2010StrategyReport

TableofContents

INTRODUCTION

TABLEOFCONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY THEJOBSPROJECTINBRIEF ENERGYFUTUREINAPPALACHIA OBJECTIVES

1 2 3 5 6

SMARTJOBS
SMARTTECH SMARTSCHOOLS SMARTGROWTH SMARTMARKETS SMARTSOLUTIONS

7 11 13 15 17

APPLICATIONS
INTEGRATIONOFSMARTJOBS LONGTERMIMPACTSOFTHEJOBSPROJECT RECOMMENDATIONS

19 21 23

SOURCES

_____APPENDIX

ExecutiveSummary
Leadingscientistsfromaroundtheworld recommendseveralmeasurestoaddressthe issueofclimatechange.IntheUnitedStates, thepushtowardlegislationwouldcreatea regulatorymarketforindustrytoreduce greenhousegasemissions,andinvestmentin renewableenergyinfrastructureiswellunder way.Additionally,afederallymandated renewableenergyportfoliostandard,if instituted,wouldrequireeachstatetodiversify energyproductionandincreaserenewable energycapacity. Pendingmeasurestomitigatecarbon production,coupledwiththeEPAsrecent decisiontoholdandreview79permitsfor surfaceminingcastsashadowoveramajor jobsproviderintheCentralAppalachian region:thecoalindustry.Localandstate governmentsarereliantontheseverance taxesgeneratedbycoalextraction,but minablecoalwilllikelyberestrictedbybothof thesefederaldecisions.Thecommunitiesthat willsufferthemostfromcurrentandpending environmentalpoliciesarethosethataremost dependentonthecoalindustryfortheir survival.ThustheJOBSProjectseeksajust transitionforCentralAppalachiathat recognizesthesacrificesmadebycoalminers forthepast150yearsandthatpreparesthem forAmericasenergyfuture. Itisclearthatmorediverseeconomicpathways mustbecultivatedtomitigatethefuture impactsupontheruraleconomieswhose primarymeansofsubsistenceisexpectedto decline.Factorsincludingclimatelegislation, localtaxstructures,ruraltopography,andthe finitesupplyofcoalintheregionwillguide strategicplanningforanewenergyfuturein Appalachia. TheJOBSProjectispursuingsustainable developmentthatconsidersthelongterm socialandecologicaleffectsasamodelforthe CentralAppalachiancommunitiesthatwillbear theburdenofcarbonrelatedpolicies.This reportisacollaborativeproposalthatprovides 2 anoverviewofourstrategicenergyplanforthe coalfieldregionofCentralAppalachiafor2010.

JOBSteamsprimaryfocusisinstitutional developmentthroughthefosteringof precedentsettingindividualprojectswith considerationstobothreplicabilityandthe efficienciesofintelligentclusteringandsystems development.Wearepresentlyinvestigating opportunitiesforthedevelopmentoflocally ownedwindfarms,locallyownedbiomass facilitiesandotherrenewableenergy(RE) resources,aswellasintegratingenergy efficiencyandsustainabledesignintoCentral Appalachiasregionaldevelopmentplans.JOBS alsoresearchesandadvocatesforfederaland statepolicieswhichenableREtechnologiesand sustainableindustrytoflourish.Wewill cultivatenewindustrywithintheregion throughstimulatinglocalizednaturalresource basedeconomies. Furthermore,ourmissionpromotesthe productionanduseofREtechnologiesthat createnewopportunitiesforcitizen participation.Identifyingpartnersfromkey arenaswithintheregionandofferingthe buildingblocksforrenewableenergy development,theJOBSProjectwillhelpto guidearegionaltransitiontowardsclean, reliableenergy,longtermemployment, economicdiversificationforcoalfield communities,andindustrialgrowthintheRE sector. Ourstrategicpartnershipswillusearuralmodel forlocallyownedREdeploymentthroughout theCentralAppalachianregion,beginningwith thecoalproducingcountiesinsouthernWest Virginia.Creatingamulticountypartnership andaregionalmodelfordevelopment,the JOBSProjectispresentlydevelopingplansfora 20MW+windgenerationfacility,andexploring pyrolysisbiomassopportunities.Thesepilot projectswill(1)acceleratewidespread commercializationofREinourtargetregion,(2) contributetoaknowledgebaseofrenewable energyimplementation,(3)createjobsfor displacedworkersandcommunitiesduring Americasenergytransition,and(4)stimulate 3

TheJOBSProjectinBrief
Just&OpenBusinessesthatareSustainable technologicalinnovationandcreateR&D incentivesforREmanufacturerstolocatein CentralAppalachia. LocallyOwnedRenewableEnergy LocallyownedREisdefinedbyitssizeand ownershippattern.Bydefinition,thecategory excludesREdevelopmentbycommercial developersasprimaryowners.Locallyowned REincludesprojectsownedbyemployees,local investorsthroughtheformationofLLCs,or publiclyfinancedprojectslikewind developmentonamunicipalutility,school district,countyjail,orhospital.Theseowners maypartnerwithcommercialdevelopersfor technicalorfinancialassistance. LocallyownedREprojectsarecharacterizedby broadbasedcitizenparticipationwhere membersofthecommunityhaveafinancial stakeinlocalenergyproduction.Typical projectsvaryinsizebetween1100megawatts. Projectsaredesignedforbulkpowergeneration fedintothepowergridtosupplyenough energyforthousandsofhomes.WhenRE projectslikebiopowerandwindaredeveloped locally,theeconomicadvantagesaccruetolocal citizens.LocallyownedREprojectsincreasethe localtaxbaseandemployavarietyoffinancing structureswhichhavefeaturesdesignedto stimulateentrepreneurship,encourageenergy efficiency,andeffectivelyrevitalizerural economiesinthelongterm.Severalstudies haveshownlocalownershiptohavefargreater economic,jobscreationandsocialbenefitsthan absenteeownership.(Kildegaard&Myers Kuykindall,2006;Bolinger,2001;GAO,2004)

TheJOBSProjectinBrief
FinancialModels Wearepresentlyexploringthefollowing financialmodels: ITCGrant:Wewillutilizethefollowingtax creditforthelocallyownedpilotproject. Section48oftheInternalRevenueCode providesanInvestmentTaxCredit(ITC)for certaintypesofcommercialenergyprojects, includingsolar,fuelcells,andsmallwind projects(allofwhichareeligibleforacredit equalto30%oftheprojectsqualifyingcosts). Ingeneral,theITCiscurrentlyavailableto qualifiedprojectsthatareplacedinservice priortotheendof2016. TheITCisrealizedintheyearinwhichthe projectbeginscommercialoperations,butvests linearlyovera5yearperiod.Further,ifthe projectqualifiesfortheITCitcanchooseto applytotheTreasuryDepartmentforacash grantthatisequalto30%ofthequalifiedcosts oftheproject.Thiscashgrantisinlieuofthe ITC.ThismeansthevalueoftheITCcanbe realized,evenifthetaxpayercannottake advantageofthecredit. FlipModel:TheFlipmodelisabusiness model,typicallystructuredintheformofa LimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC),thatwas pioneeredinMinnesota,thenationsleaderin locallyownedwindprojects.TheFlipModel providesamechanismforlocalinvestorswith limitedtaxliabilitytopartnerwithcorporate equityinvestorsthattakeadvantageofthe FederalProductionTaxCredit(PTC).Local investorscontributesomestartupcapitalto performmostofthepredevelopmentand developmentwork,andanoutside(tax motivated)investorwithasignificanttax liabilitycontributesmuchoftheconstruction capital.Generally,allocationofthePTCto participantsintheLLCisproportionaltothe levelofownershipintheLLC.Thetaxmotivated investortypicallyownsasignificantportionof theLLC,often99%,duringthefirsttenyearsof theprojectsoperation,whenthePTCis available.WhenthePTCexpiresthetax 4 motivatedinvestorautomaticallyflipsthe majorityoftheirportionofthebusinessoverto thelocalowner.Manyprojectshavebeen developedinthismannerinthestateof Minnesotaandthemodeliseasilytransferable tootherstates. SmartSustainablePractices TheJOBSProjectrecognizesthefossilfuel industryasamajorproviderofemployment andapredictabletaxbasefortheCentral Appalachianregion,yetthisindustryoftenlacks theduediligenceofsustainablepractice. Conversely,theJOBSprojectpromotesSmart JOBS(analternativeterminologytogreen jobs,)whicharecreatedthroughpatternsof resourceusethataimtomeettheneedsofthe presentgenerationwhilepreservingresources forfuturegenerations,thatis,thecreationofa naturalresourceeconomy. TheSmartSchoolsandSmartTechnology projectsareinformedbythetriplebottomline ofsustainability,reflectedandimplemented throughour,SmartGrowth(environment), SmartMarkets(economic)andSmartSolutions (social)programs.SmartJOBSmeansustainable jobsthatwillenduretheboomandbust realitiesofanymarket,inthiscase,the economicrealitiesofthecoalfieldregionin CentralAppalachia.

