TERMS: CHINA areas near China's borders that are home to various ethnic minorities.

The five regions are Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet and Xinjiang. The Chinese constitution grants autonomous areas the right of self-government in some matters such as cultural affairs, but autonomy is in fact very limited. term used to describe the permanent, professional (but low level) members of a party, especially in the communist world targeted, periodic efforts to mobilize the masses to meet a specified goal derogatory term used to label moderate CCP leaders during the Cultural Revolution Chinese Communist Party; the only legal party in China, which has run the country since 1949 behind-the-scenes leadership exerised by the CCP's elderly leaders during Deng Xiaoping's years in power. Deng was able to urge his colleagues into formal retirement with im in the 1980s, but they continued to run the country through the Central Advisory Commission (CAC), which was set up in 1982. The CAC theoretically existed only to advise the politburo, but in reality its members remianed the most powerful people in the country and made all the important decisions. The CAC was abolished at the Fourteenth Party Congress in 1992. Founder of the Chinese Communist Party Nationalist president of China before 1949 and later of the government in exile on Taiwan the transfer of traditional Chinese group loyalty from family and village to the party and state; valuing the good of the community above that of the individual the interwar coalition of communist parties in other countries directed from Moscow; Chinese philosophical and religious tradition emphasizing, among other things, order and hierarchy

autonomous regions

cadre campaign capitalist roader CCP

Central Advisory Committee

Chen Duxiu Chiang Kai-shek collectivism comintern Confucianism

cult of personality Cultural Revolution

in communist and other systems, the excessive adulation of a single leader. the period of upheaval in China from the mid-1960s to the mid1970s In urban areas, the party maintains control through danwei, social units based on a person's place of employment. People depend on these units for medical care, housing, daycare and recreational facilities. The first large, reasonably well organized protest movement against the CCP and its policies, it began in 1976 with protests in Tiananmen Square. The movement grew in size and scope, eventually including more than 200,000 people and spreading beyond Beijing to other major cities. Following a prolonged, massive protest gathering in Tiananmen Square, the PLA stormed the crowd, killing an estimated 400,000 people. Subsequently, hard-liners solidified their control and made open expression of dissent impossible. initially, a wall in the city of Beijing on which people, with government approval, put posters[dazhibao or big-character posters] with political messages. More broadly, an effort beginning in 1978, inspired by Deng's willingness to allow a degree of political freedom. The posters spread from the Democracy Wall to other locations, and the message progressed from criticism of how socialism was being implemented to advocacy of a wider variety of reforms, including freedom of speech to a multi-party system. The Leninist organizational structure that cconcentrates power in the hands of the party elite; rule by the few for the good of the many late 20th century, a practical mix of authoritarian political control and economic privatization; a combination of socialist planning and the capitalist free market, with the understanding that ppolitical and social values remained subject to Party control

danwei

Democracy Movement

Democracy Wall

democratic centralism

Deng Xiaoping Theory

dual role

a key part of the political structure of the PRC. Three parallel hierarchies -- the Party, the State and the PLA -- are separate yet they interact with each other.The relationship between the party and the government is controlled by the principle of dual control: vertical supervision by the next higher level of governmentand horizontal supervision by the Party at the same level. (In reality, China's policymaking is governed more directly by factions and personal relationships.) Until the 20th century, long periods of rule by one family punctuated by times of "chaos" when the family lost its power and was challenged by a new ruling dynasty hierarchy was the key organizing principle in Chinese society before 1949; Mao's emphasis on a society and economy in which everyone was equal was in complete opposition to traditional, Confucian hierarchy Portions of China, Japan, and Korea where European law operated during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; Europeans asserted that their law, not the laws of C hia, applied to their activities there. a group organized on ideological or other lines operating inside a political party Chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the Chinese government since the late 1990s a world-renowned astrophysicist who was suppressed during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, now living in exile in the United States a tightening up/loosening up cycle, referring to the relative power of reformers and conservatives. Example: Mao's experiment with the Hundred Flowers campaign, folowed by the Great Leap Forward a policy first introduced by Zhou Enlai and championed by Deng Xiaoping, focusing on developing industry, the military, agriculture, and science in China

