1.

INTRODUCTION-THE REGION POWER SYSTEM

1.1 Background

NORTHERN

India has been divided into five Electricity Boards viz., southern, northern, western, eastern and north-eastern for the purpose of power system planning and operation. The Northern Regional Grid is composed of the generation, transmission and distribution facilities of the following State Electricity Boards and other national/regional agencies: Himachal Pradesh Electricity Board (HPSEB) Haryana State Electricity Board (HSEB) Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) PDD Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB) Rajasthan State Electricity Board (RSEB) Uttar Pradesh Electricity Board (UPSEB) Union Territory Of Chandigarh Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU) Central Sector (CS), that is made up of: Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (Powergrid) National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC) National Hydro-electric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC) Nuclear Power Corporation (NPC)

Nathapa Jhakri Power Corporation (NJPC) Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited (THDC)

Today, the Northern Regional Electricity Board (NREB) is vested with the responsibility of coordinating smooth integrated operation of the regional grid. The operation of such a grid, spanning over such a large territory is technically complex and all the more complicated as not less than 15 Boards or Agencies are involved in operation.

1.2 The Northern Regional Power System

1.2.1 The Constituents
The Northern Region comprises the power systems of the constituents of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir plus the Union Territories of Delhi and Chandigarh. While the power systems of Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have both hydro and thermal power plants, Himachal Pradesh is purely a hydro system. Besides the State power systems, in 1992 there were 5 Central Sector Power Agencies viz. Powergrid, NTPC, NHPC, NPC and THDC.

1.2.2 Functions of NREB

The Northern Regional Electricity Board is today in charge of coordinating the planning and operation of all the constituents in the Northern Region, i.e., the five State Electricity Boards, Jammu & Kashmir, Bhakra Beas Management board, Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking and Central Sector.

Central power stations are regional in character and meant for the benefit of all the States of the Region. Presently, power from a Central Power Station is allocated to the various Constituents in accordance with the following general agreed formula for sharing of power: 1. 15% power is kept unallocated at the disposal of Government of India to meet the urgent requirement of the individual beneficiary States from time to time. 2. 3. 10% of the power is kept allocated to the State in which the power station is located. The remaining 75% power is distributed amongst the beneficiary States (including the home State) in accordance with the energy consumption of these States and the Central Plan Assistance to them. One of its major duties of RSCC is to monitor the inter-State Exchanges of power with reference to schedules and control of net off-take of power and energy from these Central projects.

1.2.3 The new role of the Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
The government of India (GOI) recently agreed to modify the scope of responsibilities for control facilities and operation of the grid, which involves for the long term: Powergrid as a developer, owner and operator of transmission facilities and regional system co-ordination and control systems; CEA as a regulator agency;

GOI agreed with a three-phase development for Powergrid. During phase 1, CEA would continue to operate the existing RSCCs (Regional Systems Control Centres), while Powergrid takes over transmission facilities from NTPC, NHPC, etc. and undertakes projects to develop new RSCCs. Then Powergrid would own and operate the project facilities and take over related existing facilities from CEA not later than at the completion of the project marking the commencement of phase 2, viz. establishment/ augmentation of load dispatch and communication facilities in various Regions. During phase 1, Powergrid will need immediate access to and use of the existing control facilities at the Regional level (present RSCC), co-operation with the various constituents of REBs and CEA, to facilitate improved operation of its transmission system, to help ensure a smooth transfer of old system operational functions from CEA to Powergrid and to facilitate the implementation of the new RSCC. Powergrid will also undertake in co-operation with the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) the projects to develop new SEB load dispatch centers and to augment existing facilities as a part of its regional co-ordination and control system projects. SEBs will operate the facilities in co-ordination with the concerned RSCC.

2. CURRENT OPERATIONAL

INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS IN

AND THE

NORTHERN REGION
2.1 Current institutional arrangements
The task of regional grid management is vested with the NREB and they have to co-ordinate the operation of autonomous Central and State sector organizations in the Region. Under this set up the NREB has to derive their power from the constituents. Lack of proper communication and real time load dispatch facilities is the biggest constraint in effective operation and control of the grid. The NREB, as association of the Constituents of the Northern Region, was created to co-ordinate the integrated operation of the Northern Regional Grid System. The GOI made the decision to form a National Power Grid, along with necessary load dispatch and communications facilities, in order to make best use of Indias unevenly distributed energy resources and to transfer large amounts of surplus power from the North and East to the other regions.

2.2 Operational guidelines and discipline

2.2.1 Operational discipline
It is necessary to have proper agreements spelling out the operations regimes, obligation of suppliers as well as the

beneficially States in terms of maintaining the system parameters, reliability criteria, penalties for violation of agreed operating regimes, etc. The operating norms should cover not only the normal state of operation of the power system but also the alert, emergency and restorative states. At present there are no means to enforce the operational discipline. In case of overdraws of power by any State, the Regional Load Despatch Centre (RSCC) can only request the erring State to regulate its demand. The continual overdraws of power of some deficient States at the peak time while the same are not backing down during off-peak as the frequency becomes very high is a testimony to this kind of problems. There is a lack of load management in most of the States. It is a basic tenet of integrated operation that each state restricts its load to match with the availability from its own sources of generation plus legitimate shares from common/central generating sources, plus eventually agreed by lateral power exchange agreements.

2.2.2 Frequency maintenance problems

The grid management problems of the country are compounded by continuing power shortages in the different systems. While the demand for power has been increasing at a rapid pace the generation availability has not been keeping pace with it. The short fall in availability is due to delays in commissioning for 6

generating units, lack of funds for construction, problems in quality of coal and equipments, high level of forced outages, etc. In most power systems in the world, the system frequency is kept virtually constant and a combination of generator governors and automatic generation control systems constantly control the generators so that: The total generation is kept equal to the total load and, Generators are operated at the levels at which the total cost of the power generated is at the minimum consistent with safe system operation. The remaining matching of load to generation is obtained by allowing the system frequency to vary up and down; this in turn increases or decreases the power consumption of motor operated loads such as pumps, refrigerators and many similar devices, until either the load is brought to match the power generated or the system collapse when frequencies become so low that the generating plants cannot operate. During peak periods, many of the SEBs fail to shed their loads in the quantities agreed at the NREB level. This forces other SEBs to shed more lot than they were required to do, or causes frequencies to drop lower than it would have. The net result in either case is that the SEB that fails to shed load as agreed receives more energy than it is entitled to, and the other receives less. During light load periods, those SEBs that should back down on their more expensive units fail to do so. The result is that central units with lower production cost must be back down instead,

resulting in uneconomical operation of the regional system. In some cases, hydro units with full reservoir are required to back down their output resulting in wasteful spilling of water over the dense.