EnergyFutureforAppalachia
Historically,theCentralAppalachianregionhas remaineddependentuponafewresource extractionindustriessincethelate1860s.The economicnatureoftheseindustriesandthe isolatedterrainhascreatedseveralmono economieswherethereislittletono competitionoverwages(Boal,1995).This fostersanoncompetitivewagemarketthat makesthesecommunitiessusceptibletothe boomandbustrealitiesofthecoalindustry. Thatis,whenthepriceofcoalishighwages increaseandnewemployeesarehired.When coalpricesdecrease,employeesusuallynew, youngerredhatsarelaidoff,andareoften unabletofindcomparablework,leadingtoa generallackofstabilityinemploymentinthe region.(Loannides&Pissarides,1985) Furthermore,formorethanacentury,state andlocalgovernmentsdependentoncoal production,havereceivedadisproportionate shareofseverancetaxesdrawnfromresource extraction.Thiscreatesafinancialdependency ontheseseverancetaxesthatstrengthensthe presenceofthecoalindustryandhingesthe operationsoflocalgovernmentsonprivate interestsinaninherentlyunsustainable manner.Withthependingshifttoaless carbonintensiveeconomyaswellasmitigating theenvironmentalfootprintofextraction(e.g. EPAholding79permits),propertyaswellas severancetaxeswillgraduallylesseninthe coalfieldregionuntilthesefundsarenolonger availableforsustaininglocalandstate governments. ToplaceCentralAppalachiansdependence uponthecoalindustryinperspective,the UnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergyprojectsin theirAnnualEnergyOutlook2009thatthe renewableenergysectorwilldoubleitsoutput inthenext15years,whileinthesameperiod,it predictsthatAppalachiancoalproductionwill decrease(EIA,2009).ThepriceofAppalachian coalcontinuestoincrease,whilethecoal reservesintheregionaredwindling(USGS, 2009).Alreadystateandlocalgovernments anticipatetheneedforeconomictransitionsin 5 viewofthethousandsofWestVirginiaminers andconstructionworkerswhohavelosttheir jobsin2009(WorkforceWV,2009).Settingthe trendforworkforcedevelopmentoverthepast tenyears,nearlysixmilliondollarshavebeen investedincleantechnologyprojectsinWest Virginia,yettotaljobsgrowthinthesectoris lessthanonepercent.

TheDOEpredictsamorethandoublingofdomestic capacityinthewindsectoroverthenext15years, andmorethantenfoldincreaseinbiomasscapacity (EIA,2009).

Accordingto2007EIAstateprofiledata, approximately1.5%ofWestVirginiaselectrical generationisfromRE,andzeroisgenerated fromcommunityownedRE.Thestatehas enoughpotentialREresourcestoprovidea muchmorediversifiedenergyportfolio. TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture informsthemodelofinvestmentinRE infrastructureforruralcommunitiesthroughan emphasisonbroadbasedcitizenparticipation increatingstrategicplansfordevelopment (USDA,2008).Buildingfromacommunitybase, theruralcommunitiesofWestVirginiawill followinthefootstepsofgroupslikeRichmond Solarwhoworkcloselywithdiversepartnersin Richmond,Virginia,includinglocalresidents, thenonprofitsector,andsmallbusinessesto fosteragreeneconomyandcreatepathways togoodpayingjobsthroughthedirect involvementofthecommunity.

Objectives
TheJOBSProjectwillcatalyzealocallybased efforttoexpandtheenergyportfolioof electricalgenerationthroughlocallyowned pilotREprojects,andthroughREeducationand jobtraining.Datageneratedandmethodsused willcontributetoacomprehensiverenewable energystrategyforCentralAppalachiainwhich thelocallyownedREdevelopmentmodelis replicated.JOBShasthefollowinggoals: PlananddeployutilityscaleREsystemsand energyefficiencythroughalocallybased effortinsouthernWestVirginiatoprovide clean,reliableenergyandeconomic transitionthroughjobcreationandnew opportunityforruralcommunities. ImplementmultipleREtechnologies, includingsolar,wind,andbiopowerto acceleratemarketadoptionofRE technologiesanddistributedenergy generationthroughoutCentralAppalachia. DevelopacomprehensiveREstrategy throughlocalsteeringcommittees,locally ownedLLCsandaregionaladvisoryboard toensuresuccessfulREimplementationthat canbereplicatedtobolsterlocalCentral Appalachianeconomiesandmeetemerging energyneeds. Expandrenewableenergyknowledge throughformalandinformaleducation pathways,withattentiontothesocial, economic,technical,environmental,and policyissuesandopportunitiesforlocal involvementinincreaseddeploymentofRE technology. specificregionasstructuredbythelocal steeringcommitteesandcommunityLLCs. Createtechnologicalmeansforassessing distributedruralREclustersinorderto stimulateinnovationandmanufacturingof REtechnologiesaswellasdevelopareadily accessiblesustainabilityindex(Human SustainabilityIndex)formeasuringCentral Appalachiantransitiontoasustainable economy.

Acceleratetheuseofacceptedsustainable standardsandcertifications(e.g.,FSCand LEED)toensurethatalldevelopment throughoutCentralAppalachiaaddresses theeconomic,socialandecologicalneedsof

Localizeallproductionstreamswhich includebutarenotlimitedto:energy production,foodconsumptionand production,andtransportationfuels. Eachobjectivecanbeorganizedunderour SmartJOBSprogram.Withinthisprogramthere areasetoffiveworkinggroupstobestcapture thetotalimpactandscopeofsustainableRE deploymentwithintheregion.Bydeveloping thesemodels,thekeyarenasinvolvedin sustainableREdevelopmentarebroughtinto focusforthepublic: JOBSProjects: SmartTechnologyfocusesonRE developmentanddeployment. SmartSchoolspromotesREeducation. JOBSPrograms: SmartGrowthsetsandachieveshigh standardsforourprojectsenvironmental impacts. SmartMarketspromotestheeconomic modelsnecessarytodevelopourprojects. SmartSolutionsengagespeopletoinvestin renewingtheirlives,andAmerican democracy.

SmartTech
Thisprogramfocusesonintegratingthetriple bottomlineintohowREtechnologyisusedand, moreimportantly,developed.Forthisreason, distributedenergygeneration,employee ownershipandparticipation,localownership, andcollaborationwithlocalresearch institutionsaretheessentialelementsto technologicalinnovation.Bylinkingthe employeesdirectlytotechnologicalinnovation, wecanprovideanavenueforREtech manufacturerstounderstandandusetherich knowledgethatmanyworkerscanprovidein ordertoinsuretheefficiency,durability,and sustainabilityoftheirproducts,andinturn ensurethesustainabilityofthelocalREfacility. Byexpandingtheenergyportfoliothrough biopowerandwinddevelopment,smallscale REimplementationwillcontributetoa comprehensiveREstrategyfortheregion. Furthermore,adistributedenergysystemisan efficient,reliableandecologicallysound alternativetothetraditionalenergysystem. Distributedenergyanddemandsideresources (e.g.,locallyownedRE,PV,&solarthermal)are avenuestoachievingthesecriticaltargets (Cowart,2001).AccordingtoEPA,in2009 biopowerandwindmakesup53%ofAmericas totalREproduction(EPA,2009). PilotProjects: Thefollowingaretwoworkingexamplesofour communityownedpilotprojects. Biopower:Thetargetareasforpilotprojectsfor locallyownedbiopowerareMingo,Raleigh,and MonroeCounty,WestVirginiabecausethere arelargequantitiesoffeedstockandcitizen participationishigh.Eachbiopowerfacilitywill processsecondarywoodwastefromthetimber industry,eitherthroughadirectcombustion systemtoproducesteamandelectricity,or throughpyrolysis.Theelectricaloutputforthe directcombustionfacilityisestimatedatan 80%efficiencyratetogenerateenough electricitytopower1,200homes.Eachfacility willrequireafeedstockofapproximately 37,800drytonsofwoodresiduesannually. AccordingtoaWestVirginiaUniversitystudy, thestateproduces2.41milliondrytonsof woodresiduesperyear(Wang,2006).These byproductsofthetimberindustryareabundant withina50mileradiusofbothproposed facilities. WearepresentlyworkingwiththeMidAtlantic Technology,Research&InnovationCenter (MATRIC)inexploringpyrolysisasaviable optionforutilizingbiomassfeedstocks.Thisisa viableoptionforCentralAppalachiabecauseof itssmallenvironmentalfootprint,andits productionofbiocharforreclamationof surfacemines(Demirbas,2002). Wind:Thetechnicalfeasibilityfor20MW+of winddevelopmentinthesouthernpartofWV intheGreatValleyanaturallowlandroute runningnortheastsouthwestandlyingjust inlandfromtheBlueRidgeMountainsand SouthMountainisbasedonexistingnational RenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)winddata, preliminarysiteassessments,andconsultation withWindustryexpertswhohavealonghistory ofdevelopingsimilarwindfarms.Thewind facilitywillgenerateelectricityatanestimated 38%efficiencyrate.

SmartTech
Thedevelopmentprocessisdividedintoseveral phases.Thefirstphaseinvolveswindresource profiling,ensuringinterconnectionfeasibility, andlocalcommunityandgovernmentoutreach. Thenextphaseincludeslandagreements,wind assessments,environmentalconsiderations, permitting,andeconomicmodeling.After windresourcesaredeterminedvia anemometerdata,theidealconfigurations regardingthesize,typeandmanufacturersof turbinesisdetermined.Thispilotprojectwill serveasamodelforfurtherwinddevelopment throughoutCentralAppalachia. SmartGridTechnology Asmartgrid,accordingtotheregionalenergy provider,AmericanElectricalPower(AEP), bettermanagespeakdemand,reduces transmissionloss,ensuresloweroperating costs,andallowscustomerstobettercontrol energyusageandcosts.Theproposed distributedenergyfacilitieswillenablepower companiestobecomemorereadilyequipped forsmartgridtransitionandwidespread renewableenergyinvestment. DistributedGeneration Conventionally,powerplantshavebeenlarge, centralizedunits.Anewtrendisdeveloping towarddistributedenergygeneration,which meansthatenergyconversionunitsaresituated closetoenergyconsumers,andseveralsmaller onesareusedinplaceofonecentralizedunit. Powerproducingfacilitieslocatedinclose proximitytotheconsumerreducetheamount ofenergylostintransmittingpower.The promotionofdistributedenergygenerationis scalableandenablespowercompaniestomore efficientlymanagepeakpowerperiods.By creatingmoredistributedenergyfacilities, powercompanieswillbecomemorereadily equippedforwidespreadrenewableenergy investment(Farrell&Morris,2009;Alanne& Saaari,2004).Bydefinition,distributed generationfacilitiesaredispersed,providing enoughelectricitytomeetthelocalenergy demandwhilealsoproducingasurplusfor regionsunabletoproducetheirownenergy needs.PleaserefertoappendixAfortypical benefitsandcostsassociatedwithdistributed generation(Rawson,2004).

smartgridcanbenefitcustomersinourstate andthroughoutthenationwithimproved electricitydeliveryandcosteffective managementofenergyusage.

