Experts in Geomatics, Surveying, Positioning, Geospatial Data, and Mapping Sciences

Basic Geodetics

Kevin Crozier Devon Energy Corp Kevin.Crozier@dvn.com

Jonathan P. Stigant Stigant Enterprises Inc. jonsce@att.net

STIGANT ENTERPRISES Inc. Geospatial Consulting for the Oil and Gas Industry

Chuck Lopez SAIC

charles.m.lopez@saic.com

April 19, 2011

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The Earth is NOT flat

Q: So what does this have to do with me ? A: All of our data depends on accurate positions Lease Holdings Seismic Acquisition Interpretation Surface Drill Locations Subsurface Drill Locations Reserves Calculations Reserves Replacement HSE Ultimately..Profits!
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The Earth is Round (Well-Sort of

Various ways of dealing with this. So how do we know where we are ? Latitude Longitude

Thats easy Right Well, Not exactly There are different Latitudes and Longitudes for the same points Depends on the DATUM

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Datum

A Geodetic Datum is a STARTING Reference Point A Geodetic Datum is defined as An Ellipsoid attached to the Earth at a point So What is an Ellipsoid?
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Reference Surfaces

Normal to Ellipsoid

Normal to Geoid

Ellipsoid Geoid Terrain

b a
Geoid
Equipotential surface which approximates to MSL

Ellipsoidal CS
Surface where Computations are made 1/f = a/(a-b)
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Ellipsoidal and Cartesian Coordinate Systems

Ellipsoid Meridians (Lines of Longitude)
Height hp

P
Parallels (Lines of Latitude) Zp

p
Equator Yp

Xp

Relationships X = ( + h) * cos * cos Y = ( + h) * cos * sin 2 2 Z = [(b * /a ) + h] * sin

The Ellipsoid Center is the Origin or Starting point for the Coordinate System. The Coordinates can be described as X,Y and Z (Note nothing to do with Easting and Northing (later)) which would referenced directly to the ellipsoid center or Latitude (referenced to the equator), Longitude (usually referenced to Greenwich) and Height (referenced to the ellipsoid surface)

(NB Some older datums have a reference (0) meridian at another place than
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Analogy of a Datum
Example You are here in Room 310. Room 310 is exactly the same size and shape as room 330 and 332. This room is #310. The shape of the room is the Ellipsoid, the Room number is the Datum name (where the room is attached in the George R Brown Convention Center). You got here by following the signs directing you to this room number 310 and are listening to Basic Geodetics Workshop. If you had gone to room 332 (same shape (ellipsoid), different datum (room number)) and you would be listening to Leveraging the Advantages of a Common Operating Picture ! You would be in a different (the wrong) place! The datum name is absolutely essential to getting to the right location!
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Real World, Statue of Liberty DATUM NAD 27

Statue of Liberty Known Location NAD 27 Lon = 74 Deg 02 Min 42 Secs West Lat = 40 Deg 41 Min 21 Sec North
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Real World, Datum NAD 83

Statue of Liberty Known Location NAD 83 Lon = 74 Deg 02 Min 41 Sec West Lat = 40 Deg 41 Min 22 Sec North
Difference is 37 Meters (122 Feet) Did it Move ?
?

No
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Different Coordinates / Same Place

Liberty DID NOT move So what is different ? The DATUMS are different What are Datums again ? A Datum is a Starting Point Geodetic Datums consist of: An Ellipsoid, attached to the earth origin is the ellipsoid center The same point can have different coordinates depending on the datum!
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Two Main Datums in the USA

Satellite Datum WGS84 (Close Equivalent to NAD 83 in USA); Older Satellite Datum WGS72 Regional Datum NAD 27 Rest of the World Need to know these to deal with
Historical Data Current and Future Operations Matching the above in projects and analyses throughout E&P
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Major World Astro-Geodetic Datum Names

European Pulkovo Tokyo Indian South America Cape Arc Australian
Pulkovo Tokyo Nanking Kweiyang South Asia Indian Indian HengYang Hanoi Yushan HongKong South Asia Kertau Kandawala Djakarta Timbalai Bukit Rimpah Luzon

North America

Over 100 Geodetic Datums (named CRS) worldwide!

Gandajika Base

Australian

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Geographic CRS Relationships

Geoid Green and Red Datums: (Regional) Geographic CRS
Note different ellipsoids have center in different place depending on where they are attached to the earth!