2.2.3 Lack of flexibility in generation scheduling at present the energy invoicing is based on a single tariff system with regards to the actual energy transfers metered under tielines.
The world wide basic principle of invoicing the power transfers with regards to the agreed commitments and calculations of inadvertent deviations between this program and the actual transfers for compensation, etc payments, penalties and what so ever, has not yet been considered in the Indian practice. As far as the hydro scheduling is concerned, the REBs only recommended to most of the hydro stations to supply their maximum of the power at the peak period but the power scheduled of each power unit remains the responsibility of the hydro stations mainly with regards with the irrigation requirements.

2.3 Deficiencies in power transmission system

2.3.1 Power transmission lines and sub stations
The transmission system is being planned on a regional basis and optimized without regard to ownership under the responsibility of CEA. The establishment of central sector power plants has 8

increased the complexity of the regional network by super imposing a transmission system to the transmission system of the SEBs. With a view to optimizing investment, the regional transmission systems have been developed on the assumptions that the shares of some state located far away from the central stations would be delivered on the principles of net inter states exchanges where ever feasible without affecting the reliability and security of the transmission system. There is also a tendency on the part of all the states to cover only the very minimum works under the scope of these projects In several systems, the transmission capacities are not sufficient to evacuate power from the generating stations. This restricts full use of generating plants. A single central agency that will be in charge of the complete regional inter connected grid would bring more rationality in this regard. It will be possible to construct many more missing links, which are neither associated with the evacuation of power from any power plant nor required for load management. The major problems encountered in daily operation of the northern 400 kV networks are very low voltage level at receiving end at the peak, power swings involving cascade tripping and /or systems isolations and collapses, massive loss of generation, voltage collapses, partial and sometimes total power supply failure. One of the numerous regions for these mishaps is due to the particular weakness of the 400kv network and its long radial structure that

should be strengthened and reinforced by more intermediate step-down substations.

2.3.2 Compensation means

Reactive power management has not received the attention it deserves. Bulk of the present reactive power is being supplied by the generating plants thereby resulting in large flows of reactive power all over the transmission and distribution networks towards the load points from the generating units that are most of them located far away from the load .The very low voltage levels indicate conditions close to Voltage collapse or transmission instability .The power swings typical of transient instability.

2.3.3 Transmission planning tools

Eliminating transmission constraints, which prevent full use of generating capacity, should be a priority in efficiency improvement programs. For this purpose the various Regions involved may need adequate planning and design tools to be able to define in a more efficient way the reinforcement needs.

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3. OPERATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

AND

CONTROL

3.1 Basic operational and functional requirements

The basic operational requirements of the Northern Regional Grid are as follows: Scheduling in advance a healthy mode of operation Constant surveillance of the systems conditions with the help of a well-knit communication network so as to ensure the security of the system at all times and at all points restoration of the system to normalcy as early as possible in case of abnormalities by taking corrective measures. These operational requirements entail that the finicalities be implemented at the various levels of control hierarchy both for operation planning activities and real-time control activities. During the operation planning stage, the basic tasks to be carried out are: State wise generation scheduling and load prediction for a Determining of the share of each State in Centrally owned

complete day, week, month and year generation on given day 11

 future

Scheduling of inter-State and inter-Regional exchanges for Updating maintenance schedule for generators,

a given day transformers, transmission and/or distribution lines Spinning reserve assistance Co-ordination with National Load Dispatch Centre in the Collection of data regarding weather forecasts Analysis of system performance under disturbances and System operations statistics Computing of tariffs for inter-system exchanges based on

devising remedial actions to minimize their effects

pre-defined guidelines. For the real-time control stage, the tasks to be performed may be classified into two categories: (1) (2) On-line Real-Time Operation Control On-line Real-Time emergency and Reliability Control

3.2 Outline of the overall control organization

It is clear that operation of such a large system requires one to set up a control hierarchy, which will also match the power system organization in the Region. With this end in mind, a 3-tier hierarchical network has already been defined , complying with the load dispatch facilities policy established by Central Electricity Authority (CEA) for all India. The following load dispatch centers are proposed to be implemented at the different hierarchical levels:

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Hierarchy level 1: Regional System Control Centre at Delhi covering the region power systems of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, BBMB, DESU, Chandigarh. Hierarchy level 2: Comprising State Load Dispatch Centres (SLDCs) and Central Project Control Centres as below: SLDC for Himachal Pradesh at Shimla; SLDC for Haryana at Panipat; SLDC for Jammu & Kashmir at Udhampur; SLDC for Punjab at Patiala; SLDC for Rajasthan at Heerapura; SLDC for Uttar Pradesh at Lucknow; CPCC at Moga for Central Sector Stations in the northern area of CPCC at Kanpur for Central Sector Stations in the south-eastern CPCC at Ballabhgarh for Central Sector Stations in the central

the Region; area of the Region; area of the region. Hierarchy level 3: Sub-load Dispatch Centres (Sub-LDCs) as below: Sub LDCs at Kunihar and Hamirpur controlled by SLDC at Shimla Sub LDCs at Dadri, Panipat TPS and Narwana controlled by (Jutogh) SLDC at Panipat;

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Sub LDCs at Pampore and Udampur controlled by SLDC at

Udampur (NB: Udhampur Sub LDC is located in the same control room as the SLDC); Sub LDCs at Jallandhar, Lalton Kalan and Patiala controlled by Sub-LDCs at Ratangarh, Kota, Bhilwara and Heerapura controlled Sub-LDCs at Rishikesh, Moradabad, Panki, Varanasi and SLDC at Patiala. by SLDC at Heerapura. Sultanpur controlled by SLDC Lucknow.