GovernorJoeManchin

UndertheirSmartGridDemonstration ProjectAEPoutlineshowimplementationof smartgridtechnologywillenablewidespread integrationofdistributedenergygeneration. Thisprojectintegratesmultipleresourcetypes atbothsystemandcustomerlevels.At customerleveldemandresponsewillbe achievedviadynamicrates,thermostatcontrol, PHEVcharging,remoteconnect/disconnectand demandreductiondevices).Atsystemlevel, bothMWscaleenergystorageandkWscale storagewillbeincludedalongwithPV,wind, distributedgenerationandVolt/Var management(EPRI,2009). 8

SmartTech
Innovation Ruralcommunitiesarechallengedbytheirlow populationdensity,lessadvancedtechnology activities,lowerinnovativecapacity,andlimited activitybase.Theabilitytostimulate innovationrequiresthattheruralinfrastructure includesroads,waterways,powergrids,and organizationalstructuresthataretiedtoa centralnucleus,thusprovidinganincubatorfor newideasthatdrawsoncollectiveresourcesto adapttochange.Collaborationsbetween formalorganizations(nonprofitorganizations, REcompanies)andinformalgroups(energy generationemployees,communitymembers) willcombineknowledgetoguidedevelopment intheREsector,promotingopennessand diminishingthelimitationsofregionalisolation (ARC,2006). particularREproject.Thesesoftnetworksof experiencedlaborerscaneffectivelystimulate innovation,inturndrawingindustryintothe CentralAppalachianregion(Rosenfeld,2001; Shigeo,1989). Communitieswhoactivelypromotetherural areaasonerichinnatural,cultural,andhuman assetsfosterincreasedinvestmentinthe region.Thesesamestrategieswhichengage familiesandREemployeesineconomic developmenthelptoincrease entrepreneurship,improveeducation,and provideruralcommunitieswithauniquemeans ofcapitalizingonadvancedREtechnologies, betterenablingtheirabilitytotakepartin Americasenergytransition. AnemometerLoanProgram DesignedtohelpCentralAppalachiansmake informeddecisionsaboutthesitinganduseof windturbines,ananemometerloanprogram willprovidecommunitieswithlocalizedwind resourcedata.Weareworkingwithseveral universitiesandtechnicalcollegesinorderto siteanddevelopananemometerloanprogram modeledontheestablishedprogramatSt. FrancisUniversityinOhio.Asanemometer equipmentisamongthemanyexpensesfor sitinganddevelopmentofwind,thisloan programwillhelpexpandongoingwind developmentandsustainableuseofrenewable energytechnologywithintheentireregion. SmartTechDevelopmentProcess LocalLLCswilldevelopastandardrequestfor proposal(RFP)processinordertosecureanRE developer.TheRFPistheprimarydocument thatenablesanassociationtoeffectively markettheirREresource.Itisthisdocument thatgivesthelocalinvestoramuchgreater senseofcontrol.TheRFPforcesthedevelopers tocompeteanditweedsouttheperceived projectgrabberswhooftentieup development.

Thefutureofcoalandindeedofourtotal energypictureliesinchangeandinnovation. Infact,thefutureofAmericanindustrial powerandoureconomicabilitytocompete globallydependsonourabilitytoadvance energytechnology. SenatorByrd

Withthismodel,theprimarydriverof innovationisconnectingthelivedexperiences ofemployeestotheR&DprocessesofRE technologydevelopment:theemployees firsthandknowledgeoftheREproduction processes(e.g.,O&M)willprovidevaluable insightforimprovingREtechnology(e.g.,R&D) (LangloisandRobertson,1991).Inturn,this networkstructurewillstimulatesolutionbased thinkingbyconnectingtheexperiencesofthe REemployeeswiththemanufacturersofRE technologies.(Mayer,2003)Thisopenforumfor workersandcommunitymembersprovides additionalinfrastructuretoinformandpush forwardthinkingwithineconomically disadvantagedandmountainousregions.The employeescanbecomeacentralparttothese ruralclustersthroughoutthelifecycleofa 9

SmartTech
ThemainobjectivesoftheRFParetocreate andpresenttodevelopersthefollowing: AmarketingplanwithREdataandlocal incentivesforREdevelopment; Businessplancomponentsexpectedfor investors,includingsigningbonuses,land leasefees,royaltypayments,construction payment,etc. EachLLCdistributesanRFPtovariousRE developersandreceivesseveralcompleted proposalsfromdevelopers.Theproposals garneredthroughtheRFPestablishalocally basedpaymentfortheLLCmembersandthe certaintythateveryoneintheLLCwillreceivea pieceofthepiewhentheprojectgoes forward.LLCsseektohaveeveryoneinvolved benefiteconomically,negotiatinghigher paymentsfortheirpredevelopmentworkand revenuesharingpayments.Moreover, associationscanbettercoordinateeffortsto improvefacilitysitingregulationsandretain greatercommunitysupportandinvolvement. TheJOBSProjectforeseesitsroleasalocally basedorganizationthatprovidesparticular servicestotheLLCsinordertoprovide interesteddeveloperswiththenecessarydata theyrequiretomoveforwardwithdevelopinga locallyownedREproject.JOBSalsoaccounts forthesweatequitythatisinherentinlocal stakeholderparticipationindevelopingRE projectsandutilizesthisequityasabargaining toolformaintainingthelocallyownedmodelas thebasicframeworkforsustainable developmentintheCentralAppalachianregion. SmartTechDirector TheSmartTechdirectoroftheJOBSProject, EricMathis,willorganizeanddirecteach renewableenergyprojectsimplementation. Mr.MathiswillmonitortheprogressofRE developmentandreporttothecommunity duringscheduledmeetings.Hewillalso composeacomprehensivereportanddetailed strategyforREdeploymentinCentral 10 Appalachiabasedoncommunicationswiththe entireprojectteamandrecommendationsfrom theadvisoryboard.Additionally,hewill collaborativelydeveloptheOperation& Maintenance(O&M)databaseandthevirtual clusteringmaps(seepage19onintegration).

SmartSchools
TheSmartSchoolsprogramintegratesRE technologyandsustainabilityintoeducation andencouragesinvestmentinrenewable energyinfrastructureinordertoincreasethe valueofschoolbuildingsinruralcommunities. TheSmartSchoolsprogramwillhelptoidentify fundingstreamsforphotovoltaic,solarthermal, biofuels,andwindenergytodemonstratethat theschoolisaninnovativelearningtoolfor projectbasedlearning.Theincorporationof energymanagementstrategiesintothe curriculumwillallowstudentsandteachersto takeanactiveroleinmakingschoolsmore energyefficientandeconomicallysustainable. Theprogramwilloffertrainingopportunitiesto teachersthroughNationalEnergyEducation Development(NEED)workshopsincludingThe ScienceofEnergyandEnergyManagement.The trainingwillbeavailabletoteachersacrossage levelsandwillprovidestandardbasedlessons andmaterialstoprovidehandson,project basedlearningtoteach21stcenturyskillsin renewableenergyeducation. SmartSchoolswillalsointroducetheconceptof RenewableEnergyInitiatives(REI)to universitiesandlocalcommunitycolleges.In theREImodel,asmallgreenfeeisdrawn fromcollegetuitioninordertocreateafunding streamforinvestmentinrenewableenergy infrastructureforthecampusandtointegrate thenewtechnologiesintothecurriculum. InstitutionsofhighereducationinCentral Appalachiawillalsobeencouragedtopurchase renewableenergycredits(REC)tosupportlocal REdevelopmentandtoserveasexamplesfor theregionbypartakinginsustainablebusiness practices. EnergyCurriculum K12:TheNationalEnergyEducation Development(NEED)curriculumcoincides withstatestandardstoserveas supplementalinstructionforexistingmath andsciencecourses.Thematerialexplores thescienceofenergy,sourcesofenergy, electricitygenerationandtransmission, 11 transportation,andenergyefficiencyand conservationthroughoutvaryingtypesof communitystructures(e.g.,homes,schools, businesses,etc.).Thefourlevelsprimary, elementary,intermediate,andsecondary areupdatedwithadditionstoenhancethe curriculumeachyear.NEEDtrainingfor teachersisofferedbyenergeticeducators whoshowcaseeffectiveclassroompractices. CareerandTechnicalEducation:TheSmart Schoolsprogramwillexaminetrendsin renewableenergydevelopmentwithinthe regiontoguideworkforcedevelopment curriculumincareerandtechnicaleducation. SmartSchoolswillassistwithcareer placementpredictionsandmake recommendationsregardingrenewable energyinstallationsandcurriculumto preparestudentsforcareersinthegrowing renewableenergyindustry. HighSchoolPilotproject ThispilotprojectforrenewableenergyinWest Virginiawilldemonstratemultipletechnologies includingsolarthermalinstallationstoprovide hotwaterforthebuilding,windanda demonstrativePVinstallation.NEEDwill providematerialsforinstructionandteacher traininginordertointegrateREtechnology withintheexistingcurriculum.Thenew infrastructurewillstimulateinterestthroughout thecommunityandserveasamodelforschools insurroundingareas. Universities Asaworkingexample,MarshallUniversityis leadingthewaywhenstudentspassedWest Virginiasfirstgreenfee,whichwillgenerate roughly$90,000peryearforimplementing varioussustainabilityinitiativesonthe universityscampus.Oneofthefirstinitiatives wastohireasustainabilitycoordinatorand developasustainabilitydepartmentwhichwill belocatedwithintheUniversitysphysical plant.Agroupofstudents,facultyandstaff, calledtheGreeningMarshallCommittee,will makerecommendationsforcampus

