conrmatory factor analysis and regression analysis to model a variety of psychological, sociological, and other relationships (Lindberg & Johnson, 1997). The descriptions, corrected items-total correlation, and Cronbach Alpha Coefcients for ve observed variables of the second stage of reliability analysis are

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Table 3 Reliability of community satisfaction scales Variable name and description Public service satisfaction Fire protection Welfare and social services (public assistant) Public transportation to and from other community Police protection Local government Road and highway Public health services Formal education satisfaction Public schools (K through 12 programs) College university courses (for credit) Technical and/or vocation training for career Environment satisfaction Physical geography or terrain Environmental cleanliness (air, water, soil) Climate and weather General appearance of your living town General appearance of your region (Cheju Island) Recreation opportunities satisfaction Private/commercial recreation (health clubs, movies, etc) Publicly funded recreation (social, cultural, sports/tness) Park and open space Economics satisfaction Shopping facilities Cost of living Housing (cost and availability) Utilities (water, gas, electricity, sewage) Job opportunities Citizen involvement and social opportunities Opportunities to be with friends and relatives Citizen input into community decisions Religious organizations (church/temple) Opportunities in civic and fraternal organizations Opportunities to become familiar with other residents Medical services satisfaction Hospital and medical facilities Medical doctors Emergency services Mean (SD) Items-total correlation 0.40 0.45 0.39 0.51 0.45 0.44 0.46 Alpha if items deleted 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.63 0.59 0.32 0.63 0.69 0.67 0.61 0.66 0.58 0.65 0.80 0.77 0.64 0.77 0.42 0.28 0.52 0.31 0.37 0.28 0.66 0.58 0.59 0.65 0.61 0.60 0.79 0.78 0.67 0.69

3.5(0.9) 3.1(0.9) 2.5(1.1) 2.9(0.9) 3.1(0.9) 2.6(1.0) 2.8(1.0)

3.2(0.9) 2.8(0.8) 2.6(0.9)

0.39 0.57 0.35

3.5(1.1) 3.4(0.9) 3.8(0.8) 3.7(0.8) 4.0(0.8)

0.38 0.50 0.38 0.58 0.41

2.7(1.0) 2.5(0.9) 2.6(0.9)

0.61 0.74 0.61

2.7(1.1) 2.2(0.8) 2.7(0.9) 3.8(0.8) 2.3(0.9)

0.30 0.30 0.28 0.20 0.32

3.2(0.9) 2.8(0.9) 2.9(0.9) 3.0(1.1) 2.7(0.9)

0.47 0.46 0.31 0.41 0.42

2.6(1.0) 2.6(0.9) 2.5(0.9)

0.57 0.67 0.65

presented in Table 4. The observed variables of personal benets of tourism development and attitudes for additional tourism development were items measured directly. The observed variables of positive perceived tourism impacts, negative perceived tourism impacts, and overall community satisfaction were the summated rating scales of the rst stage of the reliability analysis (Tables 13). In Table 4, Cronbach Alpha Coefcient exceeds Nunnally and Bernsteins (1994) recommendation of 0.70, and supports the use of these observed variables. There was one item, that if deleted would increase the scales Alpha Coefcient. If the item positive environ-

mental tourism impacts, or PPTI was deleted, the Cronbach Alpha Coefcient would increase to 0.75. But, the marginal improvement in Alpha was not deemed signicant enough compared to the items value in this study. Therefore, it was not deleted. Finally, the results of reliability for the latent constructs in this study support the use of these observed variables. Fig. 2 shows the standardized model as estimated by AMOS. Each of the observed variables is displayed in a rectangle, and each of the latent constructs is displayed in an oval. The evaluation of goodness-of-t indices supported the model. The w2 test provides that the model generated w2 376; df 110; po0:01; which

D.-W. Ko, W.P. Stewart / Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530 Table 4 Reliability analysis of observed variables Latent constructs and description of observed variables PBTD pnjobrl fmjobrl PPTI pecoimp pscimp penimp NPTI necoimp nscimp nenimp OCS satps sated satenv satrec sateco satci satms AATD atdcheju atdcomn Personal benets from Tourism Development Relationship with tourism of personal job Relationship with tourism of family job Positive Positive Positive Positive perceived tourism impacts economic tourism impacts social and cultural tourism impacts environmental tourism impacts Perceived Tourism Impacts economic tourism impacts social and cultural tourism impacts environmental tourism impacts Corrected items-total correlation 0.57 0.57

527

Alpha if items deleted 0.73 0.73 0.60 0.57 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.52 0.67 0.77 0.73 0.74 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.80

0.58 0.63 0.47

Negative Negative Negative Negative

0.49 0.62 0.51

Overall community satisfaction Public service satisfaction Formal education satisfaction Environmental satisfaction Recreation satisfaction Economic satisfaction Citizen involvement satisfaction Medical service satisfaction Attitudes for additional Tourism Development Support level in Cheju regional contexts Support level in living community contexts

0.57 0.55 0.32 0.48 0.58 0.50 0.52

0.67 0.67

pecoimp
.69

pscimp
.81

nenimp
.52

PPTI .277 .360

a a

satps .634
a

pnjobrl
.80

.66 .63 .41

sated satenv -.121 AATD .96

.74

.080 PBTD
b

atdcheju atdcomn

OCS
.63

fmjobrl

.78

satrec sateco

.106

-.101 -. 013

.66 .62 .68

-.244 satci satms

PNTI
.60 .81 .69

necoimp

nscimp

nenimp

Fig. 2. Standardized estimated hypothetical model (a) and (b) indicate signicance at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively. Dashed lines indicate paths that are not signicant at 0.05 or better.

indicates a marginal t (normed w2 3:42). Because this w2 test is sensitive to sample size (n 732 in this study), supplementary measures have been developed. The

other goodness-of-t indices indicated a good t within accepted exhortation levels. The goodness-of-t index (GFI) is acceptable at 0.926, the root mean square error

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D.-W. Ko, W.P. Stewart / Tourism Management 23 (2002) 521530

of approximation (RMSEA) is acceptable at 0.058, and also the root mean square residual (RMR) is acceptable at 0.044. Path hypothesis 1 (i.e., personal benets from tourism development are positively related to positive perceived tourism impacts) was supported with an optimal level at t 6:168 (po0:001) and b 0:36: But path hypothesis 2 (i.e., personal benets from tourism development are negatively related to perceived negative tourism impacts) was rejected at t 0:026 and b 0:013: Many studies have supported a causal relationship between personal benets from tourism development and perception of tourism impacts (e.g., Lindberg & Johnson, 1997; Madrigal, 1993; Perdue et al., 1990). Support for this relationship aligns with common sense that residents (or their relatives, friend, and neighbors) who depend upon tourism-based employment would be more favorable toward tourism (e.g., Liu & Var, 1986; Milman & Pizam, 1988; Murphy, 1983; Pizam, 1978). Although the related hypothesis between personal benets from tourism development and perceived negative tourism impacts was supported at t 27:9 (po0:001) and b 0:157 by Perdue et al. (1990), this study did not nd a signicant relationship. It could be that the relationship between personal benets from tourism development and perceived negative tourism impacts was strongly dependent upon the level of tourism development or residents education level. An important nding of these results is the lack of a signicant relationship between benets from tourism and perceived negative impacts. Path hypothesis 3 (i.e., personal benets from tourism development are positively related to overall community satisfaction) was rejected at a signicant level of 95% (two tailed test, t > 1:96), but supported with a marginal level at t 1:625 (po0:05) and b of 0.08. If the path relationship between personal benets from tourism development and perceived negative tourism impacts was deleted (due to rejection of hypothesis), the t-value decreased to t 1:587 (p > 0:10). These results suggest that personal benets from tourism development does not contribute to attitude toward overall community satisfaction. Tourism development is widely perceived as an important community development strategy. It converges with intuition that overall community satisfaction would be positively related to personal benets from tourism development. However, this relationship was not signicant at po0:05: Path hypothesis 4 (i.e., perceived positive tourism impacts are positively related to overall community satisfaction) was supported with an optimal level at t 10:10 (po0:001) and b 0:634: Also, path hypothesis 5 (i.e., perceived positive tourism impacts are positively related to attitude for additional tourism development) was supported with an optimal level at t 4:142

