Coverage Planning

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Module objectives
At the end of this module you will be able to
DEFINE COVERAGE THRESHOLD DESCRIBE DIFFERENT COVERAGE PLANNING MARGINS LOCATION PROBABILITY PENETRATION LOSS CALCULATE COVERAGE AREAS

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Content of Coverage Planning

COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE AREA POWER BUDGET

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Coverage Planning
COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE AREA POWER BUDGET

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Coverage Threshold
Basics

Based on the calculated maximum allowed path loss in PBGT, the coverage threshold can be defined Coverage threshold depends on margins related to
Location probability (= slow fading) Fast fading / Interference degradation Polarization / Antenna orientation loss Body loss Penetration losses (vehicle or building)

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Coverage Threshold
DL Calculation Process
Real maximum allowed path loss

EIRP Minimum allowed receiving level Slow fading and other margins Building penetration loss

From power budget calculations

function (location probability) function (morphological area)

= Maximum allowed path loss => Coverage threshold Cell radius Cell area
function (morphological area) Okumura-Hata

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Coverage Threshold
Location Probability

Outages
due to coverage gaps due to interferences Pno_cov Pif

Total location probability in a cell (1- Pno_cov) * (1- Pif) Both time and location probability Typical required values are 90-95%

Full coverage of an area can never be guaranteed!

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Coverage Threshold
Slow Fading Margin

When calculating cell radius, LP is 50% by the cell edge and ~75% over the cell area To get 90% LP, the cell radius has to be reduced
1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

90% of the area

Slow fading margin

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Coverage Threshold
Interference Degrade Margin

ETSI specific margin

Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATION 1 System: Frequency (MHz): 800 BT99 Case description: - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to MS Class: RECEIVING END: RX RF- Input Sensitivity Interference Degradation Margin Body Proximity Loss Cable Loss + Connectors Rx Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Isotropic Power Field Strength TRANSMITTING END: TX RF Output Peak Power (mean power over RF cycle) Body Proximity Loss Isolator + Combiner + Filter RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output Cable Loss + Connectors TX Antenna Gain Peak EIRP (EIRP = ERP + 2dB) dBm dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBV/m W dBm dB dB dBm dB dBi W dBm BS -108.00 3.00 0.00 3.00 18.00 4.00 -124.00 18.31 MS 1.00 30.00 2.00 0.00 28.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 28.00 MS -100.00 3.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -95.00 47.31 BS 29.50 44.70 0.00 2.20 42.50 3.00 18.00 562.11 57.50 DCS1800 1

A B C D E F G=A+B+C+D-E-F H=G+Z*

K L M N=K-L-M O P

Q=N-O+P * Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])

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Coverage Threshold
Polarisation / Antenna Orientation Loss

Polarisation or antenna orientation losses depend on the orientation of the mobile antenna (vertical-horisontal) Typical loss 5-10 dB due to mismatch of polarisation Sometime taken into account but not always

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Coverage Threshold
Body Loss

Body loss happens because of the existence of the human body Typical loss 5-10 dB depending on the distance between mobile and human body Typically taken into account in coverage threshold

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Coverage Threshold
Penetration Loss

Penetration losses have to be added as mean value, and standard deviation need to be taken into account as well

type mean sigma

urban building suburban in-car

15 dB 10 dB 8 dB

7 dB 7 dB 5 dB

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Coverage Planning
COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE AREA POWER BUDGET

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Coverage Area
Cell range: Example of Dimensioning (EXCEL based calculation)
COM M ON INFO MS antenna height (m): BS antenna height (m): Standard Deviation (dB): BPL Average (dB): Standard Deviation indoors (dB): OKUM URA-HATA (OH) Area Type Correction (dB) WALFISH-IKEGAM I (WI) Roads width (m): Road orientation angle (degrees): Building separation (m): Buildings average height (m): INDOOR COVERAGE Propagation Model Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): Coverage Threshold (dB V/m): Coverage Threshold (dBm): Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): Cell Range (km): OUTDOOR COVERAGE Propagation Model Slow Fading Margin (dB): Coverage Threshold (dB V/m): Coverage Threshold (dBm): Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): Cell Range (km):
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DU 1,5 30,0 7,0 15,0 10,0 DU 0,0 DU 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 DU OH 22,8 59,1 -77,2 90,0% 1,33 DU OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 4,39

U 1,5 30,0 7,0 12,0 10,0 U -4,0 U 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 U OH 19,8 56,1 -80,2 90,0% 2,10 U OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 5,70

SU 1,5 30,0 7,0 10,0 10,0 SU -6,0 SU 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 SU OH 17,8 54,1 -82,2 90,0% 2,72 SU OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 6,50

F 1,5 45,0 7,0 6,0 10,0 F -10,0 F 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 F OH 13,8 50,1 -86,2 90,0% 5,70 F OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 10,69

O 1,5 45,0 7,0 6,0 10,0 O -15,0 O 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 O OH 13,8 50,1 -86,2 90,0% 7,99 O OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 14,99

Coverage Area
Coverage Area in Dimensioning

After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken into account

Omni A = 2,6 R12

Bi-sector A= 1,73 R22

Tri-sector A = 1,95 R32

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Coverage Area
Hexagons vs. Cells

Three hexagons

Three cells

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Coverage Area
Example of Planning Tool Calculation