3.3 Functions of the Control Centres and sharing out of responsibilities

GOI has agreed that Power Grid shall develop into a national service oriented transmission company. The performance of these activities requires a transmission network with adequate capacity going well beyond the basic requirements of evacuating power produced by specific plants and a minimal connection to the load centre. Powergrid will be organized primarily for impartial service to all parts of the power sector. The SEBs will retain the basic responsibilities of operating and dispatching their plants.

3.4 Responsibilities of the RSCC

The RSCC shall be responsible for the following: Data acquisition and monitoring of all the transmission system at 220 kV and above, plus the 132 kV interstate lines and all the generating stations of 50 MW and above.

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Supervisory control of the power system operation pertaining to interState/ Regional grid and control of central sector sub-station under its direct jurisdiction.

Management and supervisory control of the centrally owned generating unit. Load frequency control for the entire region and sending corrective area control error messages to all the constituents.

Monitoring inter-state exchanges of power with references to schedule and AGC orders.

Supervision of generation/ load balance in the various states with respect to the power exchange schedule, the frequency requirements and the generation management according to the merit order list prepared on a regional basis.

3.5 Responsibilities of SLDCs

The SLDC shall be responsible of the following: Acquisition of information from central sector and some part of the neighboring state systems from RSCC. Generation load management according to economic generation Optimization carried out at state level and according to RSCC request for inter-state power transfers and frequency regulation.

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Transmission of orders directly to state owned power stations from the state requirements.

Voltage and reactive power control.

3.6 Responsibilities of the Sub-LDCs

The Sub-LDCs will be responsible of the following: Switching of equipments at 220 and 400 kV as per direction SLDC Voltage and reactive power control with in their area of responsibility, according to SLDCs requirements and guidelines Security assessment of the sub transmission network in their area

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4. PRINCIPLES FOR DATA ACQUISITION

4.1 General

The tele information plan corresponds to the requirements for data collection that will enable the various levels of the power system control hierarchy to fulfill their role. That means in particular that apparatus status like bus selector disconnect or position, and alarms like loss of voltage are considered and some circuit breakers remote control facilities are planned.

4.2 Data Transmission Principles

The circuit breakers positions are collected under the shape of

double signals (DS) as this is necessary for remote control functions, also these are more reliable.

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The isolators positions are given single signal as these are not

needed for remote control. For all apparatus positions, the information will be transmitted

when change of status occurs. All possible alarms are collected under single signals.

4.3 Principles for Data Acquisition

4.3.1 Busbar section
a) Voltage: 400, 220 & 132 kV: one value per main busbar. 66 kV: one value per station. 33 kV: no value.

b) Frequency: 400 kV: one value per busbar. 220 kV: one unit per station except for stations where power units are connected to or having inter-state feeders (2 values: one per main busbar). 132, 66 kV: one value per station where power units are connected. 33 kV: no value.

c) SS: 1 SS for loss of voltage per busbar.

4.3.2 Busbar coupler and bus section breaker

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DS: 1 DS per circuit breaker. SS: 1 SS for only one out of the 2 disconnectors.

4.3.3 Bus transfer

DS: 1 DS per circuit breaker. SS: 1 SS for each disconnector on both sides of the C.B.

4.3.4Busbar disconnector
SS: 1 SS for each busbar disconnector (whatever the voltage level & including busbar transfer).

4.3.5 Capacitor
DS: 1 DS per circuit breaker. SS: 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector.

4.3.6 Reactor compensator

connected

to

busbar

&

synchronous

a) Reactive power: 1 value. b) D S: 1 DS per circuit breaker. c) SS: 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of 1 SS for each disconnector in case of one-hand-half single breaker arrangement. breaker arrangement.

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4.3.7 Gas generator and Hydroelectric Generator (substation side)

a) Active power:1 value. b) Reactive power:1 value. c) DS: d) SS: 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement. 1 SS for each disconnector in the case of one-and-half breaker arrangement. 1 SS for each by-pass disconnector in the case of single breaker +by-pass arrangement. e) Reservoir level: 1 ATM per hydro station when it is already available on site. 1 DS per substation circuit-breaker 1 DS per generator bus coupler

4.3.8 Thermal generator (substation side)

One value of P for gross active output, One value of Q for gross reactive output.

4.3.9 Remote generator

In case of power plant needs its own RTU because of the distance to the substation, connections in the corresponding substation are to be described as overhead line connections and remote generators as follows: 1 DS per circuit-breaker(if existing for outgoing feeder), 1 DS per generator bus coupler,

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one value of P for gross active output of a thermal generator, one value of Q for gross reactive output of a thermal generator.

4.3.10 Overhead line

a) Active power and reactive power 400, 220 and 132 kV: one value of P and Q for each outgoing line . 66 kV as a secondary part of Regional interest substation: one value of P and Q only for outgoing intersystem tie-line. b) DS For each 400, 220 and 132 kV outgoing line and 66 kV outgoing tie-line: c) SS For each 400, 220 and 132 kV outgoing line and 66 kV outgoing tie-line: 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement 1 SS for each disconnector in case of one-and-half breaker arrangement 1 SS for each by-pass disconnector in case of single breaker+by-pass arrangnment d) DC 1 DS per substation circuit-breaker 1 DS per reactor disconnector(or circuit-breaker in the future) connecting it to the 400 kV line. 33 kV : no value.

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1 DC for each 132 kV outgoing line.

The choice consisting in the implementation of remote control only for 132kv feeders and below can be justified by the needs of quick switching operation requirements for load shedding and emergency action. In some particular cases, some remote control facilities may be interesting also for 220 kV or 400 kV components of the grid. These specific requirements shall be precisely defined at technical specification drafting.