Need Coordinate Transformation between Geographic CRS Blue Datum: (Global) Geocentric CRS
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Coordinate Operations 3-ParameterTransformations

Ellipsoid

Ellipsoidal CS A (Blue Datum, Geocentric Datum) Ellipsoidal CS B (Green Datum, Geographic Datum)
Height hp

P
Geocenter

p
Equator Yp

Zp

P
X Z

Xp

e.g. NAD83 to NAD27 X = 8 meters Y = -160 Z = -176

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Coordinate Operations

Two Main types:

Coordinate Conversion the act of converting Geographic (Latitude and Longitude) coordinates into Projection (Easting and Northing) Coordinates or vice versa Coordinate Transformation the act of transforming either type of coordinates from one CRS into another CRS
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Changing Datums Coordinate Transformation Satellite Datum is always WGS 84 or equivalent (e.g. NAD83 in US or ETRF89 in Europe) In the field or office we are converting from Satellite Datum to Local Datum OR the Reverse

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Coordinate Transformations
What you do need to know? Transformation Parameters - Two most common types
3 Parameter, very commonly used 7 Parameter, not common, but you will see them get expert assistance with this NTv2 (NADCON in the USA)

Where do you get the transformation parameters ?

The EPSG Parameter Database From Geodesists, Surveyors Software packages - e.g. ArcGIS Demo later in the session
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Brazil Geodetic CRS

Brazil Geodetic CRS Geographic 2D Datum Name Aratu Ellipsoid International 1924 Usage Brazil S of 3 S coastal and offshore areas Northern South American Continent Latin America (Replaced Corrego Alegre) Worldwide Latin America Worldwide
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Geographic 2D

PSAD56

International 1924

Geocentric 2D

SAD69

GRS 1967 (Modified)

Geocentric Geocentric, Geographic 3D, 2D Geographic 3D

ITRF2005

GRS 80

Sirgas 2000 GRS 80 WGS 84

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WGS 84

Petrobras require Coordinates of Wells reported in SAD69

Brazil Coordinate Transformations (Espirito Santo)

Geodetic Coordinate Transformations
From Aratu Aratu Aratu Aratu Aratu PSAD56 SAD69 SAD69 To WGS 84 (1) WGS 84 (7) WGS 84 (12) WGS 84 (15) SIRGAS (3) WGS 84 (8) WGS 84 (1) WGS 84 (4) Usage Oil & Gas 10 m Espirito Santo (Mean three basins) Oil & Gas 7 m Espirito Santo (Exxon) Oil & Gas 5 m Espirito Santo Oil & Gas 5 m Espirito Santo (Petrobras Preferred) Oil & Gas 0.5 m Espirito Santo (Petrobras Preferred) Miltary Accuracy 10 m Amazon Cone Miltary Accuracy 19 m South America Miltary Accuracy 8 m Brazil Onshore & Offshore
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dX -158 -162.904 -161 -161.11 -161.11 -291.87 -57 -60 315

dY

dZ -148 -137.109 -145 -144.64 -144.64 -364.52 -41 -41

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312.531 310 310.25 310.25 106.37 1 -2

Brazil CRS & Exploration Areas

60 W

Datums: Aratu, PSAD56, SAD69, WGS84, ITRF2005, SIRGAS

40 W

20 S

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Mixing Datums: Brazil Example

Datum

Latitude
20 36 13.2757N 20 36 17.4283N

Longitude
38 56 56.3341W 38 56 50.1240W 38 56 51.2166W

Local to WGS84

Local to Local

Aratu SAD69

236.7 m 65.12 m

220.56 m

WGS84 20 36 19.2794N

Coordinates are of the SAME physical point

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Vertical Referencing I
Terrain

Deflection of the vertical

h
Ellipsoid
Normal to Ellipsoid

Surface on which horizontal computations are made

Normal to Geoid

Geoid
Equipotential surface which approximates to MSL in the absence of other forces

H = Elevation or Orthometric Height N = Geoidal Height h = Ellipsoidal Height hH+N

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Geoid

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Vertical Referencing II
Local Reference (0) - KB at 28.54 above GL & 1477.45 above MSL (Local Mment) Ground Level - GL at 94.34 above BM N & 1448.91 above MSL (Local Survey) BM Q at 1354.57 ft above MSL

(NGS)

Harbormasters Office
BM P at 16.28 ft above MSL

MSL/Geoid

Geoidal Height N Ellipsoid

From Tide Tables/NGS/GPS adjustment

MSL/Geoid

Notes: Offshore, use tide tables for nearest port or use co-tidal tables for rig KB If GPS used, recorded heights will be referenced to the ellipsoid surface, unless adjusted by measurement process (e.g.kinematic) Close Management and supervision of acquisition, reporting, processing and loading of well data is essential. Note in this regard the possible change in ground level, GL, due to well pad preparation
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Summary of Lat and Long

Given a Lat and Long You MUST Have Example

Datum and ellipsoid parameters NAD 27 Datum Semi Major Axis 6378206.4 Flattening 294.97869820