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Coverage Area
Cell Area Terms

Dominance area Service area Coverage area

cell coverage range cell service range dominance range

6dB hysteresis margin coverage limit

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Coverage Area
Enhancement

Improving link budget

Sensitivity Power Antennas

Reducing the effect of geography

BTS antenna heights Good network plan

Technical solutions for improving link budget

Combiner by-pass Mast head preamplifier Booster

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Coverage Area
Conclusion

Achievable cell size depends on Frequency band used (450, 900, 1800 MHz) Surroundings, environment Link budget figures Antenna types Antenna positioning Minimum required signal levels

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Coverage Planning
COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE AREA POWER BUDGET

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Power Budget
Basics

Power budget is used to calculate the maximum allowed path loss Main factors depend on equipment characteristics
BTS & MS TX power BTS & MS RX sensitivity

Other factors can be classified into 3 categories and have to be estimated

Loss factors Gain factors Margins (chapter 5)

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Power Budget
Loss Factors

At BS side

Connectors (UL/DL) Cables (UL/DL) Isolator (DL) Combiner (DL) Filter (UL/DL)
cables & connectors

At MS side
MS Antenna
Polarization (UL/DL)

~ 3 5 dB losses 50 70% of signal power is lost before even reaching the TX antenna

filter combiner BS output

Connection (UL/DL) External cable

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many meters

Power Budget
Gain Factors

At BS side Antenna gain (UL/DL) Main antenna parameter Slight difference between DL and UL The antenna models in use should be defined at the very beginning of the
project

Diversity gain (UL) Diversity can be implemented in many ways, with different gains LNA gain (UL) Booster or power amplifier gain (DL) Frequency hopping gain (UL/DL)

FH improves average link quality, but it isnt taken into account in power budget calculations

At MS side External antenna

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Power Budget
Downlink
Antenna Gain = 16dBi 36 dBm 52 dBm

path loss = 154 dB

Feeder Loss = 4 dB - 102 dBm 40 dBm Rx Sensitivity - 102 dBm combiner loss = 5 dB Tx Power 45 dBm (30W)

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Power Budget
Uplink
Antenna Gain = 16 dBi - 101 dBm Diversity Gain = 4 dB

- 121 dBm Feeder Loss = 4 dB

path loss = 154 dB

33 dBm - 105 dBm Tx Power 33 dBm (2W) Rx Sensitivity -105 dB

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Power Budget
Example
Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATION Frequency (MHz): 1800 BT99 Case description: - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to REC EIVING END: RX R Input S Fensitivity Interference D egradation Margin Body P roximity Loss Cable Loss + Connectors Rx Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Isotropic P ower Field S trength TR ANSMITTING END: T RF Output P X eak P ower (mean power over RF cycle) Body P roximity Loss Isolator + C ombiner + Filter RF-P eak P ower, Combiner Output Cable Loss + C onnectors T Antenna Gain X P eak E P IR (E = E P+ 2dB) IRP R LINK- BALANCE EVALUATION T heoretic Isotropic P Loss ath Isotropic P Loss to be considered ath P Loss unbalancement ath T RF Max Output P X ower to be used
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System: MS C lass: MS - 100.00 3.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 95.00 47.31 B S 29.50 44.70 0.00 2.20 42.50 3.00 18.00 562.11 57.50

DCS1800 1

dBm dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBV/m

W dBm dB dB dBm dB dBi W dBm

B S - 108.00 3.00 0.00 3.00 18.00 4.00 - 124.00 18.31 MS 1.00 30.00 2.00 0.00 28.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 28.00 UL 152.00 152.00 0.50 30.00

A B C D E F G=A+B+C -E +D -F H=G+Z*

K L M N=K-L-M O P

dB dB dB dBm

Q=N-O+P * Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz]) DL 152.50 R =Q-G UL Limited Min (UL,DL) Abs (UL-DL) 44.20

Power Budget
Conclusions

Power budget has to be balanced, even if the BTS has higher TX power than the MS
Diversity gain is for UL only BTS RX sensitivity is better than for the MS

The maximum allowed path loss is usually UL limited There are as many power budgets as different site configurations are defined, even into the same project
The site configurations in use should be defined at the very beginning of
the project

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Exercises / Questions
List the margins needed for the coverage planning threshold! Define the outdoor planning threshold for the GSM1800 network when STD = 9 dB and the required outdoor area location probability = 95 %. Calculate slow fading margin for 95% probability when STD = 7, 8, 10 (Excel exercise, OPTIONAL).

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Exercises / Questions
Calculate the power difference of TXMS = 33 dBm and TXBTS = 8 W in dB units. Calculate the power imbalance for the GSM1800 system when TXMS = 30 dBm, TXBTS = 43 dBm, SENSITIVITYMS = 100 dBm and SENSITIVITYBTS = -108 dBm. Combiner unit is not used. What is the maximum path loss for a good connection in the previous exercise? Calculate the required gain for the LNA to reduce the 4 dB Soc Classification level 30 Nokia Siemens Networks / cable loss when NFLNA = 2.0 dB and NFBTS = 4.0 dB

References
1. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, John Wiley & Sons, 1993. 2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1990. 3. W.C. Jakes, Jr., (ed.), Microwave Mobile Communications, Wiley-Interscience, 1974. 4. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planning for GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.

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