4.3.11 Transformers
a) Active power and reactive power One value of p and one value of q measured on the secondary level for the 400/220 kV or 220/132 kV transformers, or on the primary level for the 132/66, 132/33 or 132/11 kV transformers. If the secondary level does not belong to the same constituent as the primary level, p and q are measured on the primary level. b) Current One current value (I) measured on primary level for the 66/33 kV, 66/22 kV, 66/11 kV or 33/11 kV transformers whenever the load supplied by the transformers is significant. c) OLTC

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The position of each On Load Tap Changer is indicated with a digital or analog tele measuring. This shall be specified for each individual case at specification drafting. d) DS: 1 DS per circuit breaker. If the secondary level doesnt belong to same network, 1 DS shall also be collected for the secondary circuit breaker. e) S S: 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in

case of single breaker arrangement. 1 SS for each disconnector in case of one &

half breaker arrangement.

1 SS for each by-pass disconnector in case of

single breaker arrangement.

f)

D C: One DC on the secondary level for the 132/33 kV, 132/22 kV 132/11 kV, 66/33 kV, 66/22 kV, 66/11 kV, 33/11 kV transformer whenever the load supplied by the transformers is significant.

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DATA

PROCESSING CENTRES

SYSTEMS

OF

CONTROL

5.1 RSCC Scope of supply

The following list details the requirements as regard hardware & software for the RSCC computer system. One dual computer system for SCADA, PAS & MMI functions including at least: equipment, Failover system, Line printer, 24 System CRTs console, Disks strage units, Magnetic tape storage devices or equivalent

Software package, One time & frequency system, One receiver for time synchronization signals. Man machine interface Control room:

Two dispatcher consoles with two VDUs each, Two hard copy units linked to any console, Two loggers and one plotter, One line printer, One frequency recorder, One mimic board, along with its driver, One audible alarm. Computer section: One dispatcher console equipped with two VDUs, Two programming terminals, One hard copy unit, One line printer. SCADA and MMI software. Power application software: Network topology, Reduced equivalent network, Logical controls, State estimation, Contingency analysis,

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Load flow, LFC, One local RTU.

5.2 SLDCs scope of supply

Two categories of SLDCs have been considered in the northern region, depending on the size of the constituent: 1st category (large sized SLDC): Lucknow, Heerapura. 2nd category (standred sized SLDC): Shimla, Panipat,

Patiala, Udhampur. One normal dual configuration is provided for the first category and a medium dual configuration is provided for the second category. One dual computer configuration for SCADA, PAS and MMI functions including at least: System CRTs console, Disks storage units, Magnetic tape storage devices or equivalent equipments, Fail over system, Line printer, Software package, One time and frequency system, One receiver for time synchronization signals. Man Machine Interface 26

 Control Room: Dispatcher consoles: For SLDCs: 2 dispatcher consoles each with two VDUs, For large mixed SLDC/sub-LDC: 3 dispatcher consoles each with two VDUs. Two hard copy units linked to any console, Two loggers and one plotter, One line printer, One frequency recorder, One mimic board along with its driver, One audible alarm.

Computer section: One dispatcher console equipped with two VDUs, Two programming terminals, One hard copy unit, One line printer,

One local RTU. SCADA and MMI software. Power application software: Network topology, Reduced equivalent network, Logical controls, 27

State estimation, Contingency analysis, Load flow, LFC.

Option two for EMS: One computer, At least two disk storage units with controllers, One streamer or magnetic tape storage device, One line printer, Two programming terminals, One software package.

5.3 CPCCs scope of supply

Two categories of CPCC have been considered in the NorthernRegion depending on the quantity of RTUs controlled: 1st category: more than or equal to 15 RTUs(large sized CPCC ) 2nd category : less than 15 RTUs(standard sized CPCC) one medium dual cofiguration is provided for the 1st category and the PC dual configuration is provided for the 2nd category. The following list details the requirements as regards hardware and MMI functions including at least -One dual computer configuration for SCADAand MMIfunctions including at least: system CRTs console ,

disks storage units, magnetic tape storage devices or equivalent equipment, failover system, line printer, software pakage: one time and frequency system,

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one receiver for time synchronization signals -Main Machine interface -Control Room: 3 PC workstations, two hard copy units linked to any console, two loggers, one line printer , one plotter, one frequency recorder, one mimic board along with its driver, one audible alarm. -computer section: one dispatcher console equipped with its driver, two programming terminals, one hard copy unit, one line printer,

-SCADA and MMI software,

5.4. Sub-LDCs scope of supply

Two categories of Sub-LDCs have been considered in the Northern Region, depending on the quantity of RTUs controlled: 1 St category:more than or equal to 15 RTUs-2nd category: less than 15 RTUs

5.5

Control Centres communication

The hierarchy of the Control Centre is a three tiers hierarchy. These are :

RTU(substation level ) Sub-LDC, 3rd tier SLDC or CPCC, 2nd tier

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RSCC, 1st tier. All the state owned RTUs are only linked to Sub-LDCs. Thus a data communication protocol and procedure shall be provided for this first layer. The data transferred on these links are:

Either real-time data Or files Or data related to remote logging procedures. In order to enable all these data transfers between computers, it is mandatory to have in each control center a communication software which implements the seven layer of Open System Interconnection(OSI) ISO Recommendation. The OSImodel in seven layers is the following one:

Layer 1: physical, Layer 2:link, Layer3:network, Layer4:transport, Layer5:session, Layer6:presentation, Layer7:application.

5.6.

GENERAL
Telecontrol systems serve for monitoring and control of processes which are geographically widespread.They include all equipment and functions for acquisition,processing, transmission and display of the necessary process information. The performance of a telecontrol system is determind basically by:

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The data integrity of information transfer, from a source to its destination , and , The speed with which information is transferred to its destination.