SmartSchools
sustainabilityprojects.OurSmartSchools programispresentlycollaboratingwiththe GreeningCommitteetoaidtheuniversityin meetingitsmissionofsustainabilityby encouragingthepurchaseofRECsfromlocally ownedREprojects.Arecentquotefrom HuntingtonNewshighlightsMarshall's commitmenttosustainability: localeconomicdevelopment.Designedfor regionalandlocalentrepreneursinthesmart economyofCentralAppalachia,theresource willprovideindustryspecificandgeneral businesstrainingandtechnicalassistance includingwebinars,blogs,fieldoutreach,and renewableenergyworkforcedevelopment informationfromwithintheregion.Userswill alsobenefitfromaGoogleEarthREdirectory, interactivemarketingassistance,andupdates onresearchandpolicy.Theonlinenetworkwill providerelevanttrainingandinformation,and promotesharingofadviceandexperiencevia networking.DesignedbyCEOforthisproject, theAcceleratorwillofferthefollowing specificallytoRE: Jobsinformationandresources RErelatedjobpostings,classifiedadsand targetedjobplacementservices Industryspecificandgeneralbusiness trainingandtechnicalassistance(regional seminars,webinars,blogs,fieldoutreach). Renewableenergybusinessnetworkthat canhelpachieveeconomiesofscaleor agglomeration,providerelevanttraining andinformation,andpromotesharingof adviceandexperiencevianetworking opportunities. GISbasedBusinessDirectorytoconnect customers. Services,linkages,andresourcesfor communitypartners. Researchandpolicy. Indepthmarketingassistance. SmartSchoolsDirector TheJOBSProjectsSmartSchoolsDirector, JennyHudson,willpromoteREbyfacilitating programswithschoolsandcareertraining centers.Shewillhelptoguideworkforce developmentintheREsectorandpromote cleanenergysolutionsthroughREtechnology, energymanagement,andefficiency.Ms. Hudsonwillactivelyrecruitstudents,educators, andadministratorswhocanfurthercontribute

Thisgoalismorethanjustwhattypeof lightbulbswepurchaseorthevolumeof paperwerecycleIamcertainthatthe economic,socialandenvironmentalbenefits ofasustainableMarshallUniversitywill reachfarbeyondthephysicalboundariesof ourcampusesandintoourcommunities, regionand,ultimately,ourstate.Iam excitedtoseetheeffectthatthis departmentofficewillhaveontheentire MarshallUniversityCommunity.
StephenJ.Koop,MarshallUniversity President

StudentEnergyEfficiencyServices Inthiscommunitybasedinitiative,anextra curricularprogramwillbedesignedtotrainhigh schoolyouthtoprovideenergyefficiency servicesthroughoutcommunities.Studentswill participateintrainingsessionstolearnabout energyefficiencyandhowtoreduceenergyuse athomeandatwork.Theywilllearnto performsimpleandeasilyreplicatedservices suchasreplacingincandescentlightbulbswith compactfluorescentorLEDlights,installingsink aeratorsandlowflowshowerheads,caulking windows,addingjacketstowaterheaters,and cleaningrefrigeratorcoils.Afterprovidingthe homeandbuildingretrofits,studentswillteach homeownershowtoassesstheeconomic benefitsofenergyefficiency. REResources,Training,andTechAssistance TheGreenBusinessAccelerator,awebbased toolcreatedbyCEO,willoffersystemsand resourcestoenablepeopleinlowincome,rural communitiestoparticipateinopportunitiesfor 12

SmartGrowth
todevelopmenteffortsandcommunityRE activity. TheSmartGrowthcoordinatorwillhelpanalyze social,economicandecologicalconsiderations tomitigateundesirableimpactsinrelationtoall developmentplans.Theprogramfocuseson severalavenuesforensuringsustainable growth:distributedenergygeneration, integratingsustainablecertificationsintolocal developmentplans,creatingattractive communities,sustainingfairandcosteffective developmentplans,mixedlanduse,andthe preservationofopenspaces.Thepilot renewableenergyprojectswillestablishabase theapplicationofthisstandardtoallofour constructionprojects. HumanSustainabilityIndex(HSI):Thepurpose oftheHSIwillbetomeasurethetruelevelof developmentandsustainabilityforanygiven area.Ashumanactivityhasthegreatestimpact onthenaturalenvironment,andashuman healthisdirectlycorrelatedwithenvironmental health,anymeasureofhumansustainability mustcombinemeasuresofeachinorderto trulyrepresenthowsustainableagivenarea anditsactiveindustriesare.Energyproduction isthesinglemostinfluentialimpactonhuman sustainability,andWestVirginiaisoneofthe mostintenselyimpactedareas. TheHSIdesignisbasedonanintensivereview ofthemethodologiesandindicatorsofseveral sustainabilityindexeswhichincludetheHuman DevelopmentalIndex(HDI),theEnvironmental SustainabilityIndex(ESI),theHuman AppropriationNetPrimaryProductivityIndex (HANPP)andtheEnvironmentalPerformance Index(EPI).Inordertocreateaneasily manageablesystemforgeneratingand operatingtheHSIinterface,wewillidentify appropriatesetsofenvironmental,economic andsocialindicatorsthatwillbeusedto determinetheHSIdesignandtocreate regionallyspecificHSImaps.Regionallyspecific HSImapswillbegeneratedusingrelevantdata inputsfromavarietyoflocal,regionaland nationalsourcestobeenteredintotheHSI database.TheHSIdatabasewillthenproducea regionallyspecificGoogleEarthHSImap(see mockupsinappendixB)thatwillhavethe capabilitytoincorporateseveralcreative features,includingdynamicstatistics, interrelatedchartsandgraphs,community videosandphotos,dynamicdashboardpop ups,informativelayers,andasustainability scorecardwhichratesindividualregions(e.g., state,county,industry,etc.)byplacingthemin arankedformat.TheHSIprogramcreatedfor WestVirginia,andtherelatedsustainability report,willserveasamodelforotherstates, provinces,cities,counties,countriesor

Wemustacknowledgethatthemain ingredienttoasuccessfulenergyfutureis sustainability.Weneedtokeeplearning howtooptimizetheuseofourresources, becomemoreenergyefficient,and minimizewaste.

GovernorJoeManchin

forsustainabledevelopmentthroughout CentralAppalachia. DownstreamStrategies,anenvironmental consultingfirminWV,willcoordinateeffortsto goaboveandbeyondstandarddevelopment proceduresbyintegratingsustainability standardsandindexesintoallofourprojects. Additionally,themarketingofcarbonoffsets andREcreditswillrequireduediligencein ensuringthatsustainablepracticesareinplace. Thefollowingareafewexamplesof sustainabilitystandardsandindexesof particularinterest: LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmental Design(LEED):ThisGreenBuildingRating System,developedbytheU.S.GreenBuilding Council(USGBC),providesasuiteofstandards forenvironmentallysustainableconstruction. TheSmartGrowthcoordinatorwillinvestigate

13

SmartGrowth
continentsthatseeanadvantageinbeingapart ofthisgloballyavailablemeasureof sustainability. Smartwood:AprogramoftheRainforest Alliance,itoffersadiversesetofcertification andverificationservicestoensurethe sustainabilityofourbiomassprojects.This programwillaidourSmartGrowthcoordinator inidentifyingandaddressinggapsinour feedstocksuppliersforestpracticesusinga stepbystepapproachthatleadstoFSC certification. StandardPermitting DownstreamStrategieswillalsooversee standardizedpermittingprocesseswhichwill includeassessmentofairemissions,erosion andsedimentationfromconstruction,post constructionrunoff,potentialdischargesto streams,andpotentialimpacttowetlands including: Airemissionsconsiderationswithbio power Landresourceconsiderations SoilImpacts EcosystemsImpacts ForestHealth ForestHarvestingGuidelines LandArea WaterResourceChallenges SmartGrowthCoordinator EvanHansen,presidentofDownstream Strategies,willoverseeREdevelopmentefforts andensurethattheprojectplanswillsustain growthandwillhelptodevelopasustainable certificationprocessforwinddevelopment.He willalsoparticipateinformingastrategyforthe CentralAppalachianregionspecifictolocally ownedREaswellasallenvironmentalstudies. Additionally,hewillcollaborativelydevelopthe O&Mdatabaseandthevirtualclusteringmaps (seepage19onintegration). 14

SmartMarkets
TheSmartMarketsprogramencourages innovativemarketbasedapproachesto sustainablegrowth.Thevalueofaprojectis calculatedbasedonthesocialand environmentalimpactsinadditiontothenet profit.Developmentinwind,biopower,and renewableenergyeducationwillexpandthe existingenergyportfolioandincreasethe marketabilityoftheregiontoattract investmentinthecommunityREsectorof CentralAppalachia. markets.Ultimately,thesaleofthe environmentalattributesofREgenerationwill connectthecarbonoffsetorRECconsumer withthecommunityREstoryinruralCentral Appalachia,enablingtheconsumertodirectly participateindiversifyingtheeconomiesofthe coalfieldregioninCentralAppalachia. CommunityRevolvingLoans Apercentageoftheprofitsfromthelocally ownedREdevelopmentwillbeheldintrustbya newlyformedcommunityfoundation/revolving loanfundwithfundingdistributionoversight fromalocalsteeringcommittee.The foundationwillbemissiondriventoaccelerate themarketadoptionofscalablecommunityRE technologythroughreinvestmentintheprivate sectorandcommunitystructuresthatpromote opennesstoinnovation(education, entrepreneurialtraining,communitylivability projects,etc).Thedevelopmentofthe foundation/revolvingloanfundwillbe facilitatedbyalocalnonprofitorganization theCenterforEconomicOptionsandalocal investmentbusinessNaturalCapital InvestmentFundwhowillprovideconsulting forthecommunityandalsoserveasthe administratorandfiscalagent. SmartMarketCoordinators TheCenterforEconomicOptions(CEO)will procureREexpertisefromconsultantsat WindustryandAppalachianInstitutefor RenewableEnergy(AIRE).CEOwillfacilitatethe creationoffinancialmodelsforcommunity investmentinREtominimizerisksand maximizebenefitsforinvestorsandwillserveas theadministratorandfiscalagentforalocally ownedRErevolvingloanfundandpossiblya communityfoundation.Inaddition,CEOwill developworkingrelationshipswithlawfirms andaccountingfirmstogainexperiencewithRE developmentproceduresincludingdue diligence,riskmanagement,REagreements, policyandincentivestructures,andfinancial models.