In most cases the Datum includes the name and definition of the ellipsoid its size, axes, axes order, orientation and units. This complete dataset is known as a Geographic Coordinate Reference System or CRS
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Summary
Geodetic Datum with associated Coordinate System (Ellipsoid) is required to be uniquely sure of the location Latitude and Longitude are not unique without the Datum name Usually Survey in WGS84 (GPS Satellite) Need Transformation parameters to convert to regional (local datum eg NAD27) Most countries have at least two and often three or four different datums EPSG database is excellent source. There are many less reliable sources free download for access at http://www.epsg.org/Geodetic.html or online access at http://epsgregistry.org/. You can also do transformations in ArcGIS see demo later on This can be complicated. If you are not trained, get expert help. It can save putting a $150 million well in the wrong place!!!!
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Projecting to a Map - Why not the Globe?

Ease of: Communication Computation Planning and presentation

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What is a Projection?

A Derivative of Datum, creating a twodimensional map Latitudes and Longitudes form a Graticule Eastings and Northings form a Grid Sometimes called X and Y But Easting is Y and Northing is X in about half of all projections (especially old CIS and South America)

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Hierarchy of Mapping
Ellipsoid

hp

stable

Unstable w/o CRS

p
Equator Yp

Zp

Xp

Projection (is derivative of the Datum) Easting, Northing, Elevation (above MSL)

Geodetic Datum is the Foundation X,Y,Z (or U,V,W) Cartesian and Lat Long, Ht

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Cartography Surfaces
Normal (Equatorial Plane) Transverse (Meridian Plane) Oblique (Other Plane)

Cylindrical

Conic

Planar (Azimuthal)

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Projection Types
Mercator (Cylindrical) Transverse Mercator (Cylindrical) Lambert (Conic) Oblique Mercator (Cylindrical) Oblique Stereographic (Planar) Albers Equal Area (Conic)

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Projection Parameters**
TM and UTM
Central Meridian Latitude of Origin Central Scale Factor False Easting False Northing Units

Lambert
Central Meridian Latitude of Origin *North Standard Parallel *South Standard Parallel False Easting False Northing Units

*Alternate definition allows for one standard parallel and central scale factor **Worldwide Projection Parameters in the EPSG Database
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TM Grid and Graticule

Equator

Central Meridian Meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude intersect at right angles and are complex curves except Central Meridian. The central meridian is straight, and others curve toward the respective pole.
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Lambert Grid and Graticule

Parallels project as circular arcs concave to the nearest pole. Meridians are straight lines converging towards the nearest pole. Meridians and Parallels are orthogonal.
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UTM Projection

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UTM Zone Example

UTM 6 Zones ev. odd 3 Zone # 1-60 fm 177 W thru Greenwich to 177 E. Units Meters. Origin CM FE 500,000 mE FN 0 mN or 10,000,000 mN at Equator CSF 0.9996

UTM Zone 15 96E

10,000,000 m N
6 S 12 S 18 S 24 S 30 S 36 S

93 E

42 N ~4,650,000 m N
36 N 30 N 24 N 18 N 12 N 6 N

Equator

0 mN

90E

5,350,000 mN 42 S 500000 mE
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Datums and Projections in Southern USA

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Multiple Options - Texas

Texas North State Plane Projection Options
USA NAD27 USA NAD83 USA NAD83 (HARN)
LAMBERT PARAMETERS

Latitude of Origin Central Meridian Standard Parallel 1 Standard Parallel 2 False Easting False Northing Units

34 101 34 36

00' N 30' W 39' N 11' N

34 101 34 36

00' N 30' W 39' N 11' N

34 101 34 36

00' N 30' W 39' N 11' N

2,000,000.00 0.00 US Survey Feet

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656,166.67 3,280,833.33 US Survey Feet

200,000.00 1,000,000.00 Meters

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Mercator Projection: Distortion

Lines on the ground and Lines on the map have different values to represent the same thing
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Convergence Correction - Sign

Grid North West of Central Meridian

Obs

Tgt

True North along Meridian West of Central Meridian Grid North East of Central Meridian

True North along Meridian East of Central Meridian

Tgt Obs

Equator

Central Meridian
By Inspection, Grid Azimuth of Tgt from Obs is: 1. greater than True azimuth when West of the Central Meridian in Northern Hemisphere 2. less than True azimuth when East of the Central Meridian in Northern Hemisphere 3. In the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite will be true
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Scale Factor & Convergence Zone Boundary

P3

Projection /Zone

Convergence at Point 3

Rotational Error at 10,000 ft offset 284 ft Correct Correct 636 ft

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Texas/Central Texas/North Central UTM/14N UTM/15N

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2.18 0.76 1.53 -1.65

Map Scale vs. Central Scale Factor

Central Scale Factor is a measurement of the distortion of distances between the real world or ellipsoidal distance and the projected world. e.g. 10 feet on the earths surface is represented on the UTM projection as 9.996 feet at the central meridian Map Scale of 1:10,000 is a ratio to that 10,000 feet on the ground is represented on the map as 1 foot.