Since telecontrol systems have to operate in real-time mode, limitations imposed by the telecommunication channels may heavily impair the overall system efficiency.The implicatin is restricted bandwidth and hence restricted bit rates to be transmitted under noisy environment conditions, which cause distortion of transmitted signals elements. The data transmission system has to be considered in the sense as an integrated part of the telecontrol system. Basic requirements of the data transmission system Data transmission should fulfill the following requirements:High data integrity and data consistencyUnder these conditions, it is necessary to provide efficient protection of messages against : undetected bit errors, Undetected frame errors caused by synchronization errors, Undetected loss of information , Gain of unintended information , Separation of perterbation of coherent information. Short telecontrol transferred time

Provision of short information transmission by application of efficient frame transmission protocols, particularly for event intiated messages over transmission paths with limited bandwidth and with uncertain noise characteristic has to be ensured.Support of bit oriented (code transparent ) data transmissionNo code restrictions on user data required.The data link protocol accepts and transmits arbitrary bit sequence structures from the data source. Transmission software and protocol specifications 31

Transmission software arrangment For standardization reasons and easy future upgrading of the Data Transmission Network(DTN) to packet switching, communication software is based over the latest ISO(CCITT) standards in force implementing the ISOs OSI model.This subdivision into modular layers is a useful theoretical model for difining standards. Each layer is essentially independent of the layers below and above it. It treats the layer below as a service function and the layer above as a master with witch it exchanges data and to which it reports errors. The independent of the layers gives a modularity to the system. It ispossible to alter one layer without altering others, in the some layers may be omitted.Telecontrol system functions will be divided into the following layers: Application functions: Cover the special needs of the process to which a telecontrol system is applied, thus dealing with the types of information emanating from the process or from the operator.This information is transferred to the telecontrol system by signals and is handled with in this system in the form of data. Operational processing functions including presentation functions:Conversion of information into signals and in the operational equipment.Data transport, network, link and physical transmission functions. Tansmission protocol The protocol to be used for RTU-sub-LDC links and for direct RTURSCC links will be one of the following by order of decreasing preferences: X.25(up to layer 2), -IEC 870-5-1, -Manufactrurs specific.If one of the first 2 solutions is proposed, it must not induce additional cost with respect to the manufcturers specific solutions.

32

The protocol to be used for inter LDClinks will be the X.25 with the option and particulars alredy applied by department of science and technology in consulation with CEA.

5.7. Physical structure of the protocol system

5.7.1. General
The structure of the data communication network which is thus a sub-set of the telecommunication system is mainly determined by the operational philosophy, i.e.: National Control Centre, Regional Control Centre, State Control Centre, Sub-state Control centre, Substations, And the real-time character of the requirements . The solution of designing a complete Packet switching Data Network(PSDN) has also been examined.

5.7.2. Geographical configuration of telecontrol channels

For RTUs a combination of multipoint-party line configuration and multiple point-to-point configuration will be used. The first type involves serial polling, i.e. several RTUs share the same telecontrol channel, while the second type involves parallel polling from the sub-LDC. Transmission link redundancyIn order to maintain a high quality of service with strategic sites, the physical communication links arriving on the latter will be duplicated. This will be the case atleast for: The links arriving on 400/200kv substation and power station RTUs,

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All the links interconnecting contral centers.

5.8. Transmission modes

5.8.1. Transmission initiation modes
In the case if RTU/sub-LDC links, two basic transmission initiating modes will be used for telecontrol data transmission: Event initiated transmission(spontaneous transmission, also called master-master), Transmission on demand(interrogative or polling mode, also called master-slave). Types of traffic in transmission channelsFull duplex traffic will be used, Independent transmission channels exist for the incoming and outgoing directions .

5.9. Transmission speed

5.9.1.Basic requirements
Total control system refresh time for indications must not exceed 2s under normal operating conditions. For analog measurenments, the age of a displayed values must not exceed 10s.

5.9.2. Final results

The following is required: For sub-LDC/SLDC links:1200 Bds(1200 bits/s), FSK, CCITT V23, 4-wire. For higher hierarchical rank inter-computer links:4800 Bds(4800 bits/s), phase modulation, CCITT V.29. For RTUs:

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All RTUs would be configured to work at 200 bauds on FSK channels located above the 300 to 2.4 kHz speech sub-bands of 4 kHz VFTs.

5.10. Modems
5.10.1. Basic requirement of RTUs modems
Frequency shift channel modems are to be used to convert a binary signal into two distinct frecuencies.The rack modem of RTU will contain 2 single-card modem boards.The modem will accept CCITT V.24 serial signals and communicates at the standardized data rates from 50 to 1200 bauds. basic requirement of modems for control centre computerThe communication speed will be settable from 50 to 9600 bits/s.

5.11. Remote terminal unit

5.11.1. General
The typical RTU will perform two functions: The basic RTU function:Processes and transmits:Indication signal change messages, Telemeasuring value messages andTelemetering value

messagesPicked-up on the RTU location site devices to a control centreReceives and processes digital or analogue command messages coming from a control centre so as to feed them to the relevant devices located at the RTU location site. Sequential Event recording : TTY will be provided only at 400kv, 220kv substation and power station sites.

5.11.2. Charateristics of RTU I/O circuits

35

RTU will be capable of accepting :Single point information indication signals, double point information indication signals, telemetering signals, under the form of potential free contacts. RTU will be capable of issuing:Single point digital controls, Double point digital controls, Under the form of potential free contacts . RTU basic functional processing requirements The RTU will be capable of time-tagging the status changes with a 10ms resolution for transmission to the control centre as well as local editing on a TTY terminal(sequential event recording)RTUs bills of quantitiesAn RTU will equip each side that will be under supervisory. For power station and the control room of which is farther than 1km from the substation control room, a separate RTU will be installed.Subsequently, the following quantities of RTUs have to be supplied : HIMACHAL PRADESH : 14(14 stations) HARYANA : 32(31 stations+SLDC) JAMMU & KASHMIR : 14(14 stations) PUNJAB : 47(47 stations) RAJASTHAN : 53(53 stations) UTTAR PRADESH : 98(97 stations+SLDC) CENTRAL SECTOR : 44(43 station + RSCC) TOTAL : 302

36

6.

TELEPHONE,TELEX

AND

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
6.1. General
The power Systems is rapidly getting more complex with its integration into Regional and National Grid. This has brought with it the need for an efficient, reliable and modern communication system for the Power authorities. Keeping in view the specific and the Government of India has recommended an independent Dedicated communication system to be owned and operated by the Power Utilities up to the State Load DESPATCH CENTRE level from remote power stations and substations .