Weneedtoexaminehowtoharnessour abundantnaturalresourcestoproduce cleaner,cheaperenergy.Isupportthe developmentofnewsourcesofenergy wind,solar,hydro,ornuclearpoweras additionalwaystoboostourenergy independence.

SenatorJayRockefelleronEnergyPolicy

CarbonOffsets Futurewindandbiomassprojectswill tentativelygeneraterevenuestreamsthrougha partnershipwithNativeEnergytomarket forwardstreamHelpBuildcarbonoffsets, whichwillprovidethecapitaltoinvestin furtherREandenergyefficiencydevelopment inCentralAppalachia.Purchasersofoffsetswill notonlyprovideupfrontfinancialsupportfor communityownedREfacilities,butwillalsobe abletofollowtheflowofthemoneythatis investedduetoNativeEnergystransparent modelformarketingcarbonoffsets.Specifically, thestorybehindthecustomersinvestment willshowcasetheJOBSProjectsinitiativeto introduceREtocoaldependenteconomieswho haveotherwisesufferedthebruntofAmericas insatiableneedforcarbonbasedelectricity. NativeEnergyhashelpedtodevelopover16 projectsthroughtheirforwardstream"Help Build"offsetsprogram.Thispartnershipwill serveasanawarenesscampaigntothebroader spectrumofconsumersincarbonandREC 15

SmartMarkets
NaturalCapitalInvestmentFund(NCIF)will provideawiderangeoffinancialservicesto businesseslocatedineconomicallydistressed urbanandruralcommunitiesinourtarget region.NCIFwillprovideflexiblefinancingand investmentsandtargetedtechnicalassistance forourcommunityREprojects.

16

SmartSolutions
TheSmartSolutionsprogramisthecommunity developmentinitiativeofourprojectthat facilitatesdirectcommunityparticipationin eachsmartprogramoftheJOBSProject.This programpromotesproactiveapproachesto economicdevelopmentandengagescitizensto makepolicyrecommendationsandfinancial investments,andtomakeuseofthelocalRE networksinordertofosterfurther developmentplansandeconomicrevitalization forCentralAppalachia. PolicyDevelopment AspartoftheSmartSolutionsprogram,the JOBSProject,inconsultationwithWindustry, hasdevelopedasetofpolicyguidelinesinorder tobetteradvocateforfederal,stateandlocal advancementoflocallyownedRE.Inorderof priority,thepolicyrecommendationsare: institutingafeedintariff;improvingproduction incentives(particularlyofthefederal ProductionTaxCredit);institutingcleanenergy funds;increasingnetmeteringcaps;refining renewableenergystandards;andprovidingnew governmentfinancingschemes.Notonlywill theJOBSProjectadvocateforthesepoliciesasa centralpartofitscoremissiontodiversify CentralAppalachia'senergyeconomy,the policyguidelineswillalsoservetoengage communitymembersinthelargerpoliticaland policyprocess.Particularlyafterthefirst projectsarebuiltandcanbeusedasrealworld examples,advocatingforimprovedpolicieswill becomeanevenmorecentralactivityofthe JOBSProject. CommunityEvents Communityeducationaleventscreateaforum foroutreachanddiscussion,resultingin increasedparticipationinrenewableenergyand energyefficiencyprojects.Thefollowingare someexamples: EnergyIndependenceDay:Thisisan annualeventtocelebrateAppalachiaslong historyasanenergyprovideraswellas addressingCentralAppalachiasfuture participationinenergyproduction.Atthe 17 annualeventin2009,WindustryCEOLisa Danielsledacommunitywindworkshopto discussthekeyplayersinREpartnerships andtheimportanceoflobbyingforstate andfederalsupport.Highschooleducators andadministratorsattendedworkshopsby SunCatcherDesignGroupforpassivesolar andateachertrainingsessionregardingRE andefficiencyinschools.Nearly200local residentsattendedandtheeventis expectedtogroweachyear. RETours:TheseCentralAppalachiantours showcasepowerproductionfacilities throughouttheregion.Inpartnershipwith localnonprofitsandschools,theJOBS Projecthoststhesesemiannualtripsfor coalfieldresidents.Inthespringof2009, participantsvisitedtwoutilityscalewind farms,MountaineerWindEnergyandMt. Storm,andbroughthomestoriestofriends andneighborstospreadthemessagethat energyfromwindisviableintheregion.

CollaborationandCommunityPlanning REstrategiesforlocalownershipwillmore likelybereplicatedwherelocalstakeholders contributetotheREdevelopmentandshare informationthroughadiversesetofcommunity andinstitutionalnetworks.Astrategyfor distributedenergygenerationthroughout CentralAppalachiadependsuponlocallyowned biopower&winddevelopment,smallscaleRE installationsforpublicbuildingsandenergy efficiency.Theseprojectscatertotheexisting renewableresourcesintheregion,while demonstratingrealworldmodelsofRE implementationthatcanbereplicatedinother communitiesthroughoutCentralAppalachia. CentralAppalachianAdvisoryBoard TheadvisoryboardforcommunityRE developmentinCentralAppalachiawillinform thestrategyforfutureinvestmentthroughthe evaluationoflocalefforts.Adiverseboard withmembersfromregionaluniversities, governmentagencies,nonprofitorganizations, andindustryexpertswill(1)attendanannual

SmartSolutions
meetingforlocallybasedREstrategyinCentral Appalachia;(2)maintainopencommunication withlocalsteeringcommitteesthroughelected representativeswhowillattendadvisoryboard meetings;(3)reviewmonthlyupdatesfromthe steeringcommitteeregardingdevelopment progress;and(4)contributetoa comprehensivereportanddetailedstrategyfor locallyownedREdeploymentthroughout CentralAppalachia. LocalRenewableEnergySteeringCommittees Thelocalsteeringcommitteewillfocusonfour developmenteffortsincludinglocallyowned windandbiopoweraswellasREeducation,and energyefficiencyservicesandactivitiesmay includethefollowingvolunteertasks:(1) provideoutreachforREeducationalevents;(2) produceupdatesregardingprogresstowardsRE developmentgoals;(3)publicizesuccesses;(4) makerecommendationsregardingpoliciesand incentivestogovernmentofficials;(5)actively developtheparticipatoryaspectsoftheHSI; and(6)documenttheprocessofRE development.TheMingoCountycommittee wasformedfromanexistinggroupofcitizens whohavebeeninvolvedwiththeJOBSProject since2007. Thesteeringcommitteewillcontinueto developrelationshipswithlocal,state,and federalleaders.InJune,2009,President ObamasCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality (CEQ)invitedTheJOBSProjecttobring communityrepresentatives,localdevelopment authorities,REexpertsanddevelopersfromthe privatesectortothenationscapitalfora discussionaboutREimplementationinthe coalfieldcommunitiesofCentralAppalachia.In collaborationwithregionalnonprofits,the steeringcommitteewillcontinuetoengage decisionmakersateachlevelregardingRE developmentinruralcommunities. LocalLimitedLiabilityCompanies Fromthesteeringcommitteesmentioned above,someparticipantswillcometogetherto createlocalizedLimitedLiabilityCompanies 18 (LLCs).TheseLLCsareaninnovativemodelin CentralAppalachiathatwilleffectivelyand efficientlybringruralcommunitiestogetherto supporteachotherandadvanceRE development.TheLLCsprovideanapproachfor localinvestorstobecomeproactiveinthe developmentprocessandcapitalizeontheir localresourcesthroughacollaborativeeffort. Developersseedirectbenefitsfromthelarge blocksofinvestorstheycanworkwithfor selectingthebestRElocations,stronginvestors andlocalcommunitysupport,anddevelopment stepsalreadycompletedsuchasfeasibility studiesandlocalREregulations. ThecreationofaLLCbeginswithagroupof localinvestorsincloseproximitytooneanother whoshareaninterestinidentifyingthe institutionalrequirementsfordistributedscale REdevelopment.Theserequirementscanbe identifiedastheamountofinvestmentneeded tocreatealocallyownedREprojectaswellas thelegalstructuresofsuchentities(e.g.,rules, bylaws,articlesofincorporation).Oncethese boundariesareidentified,theinitialgroupof localinvestorsreachesouttoallcommunity membersintheimmediateareatofoster greatercommunityinterest.Eventuallyablock ofinvestmentcapitalisassembledamong severallocalinvestors.Theseinterestedparties willacttogethertoexploretheirRE developmentpotentialandtomarkettheir resourcetodistributedscaleREdevelopers. SmartSolutionsCoordinators CommunitydevelopersfromtheJOBSProject andAmericorpsVISTAworkerswillfacilitateRE discussionandactivitywithinlocal communities.Hostingeventsandcreating energyrelatedprogramswillincreasethe capacityoftheREpartnershipandpavetheway foreconomicrevitalizationintherural communitiesofCentralAppalachia.