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Practical Management of Coordinates Calculations

EXACTLY EQUIVALENT PROCESSES

MEASUREMENTS ON SPHERE OR ELLIPSOID

spherical or ellipsoidal computations

project to plane

plane computations

convert to plane coordinates

EASTINGS AND NORTHINGS

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North Orientation Relationships

6 Norths True North - Direction of the meridian through a point Gyro North - Differs from true north by the gyro correction Grid North - Differs from True North by the convergence Magnetic North - Differs from True North by Declination CAD/Engineering North (0 in East Direction) Local North related to a structure or vehicle

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Magnetic Declination is Time Dependent!

CADET Compass > ADd East > True

Brasil 32N, 105W on Jan 18, 2004 22.3 E changing by 7 E/year

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Units of Measure
Name
British Foot (Sears) US Survey Foot Modified American Foot Canadian Standard Foot Clarkes Foot British Foot (Benoit 1895 A) British Foot (Benoit 1895 B) British Foot (1865) Indian Foot Indian Foot (1937) Indian Foot (1962) Indian Foot (1975) Gold Coast Foot Fathom (6 International ft) International Nautical Mile Statute Mile US Survey Mile German Legal Meter *Chain (=100 Links=66 ft)

International Meter per Unit

0.304799472 0.304800610 0.304812253 0.304800000 0.304797265 0.304799733 0.304799735 0.304800833 0.304799510 0.304798410 0.304799600 0.304799500 0.304799710 1.8288 1852 1609.344 1609.347218694 1.000013597 Not known precisely

Units/International Meter
3.2808455783676685634153591972102 3.280833333 3.280708010 3.280839895 3.280869335 3.280842765 3.280842750 3.280830925 3.280845167 3.280857010 3.280844201 3.280845277 3.280843015 0.546806649 0.000539957 0.000621371 0.000621370 0.999986404 Not known precisely

1 chain is 22 yards and 10 Chains2 = 1 acre Still used in Public Land Survey System! NB Link can be a different fraction of a foot or meter in some geodetic and survey definitions
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Coordinate Transformation - NAD83 and NAD27 with UTM

E1,N1
UTM Projected CRS

Latitude1, Longitude1

X,Y,Z

WGS84 Datum Geographic 3D CRS GRS80 Geocentric CS

Apply dX, dY, dZ

U,V,W
Clarke 1866 Cartesian CS

Latitude2, Longitude2
NAD 27 Geographic 2D CRS

E2,N2
UTM Projected CRS

Latitude, Longitude Difference in GOM Latitude: ~106 ft Longitude: ~43 ft

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UTM Coordinate Difference in GOM Northing: ~655 ft Easting: ~45 ft

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Brazil UTM Projections

UTM Zone 23S, 24S (39 W) WGS 84, SIRGAS 2000, SAD69, Aratu, Corrego Alegre Parameter Latitude of Natural Origin Longitude of Natural Origin Value 0 39 W (24S) 45 W (23S) 0.9996 500,000 0 E, N Unit/Measure Degree Degree

Scale Factor at Natural Origin False Easting False Northing Order

Unity Meter Meter Meter

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Brazil CRS & Exploration Areas

Datums: Aratu, PSAD56, SAD69, WGS84, ITRF2005, SIRGAS Projections: UTM Zone 23S, 24S
48 W 42 W 40 W 60 W 36 W 0 20 S

UTM Zone 23 S

UTM Zone 24 S

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Mixing Projections: Brazil Example

Datum Latitude
20 36 13.2757N 20 36 17.4283N

Longitude
38 56 56.3341W 38 56 50.1240W 38 56 51.2166W

Local to WGS84

Local to Local

Aratu SAD69

236.7 m 65.12 m

220.56 m

WGS84 20 36 19.2794N
Datum Easting UTM 24S
505,316.4 meters 505,495.9 meters

Northing UTM 24S

2,278,317.4 meters 2,278,424.1 meters 2,278,473.1 meters

Local to WGS84

Local to Local

Aratu SAD69

214.7 m 58.4 m

208.8m

WGS84 505,464.2 meters

Coordinates are of the SAME physical point

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If you remember nothing else..

Latitudes and Longitudes are not unique unless qualified with datum name! Projection Coordinates are not unique unless qualified with Projection name, Zone and Datum! Heights are not unique unless qualified with Surface Reference (Vertical Datum)! Orientations are not unique unless qualified with Heading Reference! Units of Measure are not unique unless qualified with Unit Reference!

Complete METADATA is vital to our success!

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