37

As recommended by the Working Group and the Secretariess Steering Committee, the Government of India decided to appoint a Consultant of repute for the planning of a comprehensive communication systems for the Power Sector . Merz & Mac Lellan (MML) , U.K. , in association with Bharat Electronics Ltd.(India) working as Consltants to the Central Electricity Authority have submitted , among other reports, a detailed Project Report for Telecommunication system of Northern Region including all Constituents and have recommended for wide-ranging strengthening of Telecommunication network and requisite organization structure. These reports have been prepared with active participation of Engineers from CEA/NREB/SEBs.Electricite de France International(EDF), Consultant for the Computerised Load Despatch System in the Northern Region have integrated within the scope of the Load Despatch Project the design already carried out by MML in connection with CEA/NREB/Constituents so as the computerized Load Despatch Systems is relying on a well-knit communication systems.The telecommunication network design as proposed by Merz and Mac Lellan in February 1990 has been modified in 1993 by EDF, taking into account fresh information collected for telecommunication components either locally in India or abroad for foreing components to be imported. Except U.P. , all other Constituents informed that their lines are already equipped with protection signaling equipment, LMUs, line traps, coupling capacitors and CVTs.So these equipments have been excluded from the scope of supply in respect of these Constituents.

6.2. Telecommunication systems requirements

The telecommunication part of the project will cater for the requirements of the load dispatch computerized scheme in respect of the following :Speech and data transmission for system operation and control, Transmission of operational data for generation of reports and statistical information. 38

The hierarchy of communication network will start from Remote Terminal Units at remote substations/power stations participating significantly in the intrigrated operation of the Northern grid and terminate at Sub Load dispatch centers . The communication system will support the following applications Speech communication on express /dialing basis , Data transmission Teleprinting Facsimile transmission.

6.2.1. Structure of the switched PABX network

The switched PABX network is designed to provide voice communication .

6.2.2. Structure of The Express telephone and teleprinter network

The express telephone network is a hot line system that shall be fully independent from the switched PABX network . It shall provide direct connections between substations or power and LDCs .In small LDCs , teleprinters shall be connected directly on the same EPAX than telephone sets . In importantLDCs , dedicated EPAX can be used for connecting teleprinters. In order to ease the operation of express telephone calls , specific consoles shall be installed at LDCs for supervision and establishment of hot line connections . Need for dedicated communication system The communication need of the power sector are mostly of digital nature for real time data acquisition oriented to control activities .The requirements of quality and reliability are much more exacting as compared to public Communication System .It is also to be noted that a channel required to protect a line or to transmit a control single is a vital part of the total system .The consultants have recommended generally and independent telecommunication network owned and operated by power utilities .Howerever , DOT lines are proposed from SLDCs

39

/CPCCs to RLDCs and sub LDCs to SLDCs for back up speech and data circuits .

Planning Philosophy
For communication between RTUs and sub-LDC , PLCC has been recommended by the constants , as their requirement is generally not more than 4 channels which can be accommodated by PLCC .A 200 baud channel , required for RTU communication , can readily be accommodated above the 300 Hz to 2.4 KHz speech band in a 4 KHz wide PLC channel . The speed of composite data transmission beyond sub-LDC is about 1200 baud . This requirment can not be met by PLCC alone and multichannel system /leased DOT channels have been recommended by the MML consultants General

6.3. choice of optimum system philosophy

The MML consultants have studied the requirements for the administrative telephone , the operational telephone network , data , teleprinter and fax facilities for the computerized system of the northern region . A combination PLC , radio, fiber optic , and satellite system has come up as one technically viable and economically attractive option . However , keeping in view restriction of installing dedicated earth station with in 50Km of DOTs own or some other users satellite earth station and outage of statellite communication due to eclipse and sun interference problems , the MML Consultants have recommended a combination of PLC , optical fiber , microwave and also leased DOT circuits .the making of communication system is described in the following sections for the various constituents HIMACHAL PRADESH Communication system The HIMACHAL PRADESH proposed communication will comprise:1 radio link with 2 radio repeater stations1 fiber optic link without repeater station17 Nos of PLC links No DOT leased circuit. HARYANA Communication system 40

The HARYANA proposed communication system will comprise : 7 radio links with 3 radio repeater stations1 fiber optic link without repeater station (in total 15 Kms) 32 Nos of PLC links No DOT leased circuit. JAMMU & KASHMIR Communication system The JAMMU & KASHMIR proposed communication system will comprise: No radio link 2 fiber optic links without repeater stations 25 Nos of PLC links No DOT leased circuits PUNJAB Communication system RAJASTHAN Communication system The RAJASTHAN proposed communication system will comprise: 7 radio links with 8 radio repeater stations No fiber optic links 51 Nos of PLC links 840 Kms of leased DOT circuits UTTAR PRADESH Communication system The UTTAR PRADESH proposed communication system will comprise: 37 radio links with 11 radio repeater stations 1 fiber optic link without repeater station 94 Nos of PLC links 1400 Kms of leased DOT circuits Central sector communication system The central sector communication system will comprise : 16 radio links with 6 radio repeater stations

41

5 fiber links with 6 repeater stations 79 Nos of PLC links 4005 Kms of leased DOT circuits .

Merits of the network

The merits of communication system so designed are as follows : The major portion of the network is owned by the Power Sector.leased DOT circuits have also been envisaged to support the dedicated communication networkthe system caters for the present requirements of administrative and operational speech channels with provision for future growth .Since future expansion is likely to be along the radio /fiber optic routes, it can be operated at very low cost if tower heights are adequate, all the towers and parabolic antennas of the existing analogue microwave back-bone in UTTAR PRADESH will be re-used for the new digital microwave equipment .

7.