dynastic cycles

egalitarianism ethic of struggle extraterritoriality

faction Falun Gong Fang Lizhi

fang-shou

four modernizations

free market socialism Gang of Four Great Leap Forward Radical leaders in China during and after the Cultural Revolution, led by Jiang Ching, Mao's wife. Failed Chinese campaign of the late 1950s to speed up development and move to socialism and communism While China, like Russia, recruits through the nomenklatura, the actual party leadership communicates through a patron-clint network called guanxi; an "old boys network" which emphasizes the importance of personal career ties beteen individuals since ancient times, the predominant ethnic group in China and the historic basis of China's identity One state's predominance over other states; the political, economic, ideological or cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless or the explicit consent of the dominated groups. Part of the post-Maoist reform program. During the 1980s, Maoist-era communes were dismantled and replaced by the household responsibility system. The party divided collective farms into small plots which were worked by families. The amount the farmers were required to sell to the state was reduced, and the market was allowed to determine most agricultural prices. President of China reformist Chinese campaign in the mid-1950s, eventually quashed by the government From 1949 to 1978, China followed a communist political/economic model which included a command economy and "cradle to grave" health care, employment, and retirement security. Mao called this the "iron rice bowl." This model was replaced by Deng Xiaoping, who introduced the socialist market economy - gradual infusion of capitalism while maintaining state control. The Chinese Nationalist Party, which was nominally in power from 1911-49, now in charge only on Taiwan Head of the PLA and designated successor to Mao; died in mysterious circumstances after a failed coup attempt in 1972

guanxi

Han Chinese

hegemony

household responsibility system

Hu Jintao Hundred Flowers Campaign

iron rice bowl

Kuomintang (KMT) Lin Biao

Long March mandate of heaven

Retreat by the CCP in the mid-1930s, which turned into one of its strengths in recruiting support from rural areas the right to rule as seen by the collective ancestral wisdom that guided the Chinese empire from the heavens; a source of legitimacy for dynastic power in China Chinese Communist principle that stressed "learning from the masses;" leaders would communicate their will and direction to the people, but the people in turn would communicate their wisdom through the mass line to the leaders. Chinese protest movement triggered by opposition to the Treaty of Versailles; a major step on the path leading to the creation and victory of the CCP how the Chinese have referred to their country since ancient times, in which China is the center of civilization and foreigners are 'barbarians' from vastly inferior civilizations a Revolutionary Alliance formed in 1905 by a group of radical Chinese studying in Japan. They elected Chiang Kai-shek as their leader, and the alliannce soon became the Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party. Following a "two-child family" campaign introduced after Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping instituted the "one child policy" in 1979, which included both incentives and penalties to assure that couples produced only one child. Late marriages were encouraged, and free contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations were provided to families that followed the policy. Penalties, includding steep fines, were imposed on couples that had a second child. China's military meetings of the Central Committee, in which the business of the National Party Congress is carried on between sessions (the National Party Congress meets only every 5 years) People's Republic of China (official name) Radical students and other young supporters of Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution

mass line

May Fourth Movement

Middle Kingdom

Nationalist Party

one-child policy

PLA plenums PRC Red Guard

self-reliance Sino-Soviet split

under Maoist rule, people were encouraged to rely on their own talents to contribute to their communities, rather than relying on directions from an elite tension between China and Russia that rocked the communist world and led to a parting of ways by the two countries designed to facilitate and control entry by foreign governments/capital into the Chinese market, regions were created in which foreign investors were given preferential tax rates and other incentives. By the mid-100-s, spread to most of urban China. a small, influential committee within the Politburo. The 23member Politburo is composed of about 20 members, but its day-to-day work is perfomed by the 8-member Standing Committee. a method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state Mao encouraged the Chinese people to actively pursue the values of socialism, which would require struggle and devotion President of China after the 1911 revolution people with technical training who have climed the ladder of the CCP bureaucrracy symbolic heart of Chinese politics; site in Beijing of protests and a massacre in 1976 and 1989 rural factories and businesses of greatly varying size that are run by local government and private entrepreneurs. TVEs make their own decisions and are responsible for their profits and lossesl The growth of the TVE- system has slowed the migration of peasants to the cities and has become the backbone of economic strength in the countryside.

special economic zones (SEZs)

Standing Committee

state corporatism

struggle and activism Sun Yat-sen technocrats Tiananmen Square

township and village enterprises (TVEs)

Uyghurs

Muslims of Turkish descent living in the autonomous region of Xinjiang, close to China's borders with Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Central Asian states of the former Soviet Union. Uyghur militants want to create a separate Islamic state and have sometime used violence to support their cause. a person with power who exercises both miiltary and quisigovernmental control over a substantial area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central government or authority. Warlords emerged during the chaos at the end of the Qing Dynasty prior to the birth of the republic of China. Prime Minister of China Number two to Mao in China from 1949 until his death in 1975 debate in China pitting ideologues against experts, cadres against technocrats or other supporters of economic development Following the establishment of the PRC by Mao in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek established what he called the true government of China on the island of Formosa (Taiwan). The PRC was not recognized as a nation by the UN until 1972. The phrase "Two Chinas" is now sometimes redefined to describe the cleavage between rural and urban China.

warlord

Wen Jiabao Zhou Enlai "red vs. expert"

"Two Chinas"