Name of drug Classification/ Action indication Adverse Reactions Contraindications Nursing Monitoring

Considerations Parameters
Brand Name: Insulin’s and Indicated for the >Cardiovascular: >Hypoglycemia > should be >Reduced
NovoRapid analogues. treatment of patients Palpitation, administered in glycosylated
>Hypersensitivity to
with insulin-requiring tachycardia, pallor immediate relation to hemoglobin.
insulin aspart or any
diabetes mellitus. >Central nervous a meal. The rapid
of the excipients
Generic Name: None Action: The blood system: Fatigue, onset of action
glucose lowering mental confusion, should therefore be > Urine sugar and
effect of insulin loss of considered in acetone
occurs when the consciousness, patients with
headache, concomitant
molecules facilitate
Dose:10 “U” hypothermia
the uptake of diseases or > serum glucose
glucose by binding to >Dermatologic: medication where a
Urticaria, redness delayed absorption
insulin receptors on
muscle and fat cells Endocrine & of food might be
metabolic: > electrolytes
and simultaneously expected.
Route: Hypoglycemia
inhibit the output of
Subcutaneous Gastrointestinal:
glucose from the
injection Hunger, nausea, > Hb A1c
liver. >Penfill; after the
numbness of mouth
injection the needle
Local: Itching, should remain under
edema, stinging, > lipid profile
the skin for at least 6
pain or warmth at
injection site; atrophy seconds. Keep the
or hypertrophy of push button fully
SubQ fat tissue depressed until the
Neuromuscular & needle has been
skeletal: Muscle withdrawn from the
weakness, skin. This will ensure
paresthesia, tremor correct delivery and
Ocular: Transient limit possible flow of
presbyopia or blood into the needle
blurred vision or insulin reservoir.
Miscellaneous:
 Diaphoresis,
anaphylaxis, local
allergy, systemic
allergic symptoms

Name of drug Classification/ Action Indications Adverse Reactions Contraindications Nursing Monitoring
Considerations Parameters
Brand Name: Cephalosporin Respiratory Tract skin rashes, > CEFUROXIME is > Not ordinarily be > Elevations in
Zinacef antibiotic Infections: for urticaria, pruritus, contraindicated in given to those known serum creatinine
example, acute and interstitial nephritis, patients with to be allergic to and/or blood urea
chronic bronchitis, medicine fever and hypersensitivity to penicillin or to nitrogen and a
Generic Name: Action: well infected very rarely cephalosporins decreased creatinine
bronchiectasis, anaphylaxis. cephalosporin
Cefuroxime characterised and antibiotics. especially if they clearance have been
bacterial pneumonia, Gastrointestinal have experienced an observed
 effective β-lactamic lung abscess and disturbance, allergic or urticarial
antibacterial agent post operative chest including, very rarely, reaction.
Dose: 750mg >decreased
which has infections. symptoms of
haemoglobin
TID every 8hrs. bactericidal activity Ear, Nose and pseudomembranous
colitis during or after concentration and
against a wide range Throat Infections: for > It should be
treatment. eosinophilia,
of common example, sinusitis, administered with
tonsillitis, pharyngitis Endocrine & leukopenia and
Route: oral pathogens, including caution during the
and otitis media. metabolic: Alkaline neutropenia.
β-lactamase early months of
producing strains. Urinary Tract phosphatase
pregnancy.
Infections: for increased (2%)
example, acute and Hematologic:
chronic Eosinophilia (7%),
pyelonephritis, decreased > Modify dosage in
cystitis and hemoglobin and patients with severe
symptomatic hematocrit (10%) renal impairment,
bacteriuria. Hepatic: prolonged use may
Soft-tissue Transaminases result in
Infections: for increased (4%) superinfection; use
example, cellulitis, Local: with caution in
erysipelas, peritonitis Thrombophlebitis patients with a
and wound (2%) history of penicillin
infections.
allergy, especially
Bone and Joint IgE-mediated
infections: for
example, reactions (eg,
osteomyelitis and anaphylaxis,
septic arthritis. urticaria).
Obstetric and
Gynaecological
Infections: Pelvic
inflammatory
diseases.
Gonorrhoea,
particularly when
penicillin is
 unsuitable.
Other infections:
Including
septicaemia and
meningitis.
Prophylaxis: Against
infection in
abdominal, pelvic,
orthopaedic, cardiac,
pulmonary,
oesophageal and
vascular surgery
where there is
increased risk from
infection.