DC

SYSTEM

AND

AC

AUXILIARY

POWER SUPPLIES
7.1 General
For the purpose of a control and telecommunication scheme , the auxiliary power supplies are usually categorized as under . Power supplies for supply of :New RTU an interface cubicle , new communication equipment , Data processing equipment in the various control centers,Airconditioning and security lighting in Control Centres . They are one of thefollowing types: Uninterruptible DC source (or DC power system)

42

Uninterruptible AC source Standby power supply. In the scope of this project , it was generally decided by Powergrid and the constituents that the DC power supply in the sub stations will not be included.Thus , only the AC and DC power supplies for the sub-LDCs , CPCCs, SLDCs and RLCC will be considered .

7.2. AC auxiliary power supplies in Control Centres 7.2.1. Makingup of 415/240V AC uninterruptible power supply in Control Centres
Two 415V, 3 phase AC supply together with an emergency diesel generator will ensure a secure supply to the essential services which can support a power failure for a short period of time , i.e. : stand-by power supply .An uninterruptible power supply consisting of DC supply chargers , batteries and invertors will provide 3 phase 50Hz power supplies to the computers , peripherals, etc. 7.2.2. 415/240V stand-by and UPS power sizing.The minimum sizing will be:125KVA for the diesel generator and 2*50kVA for the AC UPS of RSCC and large sized SLDCs , 25kVA for the diesel generator and 2*25kVA for the AC UPS of large sized sub-LDCs and small sized SLDC , 45kVA for the diesel generator and 2*15 kVA for the AC UPS of a small sized Sub-LDCs and CPCC.

7.3. 48V DC system in control center

7.3.1. 48V DC power supply make-up in control center
A control center 48V DC power supply system will comprise in fact two traditional 48V DC system chains , each including:2 rectifiers simulteneusly operating in parallel , 1 lead-acid stationary type battery , 1 distribution board, An inter-connection between the 48V DC power supply system distribution boards which will be left normally opened under normal 43

operating conditions.7.3.2. Sizing the 48V DC system in Control Centre The minimum sizing for each DC system chain will be one 800Ah battery and two 160A rectifires .

7.4. 48V DC system in sub-station

7.4.1. General
Communication and telecontrol means of sub-stations are power supplied under a mean voltage of 48V DC with possible link of the positive polarity end to the earth.For this purpose, we must have DC systems suited to the new equipment. The following operational figures are usually used for the 48V DC systems plus 20 degree Centigrade: End- of-discharge voltage per lead-acid cell:1.90V Floating battery mode voltage per lead-acid cell :2.20V Equalisation mode voltage per lead-acid cell :2.30V Manual commissioning boost mode per lead-acid :2.70V Elementry lead-acid stationary type cell quantity: 24

7.4.2. 48V DC system making-up in sub-station

A sub-station 48V DC system compries2 rectifires simultaneously operating in parallel and sharing the total current demand 1 lead-acid battery 1 distribution board

7.4.3. 48V DC system sizing and BOQs in sub-stations

Adequately sized batteries and rectifires will be provided by some SEBs/boards/central Sectors themselves as a part of the substation power/plant components.

44

8. TOTAL PROJECT
8.1 General

COST

BENEFITS

OF

THE

As a matter of the fact , once a utilitys network has reached a certain level of development a modern control system becomes and absolute necessity, and the question of its profitability is almost secondary .However , even though a precise economic analysis is not possible , in view of the systems

45

nature , it is usual practice to evaluate such a project by advantages that it offers to the utility .These advantages fall into the following two categories: Economically quantifiable benefits Intangible benefits

8.2 Economically quantifiable benefits

The economically quantifiable benefits may be classified into four main categories: Improvement of system reliability and reduction of undelivered energy. Saving in operating costs. Capital investment savings. Reduction of personnel costs. These benefits have been evaluated on the basis of field data related to disturbances and on some figures recommended by international agencies.Improvement of system reliability and reduction of undelivered energy The benefits expected in this area are mainly based on two aspects : System security will be considerably improved by providing the operater with real-time information and also by the various EMS functions.They will avoid numerous cascade trippings both at an area level and at the Region level.For the trippings and disturbances which will occur anyway, the restoration to normalcy will be significantly speeded up. A savings of 20 to 30 minutes in restoration time is more than plausible.To estimate the reduction of undelivered energy we may consider that the control scheme will make it possible to avoid one tripping per year of the entire Northern grid and that restoration time will be halved. Assuming that a general collapes lasts one hour , in 1995:Avoidance of one tripping during one hour : E=110841 MkWh/8760*1= 12.65 MkWh Reduction of restoration time: 110841 MkWh / 8760 * 0.5 = 6.33 MkWh i.e.: 19 MkWh /year.

46

Assuming that the cost of undelivered energy is 20 times the cost of generation which is also a standard value and that the cost of generation in Northern Region is Rs 12 lakhs / MkWh, then theyearly benefit in this area expected from the control scheme is : 19 * 12 * 20 = Rs 4560 lakhs per year i.e. Rs 45.6 Crores per year. Operating costs savings The reduction of operation costs is mainly expected from a reduction in fuel expenditures The control schemes enables a reduction of fuel outlays for three reasons: an integrated management of all generation facilities in Northern Region during the operation planning stage will enable a better use of the thermohydroelectric generation pattern in real-time .This benefit is expected to be at least 0.5 % of fuel costs .inter-State exchange possibilities in real-time will be enhanced.Therelated benefit is expected to be 0.2% of fuel costs .The total energy saved can be estimated at 0.7%.The yearly benefit will be , in 1995 , assuming a Rs 12 lakhs /MkWh generation cost: 110841 * 0.7 % * 12 = Rs 9310 lakhs /year i.e.: Rs 93.1 Crores per year. Capital investment savings Capital investment savings are expected both for generation facilities and for transmission networks facilities .For generation facilities and due to peak power storage for the Northern grid , these savings are quite real in so far as there is a correlation between the energy saved and the additional capacity installed to supply this lost energy . It may be anticipated that 0.35 % of additional installed capacity could be saved for an equivalent quality of service if 0.7% of energy is saved by the

47

implementation of the control scheme .With a 12, 258 MW additional installed capacity planned for 1995 , the saving is 43 MW. Assuming a hydro-thermal mix of 35/65 in installed capacity and Rs 3.5 crores /MW of hydel capacity and Rs 3crores /MW of thermal capacity , the capital investmentSaving for generation facilities is : 43 * 0.35 * 3.5 + 43 * 0.65 * 3 = Rs 137 Crores Reduction of personnel costs The following considerations are also valid. A measure benefit due to SCADA is the increased effectiveness of theLoad Despatch personnel which can be achieved .Load dispatch personnel spend an inordinate amount of time on paper work . Automated logging and reporting software can drastically reduced this tedious tasks. It is extremely important that load dispatch personnel be relieved of manual report preparation task and equipped to concentrate on operating the system with complete and accurate information. It would have been possible to quantify the reduction of personnel costs.

