02/25/2009

Angular Displacement

Axis of rotation is

Chapter 7 the center of the

disk

N eed a fixed
reference line
Rotational Motion
During time t, the
and reference line mov es
through angle θ
The Law of Gravity

Angular Displacement, cont. More About Radians

Every point on the object undergoes
Comparing degrees and radians
circular motion about the point O
360 °

Angles generally need to be measured 1 rad = = 57 .3°
2π
in radians
Converting from degrees to radians
s
θ= π
r θ [rad] = θ [degrees]
180°

s is the length of arc and r is the radius

Angular Displacement, cont. Angular Speed

The angular displacement is defined as
The av erage angular
the angle the object rotates through speed, ω , of a
during some time interval rotating rigid object
is the ratio of the

Every point on the disc undergoes the angular
same angular displacement in any given displacement to the
time interval time interv al
θ f − θi ∆θ
ω= =
t f − ti ∆t

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Angular Speed, cont. Angular Acceleration

The instantaneous angular speed is defined
as the limit of the av erage speed as the time

The average angular acceleration, α,
interv al approaches zero of an object is defined as the ratio of

U nits of angular speed are radians/sec the change in the angular speed to the

rad/s time it takes for the object to undergo

Speed w ill be positiv e if θ is increasing the change:
(counterclockw ise)

Speed w ill be negativ e if θ is decreasing ωf − ωi ∆ω
(clockw ise) α= =
tf − t i ∆t

More About Angular

Acceleration

Units of angular acceleration are rad/s²

When a rigid object rotates about a
fixed axis, every portion of the object
has the same angular speed and the
same angular acceleration
Problem Solving Hints

Similar to the techniques used in linear
motion problems

With constant angular acceleration, the techniques
are much like those with constant linear
acceleration

There are some differences to keep in mind

For rotational motion, define a rotational axis

The object keeps returning to its original

orientation, so you can find the number of
revolutions made by the body

Analogies Between Linear and Relationship Between Angular

Rotational Motion and Linear Quantities
Rotational Motion Linear Motion w ith
Displacements
E v ery point on the
About a F ixed Axis w ith C onstant Acceleration s = θr rotating object has
C onstant Acceleration
Speeds the same angular
motion
ω = ωi + αt v = ωr
v = v i + at
Accelerations

E v ery point on the
rotating object does
1
∆ θ = ωi t + αt 2
1
∆ x = v i t + at 2 a = αr not hav e the same
2 2 linear motion
ω2 = ω2i + 2α ∆θ v 2 = v 2i + 2a∆ x

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Centripetal Acceleration Centripetal Acceleration, cont.

An object traveling in a circle, even
C entripetal refers to
though it moves with a constant speed, “center--seeking”
“center
will have an acceleration
The direction of the
v elocity changes

The centripetal acceleration is due to

The acceleration is
the change in the direction of the
directed tow ard the
velocity center of the circle
of motion

Centripetal Acceleration and

Angular Velocity

The angular velocity and the linear
velocity are related (v = ωr)

The centripetal acceleration can also be
related to the angular velocity
a C = ω2r
Total Acceleration

The tangential component of the
acceleration is due to changing speed

The centripetal component of the
acceleration is due to changing
direction

Total acceleration can be found from
these components

a = a2t + a 2C

Vector Nature of Angular Forces Causing Centripetal

Quantities Acceleration

Assign a positive or
Newton’s Second Law says that the
negative direction in the
problem centripetal acceleration is accompanied

A more complete way is by a force
by using the right hand
F = maC
rule

Grasp the axis of rotation

F stands for any force that keeps an object
with your right hand follow ing a circular path

Wrap your fingers in the
Tension in a string
direction of rotation

Your thumb points in the

Gravity
direction of ω
Force of friction

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Problem Solving Strategy,

Problem Solving Strategy

Draw a free body diagram, showing and
labeling all the forces acting on the
object(s)

Choose a coordinate system that has
one axis perpendicular to the circular
path and the other axis tangent to the
circular path
cont.

Find the net force toward the center of
the circular path (this is the force that
causes the centripetal acceleration)

Solve as in Newton’s second law
problems

The directions w ill be radial and tangential

The acceleration w ill be the centripetal
acceleration

Applications of Forces Causing

Centripetal Acceleration Level Curves

Many specific situations willuse forces
F riction is the force
that cause centripetal acceleration that produces the
centripetal

Lev el curv es
acceleration

Banked curv es

C an find the

H orizontal circles frictional force, µ, v

V ertical circles
v = µ rg

Banked Curves Horizontal Circle

A component of the
The horizontal
normal force adds to component of the
the frictional force to tension causes the
allow higher speeds centripetal
acceleration
v2 aC = g tanθ
tanθ =
rg

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Forces in Accelerating
Vertical Circle Reference Frames

Look at the forces at
Distinguish real forces from fictitious
the top of the circle forces

The minimum speed

Centrifugal force is a fictitious force
at the top of the
circle can be found
Real forces always represent
interactions between objects
v top = gR

Newton’s Law of Universal

Gravitation Law of Gravitation, cont.

Every particle in the Universe attracts
G is the constant of
every other particle with a force that is univ ersal
directly proportional to the product of grav itational

G = 6.673 x 10-11 N
the masses and inversely proportional
m² /kg²
to the square of the distance between

This is an example
them.
of an inv erse square
mm law
F = G 12 2
r

Applications of Universal
Gravitation Constant Gravitation

Determined
M ass of the earth
experimentally
U se an example of

H enry C av endish an object close to

1798 the surface of the

The light beam and earth
mirror serv e to
r ~ RE
amplify the motion 2
gR E
ME =
G

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Applications of Universal Gravitational Potential

Gravitation Energy

Acceleration due to
PE = mgy is valid only
grav ity near the earth’s surface

For objects high above

g w ill v ary w ith
the earth’s surface, an
altitude alternate expression is
needed
ME ME m
g= G PE = − G
r2 r

Zero reference level is
infinitely far from the
earth

Escape Speed Kepler’s Laws

The escape speed is the speed needed
All planets move in elliptical orbits with
for an object to soar off into space and the Sun at one of the focal points.
not return

A line drawn from the Sun to any planet
2GM E
v esc = sweeps out equal areas in equal time
RE intervals.

For the earth, v esc is about
11.2 km/s
The square of the orbital period of any

Note, v is independent of the mass of planet is proportional to cube of the
the object average distance from the Sun to the
planet.

Kepler’s Laws, cont. Kepler’s First Law

Based on observations made by Brahe
All planets mov e in
elliptical orbits w ith

Newton later demonstrated that these
the Sun at one
laws were consequences of the focus.
gravitational force between any two
Any object bound to
objects together with Newton’s laws of another by an
motion inverse square law
will move in an
elliptical path

Second focus is
empty

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Kepler’s Second Law Kepler’s Third Law

A line draw n from
the Sun to any
planet w ill sw eep
out equal areas in
equal times

Area from A to B and
C to D are the same

The square of the orbital period of any
planet is proportional to cube of the
average distance from the Sun to the
planet.
T2 = Kr 3

F or orbit around the Sun, K S = 2.97x10-19 s2/m 3

K is independent of the mass of the planet

Kepler’s Third Law application

Mass of the Sun or
other celestial body
that has something
orbiting it

Assuming a circular
orbit is a good
approximation