Dam Break flow down a sloping flume: Laboratory Experiments

Danilo Marra
Laboratoire d'Hydraulique Environnementale

June 17th, 2011 ETH - Zurich

APUNCH MEETING

THE GOAL Task ST3 Development of computational methods to predict the consequences of a dam break flood wave down a mountain stream

Experimental work Obtain experimental data related to the propagation of a dam-break wave depending on various control parameters
1) 2) 3) 4) Bed Slope Water Volume Sediment Volume Fixed/movable bed

FIRST YEAR State of the art Set up of the Experimental Facilities

Channel Dam High Speed Camera

BASLER A504k Max Resolution: 1280 x 1024 Frame Rate @ Max Resolution: 500 Hz Frame Rate @ 1280 x 200: 2560 Hz 3 meters long Two lateral glass walls Aluminum bottom Varying width 2 cm 30 cm Varying slope 0 - 45 Separate a PVC reservoir from the channel Lifted by two pneumatic jacks Opening time: 20 cm within 0.3 s Perpendicular to the channel

SECOND YEAR Experimental investigation: Dam Break water-flow down a fixed-bed sloping flume
Influence of the Slope ( = 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24) Influence of the Bottom Roughness (Smooth bed, D = 0.75-1mm, D = 2 mm) Influence of the Water Volume (V = 8 l, 7 l, 6 l, 5 l, 4 l, 3 l) Front position & velocity Water Depth Water Wave
x' x HT
T' T HT g cos

Dimensionless variables
U' U HT g cos

Peak Position

Comparison with Numerical Results

Data Fitting

THIRD YEAR

Dam Break water-sediment flow down a fixed-bed sloping flume: Experimental investigation

Dam Break over moving bed: Set up of the Experimental Facilities

Dam Break water-sediment flow down a fixed-bed sloping flume: Experimental investigation
water + sediments in the reservoir fixed bed Influence of the Slope ( = 3, 9, 16, 24) Influence of the Sediment Dimension (d = 2 mm, d = 4 mm) Influence of the Water Volume (VH2O = 6 l, 4 l) Influence of the Sediment Volume (VSED = 4 l, 2 l)

64 Experiments (32 1st meter + 32 2nd meter)

Experiments
VH2O = Volume of water [liters] VSED = Volume of sediments[liters] VT = Total Volume [liters]

VH2O

V SED

VsED /VH2O

VT

6 4 6 4

2 2 4 4

0,333 0,5 0,667 1

Porosity n = 0.3875

7,225 5,225 8,45 6,45

Values of = hSED/hT

V SED /V T

0,277 0,383 0,473 0,620

3 0,332 0,446 0,508 0,652

9 0,423 0,543 0,567 0,704

16 0,504 0,622 0,621 0,749

24 0,577 0,688 0,672 0,789

Experiments Camera 1

= 24, d = 2 mm, VH2O = 6 l, VSED = 2 l

Experiments Camera 2

= 24, d = 4 mm, VH2O = 6 l, VSED = 4 l

Experimental Investigation

1) Front Position & Velocity t` = f (x`) & U`= f (x`)

2) Water & Sediment Profile h`H2O = f (x`) & h`SED = f (x`)

3) Water & Sediment Wave h`H2O = f (t`) & h`SED= f (t`)

4) Maximum Water Depth H`max = f (x`)

Front Position Influence of VSED/VT d = 2 mm

= 3 = 9

= 16

= 24

Front Position Influence of VSED/VT d = 4 mm

= 3
= 9

= 16

= 24

Front Position Influence of d = 3 & 24 - VSED/VT = 0.277 & 0.620

= 3 = 3

= 24

= 24

Front Position Fitting

Experimental results fitted with the Power Law: a coefficient fitted with the Law:
g1 VSED /V T = 0,277 VSED /V T = 0,383 VSED /V T = 0,473 VSED /V T = 0,620 -1,231 -0,916 -1,430 -1,352

t' ax'