8.3 Intangible Benefits

The intangible benefits expected from a control scheme are numerous .The following considerations are extracted from the CIGRE paper mentioned before : Better management information SCADA systems contain facilities to retrieve data required for preparation of reports and time tagging of events for post mortem analysis.These reports and data are useful to operational staff in verifying that protection equipment operated correctly in response to a fault.System statistics suitable for generation and transmission planning studies may be store.This has influence in optimizing the hydro operation . It is important if the amount of the water for power generation is less than volume available in an average year .

48

Quick adoption of new operating philosophips according to the development of the power system requires flexibility , which can be reached in a Control Centre .Improved Reliability Procedures It is normal practice to switch capacitors , reactors and cables at different times during the day for voltage control purposes. Circuit breakers in the transmission network may be opened or closed to limit short circuit levels . Improved Operator Training Operator training simulators are available today . The opening / closing of breakers , tap changing of transformers , etc. can be simulated without affecting the status /security of the actual power system . Network analysis training will also guarantee higher level of understanding the features of a power network . Organization Improvent Establishment of a control centre means that during the implementation phase most operations , planning and monitoring functions are critically reviewed . This often means a complete reorganization of the entire organization which in the long run will result in more efficient power system operations.Technology transfer will assist the Utility in future attempts to rationalize and improve operations by using computer technology. Other Non-technical Factors Most Utilities in developing countries are linked closely to Central Government . The Utility are urged for political reasons to increase their operating reliability . Some of the reasons for this are :Governments are concerned about the substantial lost revenues that industries suffer when power interruptions occur ;Governments are usually interested in attracting foreign companies and other investments to their countries . High operating reliability of a countrys power supply is a major factor in encouraging foreign investment ; Governments are concerned about security problems during blackouts . Police force and damage costs due to social unrest can be high . Loss of faith in the ability of the country to handle social problems can be even

49

higher ;Governments are concerned about their image . Blackouts and unreliable electric supply are embarrassing.Most of these considerations apply in the case of the control scheme for the Northern Regional grid.

9. CONCLUSION
The various economically quantifiable benefits expected from the

implementation of the Northern Regional Control scheme are summarized below : Yearly recurrent benefits : Improvement of system security and reduction of undelivered energy : Rs 45.6 Crores per year. Operating cost savings: Rs 93.1 Crores per year. Totalling Rs. 137.7 Crores per year. Capital investments savings : Generation facilities : Rs. 137 Crores. Transmission facilities : Rs. 21 Crores.

50

With a 447 Crores Project would be paid off in : ( 447 158) / 137.7 = 2.1 years

---------------********************************-----------------

51

Control Hierarchy NR
CHANDIGARH S.L.D.C. of B.B.M.B. MINTO ROAD S.L.D.C. of D.E.S.U.

DADRI Sub-L.D.C. of B.B.M.B.

PANIPAT Sub-L.D.C. of B.B.M.B.

JAMALPUR Sub-L.D.C. of B.B.M.B.

GANGUWAL Sub-L.D.C. of B.B.M.B.

R.S.C.C. DELHI

BAWANA Sub-L.D.C. of D.E.S.U.

GOPALPUR Sub-L.D.C. of D.E.S.U.

GAZIPUR Sub-L.D.C. of D.E.S.U.

BAMNAULI Sub-L.D.C. of D.E.S.U.

GLADNI S.L.D.C. of J&K

BENIMA Sub-L.D.C. of J&K

KANPUR C.P.C.C.

PATIALA S.L.D.C. of P.S.E.B.

SHIMLA S.L.D.C. of H.P.S.E.B.

PANIPAT S.L.D.C. of H.S.E.B.

HEERAPURA S.L.D.C. of R.S.E.B.

LUCKNOW S.L.D.C. of U.P.S.E.B.

JALLANDHAR II Sub-L.D.C. of P.S.E.B.

LALTONKALAN Sub-L.D.C. of P.S.E.B.

MOGA * Sub-L.D.C. of P.S.E.B.

KUNIHAR Sub-L.D.C. of H.P.S.E.B.

HAMIRPUR Sub-L.D.C. of H.P.S.E.B.

NARWANA Sub-L.D.C. of H.S.E.B.

DADRI Sub-L.D.C. of H.S.E.B.

RATANGARH Sub-L.D.C. of R.S.E.B.

KOTA Sub-L.D.C. of R.S.E.B.

BHILWARA Sub-L.D.C. of R.S.E.B.

RISHIKESH Sub-L.D.C. of U.P.S.E.B.

VARANASI Sub-L.D.C. of U.P.S.E.B.

MORADABAD Sub-L.D.C. of U.P.S.E.B.

SULTANPUR Sub-L.D.C. of U.P.S.E.B.

PANKI Sub-L.D.C. of U.P.S.E.B.

53

Control Hierarchy NR
RSCC
CPCC RTUs

SLDC UPSEB (LUCKNOW)

SLDC RSEB (HEERAPURA)

SLDC PSEB (PATIALA)

SLDC HVPNL (PANIPAT)

SLDC DVB (DELHI)

SLDC HPSEB (SIMLA)

SLDC BBMB (CHANDIGARH)

SLDC J&K (GLADNI)

SUB LDC (5)

SUB LDC (3)

SUB LDC (2)

SUB LDC (2)

SUB LDC (4)

SUB LDC (2)

SUB LDC (4)

SUB LDC (1)

RTUs

RTUs

RTUs

RTUs

RTUs

RTUs

RTUs

RTUs

54