(po0:001) and b 0:291: Path hypothesis 6 (i.e., perceived negative tourism impacts are negatively related to overall community satisfaction) was supported with an optimal level at t 2:319 (po0:05) and b 0:101: Path hypothesis 7 (i.e., perceived negative tourism impacts are negatively related to attitude for additional tourism development) was supported with an optimal level at t 5:923 (po0:001) and b 0:244: These results generally converge with those of previous research. Perdue et al. (1990) have reported that this relationship (hypothesis 7) was supported at b 27 (po0:001). Finally, path hypothesis 8 (i.e., overall community satisfaction is negatively related to attitude for additional tourism development), although negative, was not statistically signicant at po0:05 (the t 1:895 (po0:10) and b 0:121). Many researchers have suggested that residents attitudes toward tourism may be related directly to the degree and/or stage of development within the host community (e.g., Doxey, 1975; Williams, 1979; Butler, 1980; Cooke, 1982; Getz, 1983; Haywood, 1986). These studies suggest that communities have a certain capacity to absorb tourists (Allen et al., 1988). Therefore, the lack of a signicant negative relationship between community satisfaction and attitude toward additional tourism development may be due to the long history of tourism development at Cheju Island. Path hypothesis 9 (i.e., personal benets from tourism development are positively related to attitude for additional tourism development) was supported with an optimal level at t 2:635 (po0:01) and b 0:106: Many studies have found that residents who are economically dependent on tourism tend to favor tourist activity (e.g., Pizam, 1978; Brougham & Butler, 1981). Perdue et al. (1990) also found a strong positive relationship between personal benets from tourism and attitudes for additional tourism development.

5. Conclusions The purpose of this research was to test a model of residents perceptions and attitudes of tourism, examining not only perceptions of tourism impacts, attitudes toward community satisfaction, and additional tourism development, but also the path relationships between perceptions of benets from tourism development, positive and negative tourism impacts, community satisfaction, and attitudes for additional tourism development. The results support six hypotheses from previous studies, but three of the hypotheses were not supported at po0:05 level. This study found that residents community satisfaction was closely related to perceived positive tourism impacts and perceived negative tourism impacts. Both perceived positive and negative impacts were directly

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529

causing attitudes toward additional tourism development. Perdue et al. (1990) found that resident support for additional tourism was negatively associated with a positive future for the community. Tourism development is viewed not as a goal but as a tool or means of community development. Community satisfaction may be a useful concept for evaluation of residents perception of tourism impacts and attitudes for additional tourism development. Therefore, further research in this eld is needed to discuss integrating community satisfaction with tourism development. But, the hypothesis that personal benets from tourism development would be negatively related to perceptions of negative tourism impacts was rejected, and contrasts to ndings of past research (e.g., Perdue et al., 1990). The implications suggest that personal benets from tourism are relevant to understanding perceptions of positive impacts but, in this case, irrelevant to understand perceptions of negative impacts. This may be due to the level of development on Cheju Island, which has a longstanding history of tourism as an integral part of its economy. In other words, the length of time and history of tourism development within a host community may be relevant to understanding residents perceptions of tourism (see also Brown & Giles, 1994; Ryan, Scotland, & Montgomery, 1998), and should be addressed as part of future research efforts. Although this study supported some important relationships between residents perceptions of tourism impacts and community satisfaction, the limitations include a weak reliability on community economic satisfaction sub-scale along with a sample that may not be representative of the population (e.g., 84% of respondents were between 30 and 49 years of age). Many investigations have suggested that residents attitudes toward tourism may be directly related to the degree or stage of development within the host community, which may partially explain the ndings. Further research needs to address community satisfaction, level of tourism development, and attitude toward additional tourism development.

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