Name of drug Classification/ Action indication Adverse Reactions Contraindications Nursing Monitoring
Considerations Parameters
Brand Name: > For the correction >Cardiovascular: > The administration > Use with extreme >Acid/base status
of documented Cerebral caution and give >Serum electrolytes
Generic Name: Action: Bicarbonate of sodium
metabolic acidosis hemorrhage, CHF very slowly in >Urine pH (if being
sodium bicarbonate in the body acts as a bicarbonate is used to alkalinize
caused by cardiac (aggravated), edema contraindicated in patients with
buffer. Excess urine)
arrest after standard >Central nervous patients with renal hypocalcemia.
hydrogen ions react
resuscitation system: Tetany failure, metabolic or Because of the
Dose: 650mg with bicarbonate
measures have been >Gastrointestinal: respiratory alkalosis, potential sodium
resulting in the
1 tab TID instituted. Adequate Belching, flatulence hypertension, load, use with
formation of carbon
ventilation must be (with oral), gastric oedema, congestive caution in patients
dioxide and water. distension
maintained. cardiac failure, with CHF, nephrotic
The former is
>Endocrine & hypoventilation, syndrome,
Route: oral excreted from the
metabolic: chloride depletion, hypertension,
lungs and the latter
 from the kidneys. Hypernatremia, hypernatraemia, oliguria, or volume
hyperosmolality, hypocalcaemia, overload.
hypocalcemia, coexistent potassium > May cause sodium
hypokalemia, depletion or a history
increased affinity of retention especially if
hemoglobin for of urinary calculi. renal function is
oxygen-reduced pH impaired; not to be
in myocardial tissue used in treatment of
necrosis when peptic ulcer; use with
extravasated, caution in patients
intracranial acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, with CHF, edema,
milk-alkali syndrome cirrhosis, or renal
(especially with renal failure..
dysfunction)

Name of drug Classification/ Action indication Adverse Reactions Contraindications Nursing Monitoring
Considerations Parameters
Brand Name: Indicated as an Gastrointestinal: contraindicated in > Regular, timely > The pattern of
Minidiab adjunct to diet and nausea, diarrhoea, patients with: carbohydrate intake laboratory test
sulfonylurea drugs
exercise in the constipation and is important to avoid abnormalities
Generic Name: Hypersensitivity to
treatment of stable, gastralgia. hypoglycemic events observed with
Glipizide glipizide, other glipizide is similar to
mild to moderate, Dermatologic: occurring when a
sulfonylureas or that for other
Dose: 500mg 1 tab non-insulin Allergic skin meal is delayed or
reactions including sulphonamides, or sulfonylureas.
BID AC Action: an orally dependent diabetes insufficient food is
erythema, any excipients in the Occasional mild to
active sulphonylurea mellitus eaten or moderate elevations
Route: oral morbilliform or tablets;
having carbohydrate intake of SGOT, LDH,
maculopapular Insulin-dependent
hypoglycaemic is unbalanced. alkaline phosphates.
reactions, urticaria, diabetes, diabetic
action. The pruritus and eczema. BUN and creatinine
ketoacidosis, were noted. The
hypoglycaemic Miscellaneous: relationship of these
diabetic coma; > Renal or hepatic
activity of Glipizide is Confusion, abnormalities to
due to its ability to dizziness, Severe renal or insufficiency may glipizide is uncertain,
 stimulate release of drowsiness, hepatic insufficiency; cause elevated and they have rarely
insulin by pancreatic headache, tremor, blood levels of been associated with
Pregnancy and
β-cells. malaise and visual glipizide and may clinical symptoms.
lactation
disturbances such as also diminish
blurred vision, gluconeogenic
diplopia, capacity, both of
Metabolic Reactions: which increase the
Hepatic porphyria risk of serious
and porphyria hypoglycemic
cutanea tarda have
reactions.
been reported.
Disulfiram-like
reactions have been
reported very rarely.

http://www.umm.edu/altmed/drugs/insulin-preparations-069200.htm

http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/c/cefuroximeinjdoug.htm

Name of drug Classification/ Action indication Contraindications Nursing Monitoring

Considerations Parameters
Brand Name: indicated as an > >
contraindicated in
adjunct to diet
Generic Name: patients with:
and exercise in
Glipizide Hypersensitivity to
Action: an orally the treatment of
active stable, mild to glipizide, other
Dose: 650mg sulphonylurea moderate, non- sulfonylureas or
having insulin dependent
1 tab TID sulphonamides, or
hypoglycaemic diabetes mellitus
any excipients in the
action. The (type II diabetes
tablets;
hypoglycaemic mellitus or
Route: oral Insulin-dependent
activity of NIDDM) without
Glipizide is due to likelihood of diabetes, diabetic
its ability to ketosis, which ketoacidosis, diabetic
stimulate release cannot be coma;
of insulin by adequately Severe renal or
pancreatic β-cells. controlled by diet hepatic insufficiency;
alone. Treatment Pregnancy and
with MINIDIAB is
lactation
indicated only if a
satisfactory
reduction in blood
sugar has not
been achieved by
other measures,
e.g. conscientious
adherence to the
recommended
diet, weight
reduction in
overweight
patients, and
adequate
exercise. In
certain patients
receiving insulin,
the concurrent
use of MINIDIAB
allows a reduction
in the daily dose
of insulin.