IntegrationofSmartJOBS
Thefollowingisanexampleofintegratingall aspectsoftheSmartJOBSprogramintoa workingmodel:SmartTech,SmartSchools, SmartGrowth,SmartMarkets,andSmart Solutions.Inthecaseofourproposedbiopower projectwearedevelopinganemergentR&D program,basedonclusteringeffects,whichwill stimulatetechnologicalinnovation,industry growthinboththeproductionaswellasthe manufacturingsectors,acceleratedacceptance ofthedistributedenergyproductionmodel, andmanyotheroutlierswhichcannotbe accountedforatthistimeduetothepioneer statusoftheJOBSProject. Clusteringeffectsarebasedonpatternsof humancommunicationandinteractionswith technologiesthatleadtowidespread acceptanceofnewtechnology.Thesepatterns areusuallyseeninurbanareasandtheJOBS modelintendstoadapttheseeffectstoarural setting. Apyrolysisbiopowerfacilitywillrequireboiler technicians(boilermakers)tomaintainand repairsteamandhotwaterboilersystems, equipmentandassociatedcontrols.Those interestedinpursuingthisspecializedtrade typicallyobtaincertificationfromtechnical schools,tradeschoolsorcommunitycolleges. SomeoptionsincludetheBoilerOperatoror BoilerTechniciancertificate.Boilertechnician programsoftencontainanapprenticeship component.Thisapprenticeshipwilloccurat thefacilitiestheJOBSProjectispresently 19 developingthroughoutthestatethroughour SmartSchoolsprogram.Uponcompletionof theboilertechniciancertificate,students usuallyqualifytositforlicensureexaminations. Wearepresentlydevelopingeducational pathwaysfromthesepositionswhichstimulate interestswithintheeverydayinteractionsofthe employeeandtheirspecifiedtasksandlinking theseinteractionswithhighlyspecialized technologicalR&Dprocesses.Iftheemployee becomesinterestedinexpandingher/his developedskillsinR&D,she/hecanthenapply foraspecializedfieldofstudyofher/hischoice atWestVirginiaUniversity'sforestryprogram. WestVirginiaUniversityoffersanAssociateof AppliedScience(AAS)degreeinBoiler Engineering,FeedstockmanagementorEnergy Technology. Wearepresentlyexploringthefeasibilityof theseeducationalpathwaysbydevelopinga specializedO&Mdatabaseforcapturingreal worldinteractionsand/or"suggestedtweaks" bytheemployeeswithinvariousbiomass processes(i.e.,harvestingtoenergygeneration) intoavirtualclusteringmap(KMLformatin GoogleEarth)whichwillsimulateurban economiesofagglomerationbyspatially locatingtheinformationcapturedbytheO&M database(TantallandGilding,1999).Thiswill allowustobridgethegapsbetweentheRE employees,WestVirginiaUniversity'sIndustries oftheFutureBiomassProgram,MATRIC, projectmanagers,andtechnology manufacturers.Bybridgingthesegapswecan begintostimulatecollaborationwithone commongoal,technologicalinnovation.In effect,thesevirtualclusterswillhavethesame effectthateconomiesofagglomerationhave withintheurbansetting.Thisclusteringeffect essentiallystimulatesgrowthinmanufacturing andR&Dforaparticularsector,inthiscase biopower(Saxenian,1994;ARC,2006). TheSmartTechandSmartGrowthcoordinators willplayanessentialroleincreatingtheO&M databaseandvirtualclusteringmaps.TheO&M databasewillnotonlyplayanimportantrolein

IntegrationofSmartJOBS
stimulatinginnovationbutitwillalsoaidin developingnewapproachestosustainabilityvia HSI.Bycollaborativelycreatingthisdatabase, innovationwillbeintimatelyintegratedintothe technologiessurroundingenvironmentsby accountingforhowspecificchangesin technologywillaffecttheareasinwhichthey willbeoperating.Thevirtualclusteringmaps willplayanessentialroleinaccountingforhow innovationisrelatedtoitssocial,economicand ecologicalenvironmentsbyaccountingforthe technologieslifecycle.Specifically,theselife cyclescapturetheavailablefeedstocks,local skillsets,transportationinfrastructure,etc. TheSmartMarketcoordinatorswilldevelopthe locallyownedmodelforthisfacilityaswellas developingemployeeownershipmodels(e.g., stockshares,profitshares,boardparticipation etc.)inordertomaintainahighlevelof employeeretentionandcommunitysupportof theseprojects.Inturn,alltheseinteractions willinformtheSmartSolutionscoordinatorsin theireffortstoinfluencepolicy,organize communityevents,andfurtherdevelopthe localsteeringcommitteesandadvisoryboard.

KEY:

Networkclusters:socialandvirtual networksthatexistswithinRE community

Social&VirtualInteractions: communicativenetworkclusters viaadvisoryboard,SmartJOBS program,O&MdatabaseandHSI.

20

LongTermImpactsoftheJOBSProject
TheUSDOEEnergyEfficiencyandRenewable EnergyRecoveryPlanstatesthatinvestmentin renewableenergyinfrastructurewillaccelerate therateatwhichcosteffectivecleanenergy technologiesaredeployed,bringingthemtothe marketmorequickly,andmakingcleanenergy choicesreadilyavailabletothepublic(DOE, 2009).Thisprojectwillpromotethe accelerationofmarketadoptionofwind, biopower,andsolartechnologies. Foreachutilityscaledevelopmentproject,the feasibilityandlongtermimpactwillbe determinedthroughmarketprojectionsto enhancetheoverallprobabilityofinvestment andthroughvariousmethodsformeasuringour progress. JobGrowth Thisisprofoundlyunpredictableanddependent uponmanyfactors;however,wecanconclude thatlocallyownedwindcontributesmoreto thelocaleconomythanprivatelyownedwind farmsbykeepinginvestmentdollarsand revenuesinthelocalcommunity,andittends togeneratemorejobsaswell.Thesamecanbe saidwithanylocallyownedREproject.A2009 studycomparedtheaverageemployment impactsoflocallyownedwindprojectswiththe impactsfromthefirst1,000MWofcorporate ownedwinddevelopedinColoradoandIowa, andfoundthatconstructionperiodjobimpacts areasmuchas3.1timeshigherforlocally ownedwindthanforcorporatewind,and operationsperiodjobimpactsareasmuchas 1.8timeshigher(Lantz&Tegan,2009). TaxBase REhasthepotentialtoprovidesignificant economicbenefitsonboththestateandlocal level.OnthestatelevelinWestVirginia,wind farmsgenerateBusinessandOperationstaxes, thatis,forevery100MWofwinddevelopment, thestatereceivesnearly$275,000peryear, whichcanthenbeputtowardseducation, hospitals,andimprovementsforroads.The statealsoreceivescorporateincomeand personalincometaxes,andthemoreREthatis 21 developedandthemorejobsthatarecreated, thegreaterthetaxbenefittothestatewillbe. Onthelocallevel,windpowergenerates significanttaxrevenuesintheformofproperty taxes,landownerrevenuesintheformoflease payments,andjobsintheconstruction, operation,andmaintenanceofthewindfarm.

Iamnotashamedofcoal.Ahugepartof ourbudgetisfromcoalseverancetaxes.
ArtKirkendoll,LoganCounty CommissionPresident

WorkforceDevelopment Thedevelopmentofbiopowerandwindenergy facilitieswillcreateemploymentopportunities inREoccupationswhilealsoincreasingcapacity andexpertiseintheenergyrelatedfields includingconstruction,permitting,PPA agreements,andenvironmentalassessment.In additiontothedirectjobscreatedinthe developmentphase,REinvestmentincoalfield communitieswillservetoemployarangeof skilledworkersinthelongtermincluding mechanics,electricalworkers,andboiler technicians.Theprojectalsoanticipatesthe developmentofanarrayofancillarysmall businessesrelatedtothelargerfacilities.These businesseswillprovideadditionalemployment andpropelthedevelopmentofcommunity wealththroughtheiroperationsand participationinthelocaleconomy. PromoteLocalOwnership InvestmentinlocallyownedREdevelopment servestodiversifytheeconomiesofrural communitiesbyaddingtothetaxbaseand providingnewtypesofincome.Thespreadof knowledgeregardingthelocalbenefitsof communityownershipwillencourage replicationofthemodelandacceleratethe marketadoptionofscalableREtechnology.

LongTermImpactsoftheJOBSProject
ExpandPublicKnowledge Formalandinformaleducationalopportunities includingREcurricula,onlinetools,andenergy efficiencyoutreachwillfacilitatewidespread knowledgeofREtechnology.Increasingpublic awarenessandparticipationcontributetoa senseofconnectionbetweenruralcommunities inCentralAppalachiaandcommunities worldwidewhoareparticipatinginRE initiatives.Partnershipswithsecondary institutions,careerandtechnicalcenters, workforcedevelopmentagencies,colleges,and universitieswillhelptodefinecareerpathways intherenewableenergysector. PoliciesandIncentives Local,state,andfederalgovernmentscanhelp tomaximizethebenefitsoflocallyownedRE planningandtoincreasethewidespread marketabilityofREnationallyandinCentral Appalachia.Educationforthepublicregarding policyandincentivestosupportREwillbe objectivewithrecommendationsbasedonthe comprehensivedevelopmentstrategy.The effortwillnotonlyempowercitizenstolobby foracleanenergyfuture,butwillalsoeducate decisionmakersregardingthebenefitsof locallyownedREdevelopmentinruralCentral Appalachia. Minimizeriskforinvestors. WindustryandAIREwillassisttheCenterfor EconomicOptionsinadvisingcommunity investorsregardingdetailedanalysisoftaxand financialstructures,andduediligenceto independentlyverifylocalLLCrepresentations andinformation.CEOwillfacilitatecommunity investmentatthelocallevel.Theanalyseswill verifyagoodfaithefforttominimizerisks earlyinthedevelopmentoftheprojectwithina reasonabletimeframeandinconsiderationof budgetaryconstraints. 22

Recommendations
Werecommendstateandfederalpoliciesthat createamarketforlocallyownedREexpansion withinCentralAppalachia.Withoutthe developmentofmarketstherewillbeno opportunityforlocalLLCstocapturetheirRE resourceforenergyandreturnsignificant dollarstotheirlocaleconomies. REMarketDevelopment FeedinTariffisuniversallyregardedasthe best(andmostproveninEurope,whereit iswidelyused)waytospurlocallyowned REdevelopment. Financialincentivessuchasproductiontax credits(PTC),investmenttaxcredits(ITC) andcleanrenewableenergybonds(CREBs) withpreferencegiventolocalizedRE projects. Cleanenergyfundsthatprovidedirect financialsupporttolaunchastate'sfirst fewlocallyownedREprojects. Increasednetmeteringcaps.Ex:NJhas raiseditslimitto2MW,whichallowsfor moreutilityscaleREprojectstoaccessnet meteringfunds. FederalandStateRenewableEnergy Standards(RES)thatbenefitlocallyowned RE. Resourceselectionregulationsthatrequire utilitiestoevaluateprojectsusingmultiple factorsincludingcarbonemissions, geographicdiversitybenefits,wateruse, andeconomicimpact. Productionpayments(directcash payments)basedontheamountofenergy produced.Theseincreaseprofitabilityand encourageproduction,thesameasthePTC, butthesetargetthosewithlesstax appetite. Deregulationinordertoabsolveanyandall barrierstolocallyownedRE. Aftermarketpoliciesareinplacesixadditional policyingredientsareneededforthesuccessof localLLCsandasmoothtransitiontoacarbon neutraleconomy:(1)REresourcemeasurement tools;(2)outreachprogramsproviding 23 educationonthemarketdriversandthe economicsofREdevelopment;(3)a streamlinedprocessforconducting environmentalimpactstudiesanddetermining otherlocationfactors;(4)transmissionpolicies toexpandlinestoremoteruralareas;(5) standardizedutilitycontracts;(6)simplified statesiting/zoningprocess(7)equitabletaxes. Specificpoliciesandprogramstoconsiderin thesesixareasatthefederalandstatelevel includethefollowing: SupportforREResourceAssessments: WindAnemometerLoanPrograms Windmeasurementstudiesusingsatellite dataandotherassessmenttools. Biopowerfeasibilitystudiesthatarereadily availabletothepublic USDAValueAddedProducerGrantprogram thatprovidesfundsforlandownersto conductREfeasibilitystudies. USDARuralEnergyforAmericaProgram (Section9007)thatwillmakefeasibility studieseligiblein2010forgrantfunds. REEconomicandMarketDriverAwareness: Ruraloutreachprogramsthatprovide informationonthecriteriaordriversfor commercialscaleREdevelopmentandthe economicsbehindagoodREproject SupportforConductingEnvironmentalImpacts andOtherLocationFactors: Stateandfederalproceduresfor streamliningenvironmentimpactstudies andloweringcostsforlocalLLCs. TransmissionPolicies: RenewableEnergyZones.Identificationof renewableenergygenerationdevelopment zoneswithinformationaboutdevelopment potentialandconstraintsforeachzone. RenewableEnergyTransmissionCorridors. Identificationofrenewableenergy transmissioncorridorswithinformation

Recommendations
aboutcapacityrequirementandconstraint foreachcorridor. RenewableEnergyTransmission Authorities.Establishtransmission developmentauthoritiestofinancelines dedicatedforrenewableenergyprojects. Includelandownerandcommunity representationonauthorities. InvestmentTaxCreditforTransmission. Createfederalandstateinvestmenttax creditforrenewableenergytransmission lines. USDAsRuralUtilityService.ExpandUSDA RuralUtilityServicesroletoinclude financingrenewableenergytransmission. ServiceBenefitCharges/CostRecovery. Provideutilitieswithabilitytofinanceand buildtransmissiontorenewableenergy zonesinadvanceofprojectdevelopment. Enableutilitiestoplaceaservicebenefit chargeontocustomerstomake transmissionimprovementsforfuture renewableenergydevelopment. DistributionSystemStudies.Distribution linesandsubstationstudiesconductedon ruralelectricassociationandmunicipal utilitysystems. LandownerTransmissionLineTaxCredit. Provideannualfederalorstatetaxcredit forlandownerswithrenewableenergy transmissionlines. LandownerRoyaltyCompensationfor TransmissionLines.Enableandcreate modelsfortransmissiondevelopmentthat compensatelandownersonannualbases throughroyaltiesratherthanonetime payments. StateSiting/ZoningProcess: Statescansimplifythelocalzoninginorder tostreamlinedevelopment. EquitableTaxes: Duringthetransitiontoacarbonneutral economythereareseveralmeasuresthatcan betakenwhichwillpotentiallymitigatethe negativeimpactsupontheCentralAppalachian region. Unitemineralandsurfacetaxessimilarto Tennessee Fairtaxlegislationwhichdoesnot distinguishbetweenlargeabsentee landownersandrealproperty

StandardizeUtilityContracts: Thesemakeiteasierforcommunitywind projectstogetinthedoorwithlarge utilitiesandreducetransactioncosts otherwiseassociatedwithreinventingthe wheel.BothstateANDfederalgovernment canrequirestandardizationand simplificationofthisprocess. 24

SourcesCited
Alanne,KariandArtoSaari.2004.DistributedEnergyGenerationandSustainableDevelopment. RenewableEnergy&SustainableReviews. AppalachianRegionCommission.2006.SourcesofregionalGrowthinNonMetroAppalachia. Website:http://rtsinc.org/publications/pdf/appalachia.pdf Boal,William.1995.TestingforEmployerMonopsonyinTurnoftheCenturyCoalMining.Rand JournalofEconomics,Vol.26,No.3. Bolinger,Mark.2001.CommunityWindPowerOwnershipSchemesinEuropeandtheirRelevanceto theUnitedStates.Website:http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/EMP/reports/48357.pdf Cowart,Richard,2001.EfficiencyReliability:TheCriticalRoleofDemandSideResourcesinPower SystemsandMarkets.PreparedfortheNationalAssociationofRegulatoryUtilityCommissioners. Demirbas,Ayhan.2002.AnOverviewofBiomassPyrolysis.EnergySources,24:474482. E.LantzandS.Tegen(2009).EconomicDevelopmentImpactsofCommunityWindProjects.April. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45555.pdf ElectricPowerResearchInstitute,2009.AEPSmartGridDemonstrationProject:VirtualPowerPlant Simulators(VPPS).Website: http://www.smartgrid.epri.com/pdfs/1020226AEPSmartGridProjectOverview.pdf Farrell,JohnandDavidMorris.2009.EnergySelfReliantStates.NewRulesProject.Website: http://www.newrules.org/sites/newrules.org/files/ESRS.pdf Ioannides,YannisandChristopherPissarides.1985.MonopsonyandtheLifetimeRelationbetween WagesandProductivity.JournalofLaborEconomics,Vol.3,No.1. KildegaardandMyersKuykindall,2006.CommunityVs.CorporateWind:DoesitMatterWho DevelopstheWindinBigStoneCounty,MN?.UniversityofMinnesota.Website: http://cda.morris.umn.edu/~kildegac/CV/Papers/IREE.pdf Langlois,RichardandPaulRobertson.1991.NetworksandInnovationinaModularSystem:Lessons fromtheMicrocomputerandStereoComponentIndustries.ElsevierSciencePublishers. Mayer,Heike.2003.CorporateRestructuringandTheCreationoftheInnovationMilieu:TheCaseof aSecondTierHighTechnologyRegion.PresentedataConferenceonClusters,IndustrialDistricts andFirmstheChallengeofGlobalization. Milbrandt,A.2005.AGeographicPerspectiveontheCurrentBiomassResourceAvailabilityinthe UnitedStates.NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL).TechnicalReportNREL/TP56039181. Dec.

26

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NationalAcademyofSciences,NationalResearchCouncil.2007.Coal:ResearchandDevelopmentto SupportNationalEnergyPolicy.Website:http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11977#toc Rosenfeld,StuartA.2001.NetworksandClusters:TheYinandYangofRuralDevelopment.Areport totheFederalReserveBankofKansasCity.(accessedApril3,2005).Website: http://www.rtsinc.org/publications.html Rawson,Mark.2004.DistributedGenerationCostsandBenefitsIssuePaper,PublicInterestsEnergy ResearchCaliforniaEnergyCommission. Saxenian,Annalee.1994.LessonsfromSiliconValley.TechnologyReview97.5. Shingo,Shigeo,1989.AStudyoftheToyotaProductionSystemfromanIndustrialEngineering Viewpoint(ProduceWhatIsNeeded,WhenIt'sNeeded).ProductivityPress. Tatnall,ArthurandAnthonyGilding.1999.ActorNetworkTheoryandInformationSystems Research.AustralasianConferenceonInformationSystems. ThePewCharitableTrusts,2009

http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewcenteronthestatesorg/Fact Sheets/Clean_Economy_Factsheet_WestVirginia.pdf
UnitedStatesGovernmentAccountabilityOffice.2004.WindPowersContributiontoElectricPower GenerationandImpactonFarmsandRuralCommunities.Website: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04756.pdf UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.2006.RuralDevelopmentStrategies:Community Development.EconomicResearchServiceWebsite: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/RuralDevelopment/CommunityDevelopment.htm UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.2008.RuralEconomicAreaPartnershipZones.Rural DevelopmentUSDA.Website:http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/ezec/Communit/reap.html UnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy.2009.EnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyRecoveryPlan. Recovery.govWebsite: http://www.recovery.gov/?q=content/programplan&program_id=7813#review Wang,Jingxin,2006.BiomassResources,Uses,andOpportunitiesinWestVirginia.Preparedforthe WestVirginiaDevelopmentOffice. WorkforceWestVirginia,anAgencyoftheDepartmentofCommerce.2009.StateUnemployment Rateat8.6PercentinJuly.Website:http://www.workforcewv.org/LMI/datarel/DRNEWS.pdf

27

AppendixA

1 MitigationofMarket Power

WhataretheBenefits? Thevaluetothesystemfromreducingoutputfromhighmarginalproduction costplants,mitigatingcapacityshortagesandcounteringthesellersmarket power TheeconomicincentivestoownersofcleanDGtechnologiesandthereduced healthriskstosociety.Thepatternofemissionsfromoutdoororairborne pollutantssuchasNOx,SO2,andothersfromcleanDGunitsthatareless hazardousthanemissionsoftheconventionalplantsthatDGreplaces.

AirborneorOutdoor Emissions

3 4

ReducedSecurityRisk toGrid ReliabilityandPower Quality(Distribution System) VoltageSupportto ElectricGrid EnhancedElectricity PriceElasticity NIMBYOppositionto CentralPowerPlants andTransmissionLines LandUseEffects AvoidedT&DCapacity SystemLosses

Thevalueofreducingtherelianceonthecentralgrid,makingthegridaless appealingterroristtargetandreducingtheimpactofothergriddisruptions Thevaluetotheutilityofavoidingoutagecostsandimprovingthequalityofthe poweratornearcustomersites Thevaluetotheutilityofprovidingvoltage/VARcontrol.Smallscalegeneration inthedistributionsystemcansupportvoltagebyinjectingreactivepowerthereby improvingpowerqualityandloweringlosses. Thevalueofincreasingtheelasticityofelectricdemand,whichwilltendtolower pricestothebenefitofallconsumers. ThevalueofreducingtheNotinmybackyardsentimenttowardsthesitingof newpowerplants.Oppositiontosmallscaleonsitefacilitiesislikelytobelessof animpedimenttodevelopmentofDGthanofcentralstations. Thevalueofreducingfootprintorspaceneededbygeneration,transmission anddistributioninfrastructure Thefinancialvalueofavoiding ordeferringacapitalinvestmentintransmission anddistributionsystemcapacity Thevalueoftheenergysavedthroughreducedresistivesystemlosses.Energyis lostwhenitistransmittedthroughwires.Thelargerthedistance,themorethe lossesare.Sitingsmallscalegenerationclosetoloadlowerslosses ThemonetarysavingsfromutilizingwasteheatfromtheDGincustomer applicationstomeetheatingorcoolingneeds,increasingoverallefficiencyof energyuse Thevalueofallowingcustomerstocontroltheirenergysourceandavoid dependenceonalargecentrallycontrolledsystem Thedifferenceforacustomerbetweenthecost ofpurchasingelectricityandthe costofgeneratingelectricityonsite

8 9 10

11

CombinedHeatand Power/Efficiency Improvement ConsumerControl LowerCostof Electricity

12 13

14 15 16

ConsumerElectricity PriceProtection ReliabilityandPower Quality(DGOwner) AncillaryServices

Thevalueforcustomerofhavingtheabilitytolockinpricesfortheirenergy requirementsforthelongterm Thevaluetothecustomerswithsensitiveloadsofavoidingoutagesand improvingthequalityoftheirpower Thevalueofprovidingspinningreserve,regulation,orotherancillaryservices

AppendixA

WhataretheCosts? 1 2 UtilityRevenue Reduction StandbyCharges Thereducedrevenuesthatautilitywillreceivefromacustomerthatisself generatingelectricity Thechargesaselfgeneratingconsumerwillpaytheutilityfortherightto maintainagridinterconnection Thecosttoratepayersandsocietyofgovernmentincentivestopromotetheuse ofclean(e.g.,lowpollutantemissions)energygenerationtechnologies

IncentivesforClean Technologies

4 5 6

NoiseDisturbance IndoorEmissions MaintainSystem ReliabilityandControl DistributedResources EmissionsOffsets AirborneorOutdoor Emissions

ThecosttopeopleofhavinganoisyDGunitcloseby ThehealthriskscausedtopeoplefromindooremissionsofDGunits Thesystemcostofmaintaininggridreliabilitywhileallowingasignificant(upto 20%)penetrationofinterconnectedDGunits

7 8

EnvironmentalpermittingfeespaidbytheownerofanoncleanDGunit Thecosttosocietyofhavingincreasedhealthrisks.Thepatternofemissions fromoutdoororairbornepollutantssuchasNOx,SO2,andothersfromnonclean DGunitsthataremorehazardousthanemissionsoftheconventionalplantsthat DGreplaces ThenumberoftypicalDERunitsthatmightsubstituteforoneconventional centralpowerplantwouldbelarge.Hence,fueldeliverysystemsmustbe extendedtobringfueltotheDERunitandthiswillcostratepayers Thecostofalltheequipmentneededtogenerateonsite(e.g.,fuelcells, microturbines,ICengines,inverters,communicationsandcontrols,switchgear) Thecosttostudytheinterconnectionfeasibilityaswellasthecostofupgrading thedistributionsystemtoallowfortheinterconnection

DERFuelDelivery Challenges

10

Equipment Interconnection (systemstudiesand upgrades) Fuel Maintenance Insurance

11

12 13 14

Thecosts(fuel,delivery,storage)associatedwithfuelingtheonsitegenerator ThefixedandnonfuelvariablecoststooperateandmaintaintheDGsystem ThepremiumspaidtoinsureDGsystems,aswellastheincreasesinother insurancepremiumsresultingfromrunninganonsitegenerationsystem

AppendixB

AppendixB

AppendixB
TheHSIdesign,asitappliestoWestVirginia, willsupplythemeansbywhichwespread awarenessabouttheoverallimpactsofmono industrialdependency,thusprovidingabasis forarguingforatransitiontosustainable economiesandrenewableenergyproduction. ThedatafortheHSIwillbecollectedby professionalfieldstaff,epidemiologists,and analystsfromDownstreamStrategies(DS), MarshallUniversitysCenterforBusinessand EconomicResearch(CBER),WestVirginia University,theWestVirginiaRuralHealth ResearchCenter,REemployees,andlocalRE developersandowners.Thedatawillthenbe enteredintotheHSIdatabase,andwillbe representedasenvironmental,economic,and socialindicatorsofsustainability.Information fromthedataclusterswillbeavailablethrough theHSIformatanddisplayedwithintheGoogle EarthmapwegenerateforWestVirginia.

orregionallyspecificdescriptivesustainability scorecardreportsofhowproposedorpotential energyoreconomicdevelopmentinitiativeswill impacttheirrespectivelevelofhuman sustainability.

Additionalusesofthegeospatialcomponents oftheGoogleEarthHSIapplicationwillafford theuservisualcontextviaavarietyofmap overlays,includinglayersrepresenting informationfromtheWestVirginiaDepartment ofEnvironmentalProtection(DEP)Surface MiningandMountaintopRemovalPermits,the EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)Toxic ReleaseInventory(TRI),coalslurryinjection sites,coalslurryimpoundments,HDIscoresby country,andcomparativeanimatedscenarios thatrevealwhathumansustainabilitylevelsin WestVirginiawilllooklikeifthecoalindustry continuestogrow,orviceversa,ifthereisa shifttorenewableandsustainableeconomies.

WithintheHSIlayer,eachWestVirginiacounty sublayerwillincludeadynamicdashboardpop upandwillberepresentedbyacorresponding GoogleEarthplacemarker.Thisdashboardwill includedynamicHSIgraphsandchartsthat allowforeasyreadabilityofcomplicateddata. The"dynamicdashboard"interactswiththe userspointofinquiryandchangesthe correspondinggraphsandchartsaccordingly (see:Mockupsequences).Byembeddingthe dashboardwithinGoogleEarth,userswillbe abletovisuallycontextualizethedataasit appliestotheGoogleEarthsatelliteimagesfor WestVirginia.

TheHSIscorecardwillbepresentedonagraded polygonscalewherebyuserswillbeabletogeo spatiallycomparesustainabilityscoresbasedon thevaryingheightsandcolorsofthecounty shapedpolygonsasviewedinaGoogleEarth flyover.TheopensourcefeatureoftheHSIwill beaninteractiveelementembeddedinthe dashboardpopupwhichlinksuserstorelevant picturesandvideosuploadedbycommunity memberswhohavebeendirectlyimpactedby thecoalindustry.Theinterfacewillalsoallow userstogeneratetheirownlocal,countylevel,

FurtherapplicationsoftheHSIprogramwill includecrossindustrialanalysescomparingthe impactsoftheRenewableEnergyIndustryand theCoalIndustryinordertoshowthe advantagesanddisadvantagesofboth industries.TheonlineHSIGuidewillprovidea usersmanualoftheHSIdatabase,thesocial, economic,andenvironmentalcomponents,and willalsoincludesampleHSIapplicationsand basicuserskills,andwillbeavailableto individuals,businesses,schools,local organizations,andorganizationsworldwidevia webbasedoutreach.Thedistributionofthe HSIGuideisintendedtostimulateandmeasure HSIusageandexpansion.