R 2 0.96

g1 2 g 2 a ( ) g3
d = 2 mm g2 g3 2,179 2,100 2,317 2,258 0,0168 0,0200 0,0139 0,0099 R2 0,81 0,77 0,80 0,98 g1 -1,402 -3,171 -1,277 -1,171 d = 4 mm g2 g3 2,061 2,881 1,952 1,956 0,0221 0,0704 0,0080 0,0150 R2 0,99 0,95 0,87 0,96

b coefficient fitted with the Law:

e1 VSED /V T = 0,277 VSED /V T = 0,383 VSED /V T = 0,473 VSED /V T = 0,620 -0,0451 -0,0867 -0,0314 -0,0663 d = 2 mm e2 0,5621 0,5362 0,5968 0,5707

b( ) e1 log( ) e2
R2 0,65 0,94 0,63 0,98 e1 -0,0417 -0,1002 -0,0217 -0,0791 d = 4 mm e2 0,6166 0,5549 0,6639 0,5999 R2 0,69 0,79 0,54 0,96

Front Position a Coefficient

VSED/VT = 0.277

VSED/VT = 0.383

VSED/VT = 0.473

VSED/VT = 0.620

Front Position b Coefficient

VSED/VT = 0.277

VSED/VT = 0.383

VSED/VT = 0.473

VSED/VT = 0.620

Front Velocity Influence of VSED/VT d = 2 mm

= 3 = 9

= 16

= 24

Front Velocity Influence of VSED/VT d = 4 mm

= 3 = 9

= 16

= 24

Front Velocity Influence of d VSED/VT = 0.277 & 0.620

= 3 = 9

= 16

= 24

Front Position & Velocity

1) U` decreases while increasing VSED/VT 2) The effect VSED/VT of decreases while increasing

3) U` slightly decreases while increasing d

Water & Sediment Profile = 9

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 4 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 4 mm

Water & Sediment Profile = 16

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 4 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 4 mm

Water & Sediment Wave = 3

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 4 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 4 mm

Water & Sediment Wave = 24

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 2 mm

VSED/VT = 0.620 d = 4 mm

VSED/VT = 0.277 d = 4 mm

Maximum Water Depth d = 2 mm

= 3 = 9

= 16

= 24

Maximum Water Depth d = 2 mm

= 3 = 9

= 16

= 24

Maximum Water Depth

1) The value of VSED/VT affects H`max only for small x` and for small ; Independently of , for small x` , H`max is nearly the double of the value obtained for the water case (4/9 Ritter result); For small H`max decays more rapidly than for the water case;

2) The value of d doesnt affects H`max.

Dam Break over moveable bed: Set up of the Experimental Facilities

GOAL : gain physical insight into the dynamics of gravity-driven particleladen ows on steep slope. Investigate bed erosion under highly nonuniform time-dependent ow conditions
The experimental campaigns will provide:
1. position of the surge front as a function of time 2. velocity proles inside the ow 3. pore pressure variation with time at the ume base 4. ow depth proles 5. velocity mismatch between the uid and solid phases (Have an idea of the two-phase nature of the bulk ow) 6. physical picture of bed erosion under timedependent ow conditions 7. segregation pattern within the front and the ow body.

Experimental setup
Fluid : Density : 1.0 Viscosity : 3 Cpa Refractive index : 1.53 Diameter : 1mm to 6mm (3mm used) Density : 2.5 Refractive index : 1.53 3 m long 6 cm wide Slope : 0 to 25 deg Full optical access 3 Basler a504k : 1280x1024 at 500 fps 1 Phantom v7.3 : 800x600 at 6880 fps Litron LDY 303 Piv Two heads ,20mJ per head at 1500 Hz

Beads :

Flume :

Cameras :

Laser :

Preliminary results: Slope : 5 - 1500 fps - 3mm glass beads

Beads identification , plot trajectories and mixing process
t = 0.19 s

t = 0.37 s

t = 0.54 s

Velocity Profiles

Conclusions & Future Development

1) The experimental analysis of a Dam Break watersediment flow down a fixed-bed sloping flume allowed to determine the main characteristics of the wave (Front Position & Velocity, Water & Sediment Profile &Wave, Maximum Water Depth);

2) The influence of various controlling parameters has been investigated (, d, VSED/VT );

3) The set up of the experimental facilities allows the investigation of a Dam Break wave over a moveablebed sloping flume.

THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION!