Field report on

Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira

Submitted to
Dr. A. N. M. Fakhruddin Associate Professor

Submitted by
Md. Bodrud-doza (101401) Fahad Ahmed (101399) Mahmud Hassan (101398) Adib Khondoker Ratul (101393)

Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar university, Savar, Dhaka-1342

Acknowledgement
Department of Environmental Sciences of Jahangirnagar University arrange Field work program each year that aims at the development of the problem solving capability of the students. Like the other years, we, the third year students of session 2009-10 have completed a field trip. Besides theoretical education, we are lucky to have such opportunity to implement various environmental methods and techniques in to solve potential environmental degradation as well as beneficial effects. This helps us a lot to watch the nature more closely and deeply that increases our ability to solve various complex environmental phenomena easily and effectively. This year, we visited Shyamnagar Upazila and adjacent areas of Satkhira district that are famous for their characteristic Bengal Delta formation and recent alluvial sedimentation pattern. Besides, it is the most disaster prone area of Bangladesh and the great tropical mangrove Sundarbans is really close to the area. We are really excited and keen to unfold the mysteries of nature by exploring ourselves. We would like to pay our profound gratitude to our honorable teacher Dr. Shafi Mohammad Tareq for arranging such wonderful field work program. We would like to pay our profound gratitude to our honorable teacher Professor Dr. Syed Hafizur Rahman. We are extremely grateful to our honorable teacher Mashura Shammi. Without his parent-like care and all time supervision, it would have never been possible to complete such an excellent field work. We would like to express our best regards to Mirza A.T.M. Tanvir Rahman sir for his relentless hard work to make the field trip successful. His immense patience and excellent management skills support us to complete an exceptional and effective field investigation. In the last, but of course not the least, we want to give special thanks and also acknowledge the excellent support from Mr. Anil Babu and Mr. Harun. We are very much grateful to all of them for their precious information and important guidelines and their spontaneous inspiration and friendly discussion about various difficult topics. And, thanks to Mr. Ataur Rahman (office assistance) of the Department of Environment Sciences. We have no words known to say thanks to our lovely friends. We specially thank to the members of management committee, transportation committee and food committee for their hard work to make the field program successful.

Topic
1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Location of the study area 1.3 Routes of our study area 1.4 Aims and Objectives 1.5 Limitations 1.6 2. Ecology and Biodiversity 2.1 Ecosystem 2.2 Biodiversity 2.3 Shrimp farming a curse to Biodiversity 2.4 The Sundarbans 3. Health Hazards of the study area 4. Conclusion 5. References Methodology

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01-04 01 02 03 03 03 04 05-19 05-08 09-14 15 16-19 20 21 22

Figure No.
Fig-1 Fig-2 Fig-3 Fig-4 Fig-5 Fig-6

Figure Name
Map of the study area Satellite image of the study area Major floral species of the area Major faunal species of the area Shrimp farming area having very low vegetation Image of some flora and fauna of Sundarbans we had observed

Page No.
02 02 12 14 15 19

Chapter One

Introduction

Introduction 1.1 Background of the study Practical implementation of analyzed knowledge is very important for developing the problem solving ability of a student. Environmental Sciences, like all other branches of science, requires a proper practical knowledge and ability to implement analyzed knowledge environment to minimize possible adverse environmental degradation and maximizing potential benefits. If an environmental Scientist fails to have a good knowledge about problems and possibilities in implementing environmental knowledge in the natural environment, he/she will have to suffer a lot. By realizing this fact, the Department of Environmental Sciences of Jahangirnagar University runs a course on field work as an academic study course each year. As a student of B.Sc. third year, we the students of the session 2009-10, visited the southern part of Bangladesh as a part of our field work. In this trip, we visited Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district. We studied about the coastal environment, their possibilities and problems. We also tried to investigate the major resources and hazards of the area. Bangladesh is a small, densely populated country with a long coastal line of about 700km. These area is the habitat of a large number of population that are exposed to many natural as well as anthropogenic hazards that results in a serious damage of both life and property. We had experienced SIDR, AILA and many more potentially hazardous calamities in the area. Some quick and sensible decision regarding these disasters helped us to avoid a huge amount of potential loss. But we strongly believe that, a proper investigation of the natural processes and their relationship with these hazards will help greatly to minimize the possible loss. Besides, there are many social problems in the area which causes the fall in the standard of living. The number of people that use sanitary latrine is very rare in the area while the rate of literacy is extremely low. We also tried to investigate the social problems like these and find out the possible remedial measures for these problems. So, we can say that, this field trip lies on a strong ground of socioeconomic and scientific basis where the availability of information is very limited and the numbers of studies are extremely few. So, we are hopeful that this field investigation provides us with important data and information that will help us in taking decision on the proper management in the future time including the period of disaster.

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Introduction 1.2 Location of the study area Our study areas were: Shyamnagar Sadar Padma Pukur Gabura Munshiganj Sundarbans Area

Fig-1: Map of the Study area

Fig-2: Satellite image of the study area

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Introduction

1.3 Routes of Our Study Area

JU

Munshiganj

Surrounding area of Sundarban

Shyamnagar Upazila (Base camp)

Gabura Back to JU

Surrounding areas of Shyamnagar

Padma Pukur

1.4 Aims and Objectives The main concern of this field investigation is to observe the environmental condition, natural process, resource and anthropogenic influence of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district and adjacent areas and their impact on the surrounding ecosystem and environment as a whole. A very important objective of this trip is to identify the problems of the area and their possible mitigation process. Major objectives are To observe the environmental change in ecosystem. To observe the ecology and biodiversity of the study area. To observe the health hazards of the study area. To identify change in biodiversity due to human activity. 1.5 Limitations: Like all other activity, this study also exhibits some limitations in our investigation as well as decision making. Among them, these followings are significant The data sources of the study tour were basically based on secondary data sources. Within such short time, it was difficult to collect all the necessary information we need.
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Introduction Our budget is limited. So we had to make some choices about an appropriate data collection method and use of instruments. Confusion was a major limitation during questionnaire survey that made us suffer a lot. 1.6 Methodology Methodology is the way or manner by which the study is accomplished, which refers to the full outcome of the process at a glance. Methodology is always a compromise between options and choices and is frequently determined by the availability of relevant resource and time. It is very important in the sense that it gives one an idea about how the study has been conducted. A proper methodology is always necessary for any report, which helps to organize experiences, observations, examinations, analysis of data and information and their logical expression in a systematic process to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the report. Main methods which are applied during our field work: Questionnaire survey method Key Informant Interview (KII) Focus Group Discussions (FGD) Key information collection from major authority Visual observation Photography

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Chapter Two

Ecology and Biodiversity

Ecology and Biodiversity

2.1 Ecosystem
Organisms and environment are two non-separable factors. Organisms interact with each other and also with the physical conditions that are present in their habitats. "The organisms and the physical features of the habitat form an ecological complex or more briefly an ecosystem." Major types of ecosystems of the area: Mainly two types of ecosystems were found in the area. Aquatic ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem: Two types of aquatic ecosystems were observed. Fresh water ecosystem Saline water ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystem: We found two types of terrestrial ecosystem. Crop vegetation Social forest

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity

Union

Ecosystem
Terrestrial Ecosystem Social forest

Services
Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms Many fresh water fish species are cultivated Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp culture This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture

Crop Vegetation

Shyamnagar
Fresh water Ecosystem

Aquatic Ecosystem

Saline water Ecosystem

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem Social forest Padma Pukur Fresh water Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem Saline water Ecosystem Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth anddevelopment This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture Provide food for local people Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms Many fresh water fish

Social forest Gabura Fresh water Ecosystem

Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity species are cultivated Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp culture Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture

Aquatic Ecosystem

Saline water Ecosystem

Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem Social forest Munshiganj Fresh water Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem Saline water Ecosystem

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity

2.2 Biodiversity
FLORA Both Mangrove and non-mangrove vegetation are observed. Major plant species found in study areas are as follows:

Union

Major Types of Plants Local name Scientific name

Mango Date palm( Khejur) Sil Koroi Sofeda Sun flower Blackberry Mangifera indica Phoenix dactylifera Albizia lucida Eucalyptus spp. Helianthus annuus Syzygium cumini Artocarpus heterophyllus Bombax ceiba Samanea saman Anthrocephalus chinensis Swietenia mahagoni Zizyphys manuritiana Cocos nucifera Oryza sativa

Shyamnagar

Jackfruit Simul Raintry kory Kadam Mahagani Barai Coconut Paddy

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity

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Palm Palm Gewa Goran Keora Passur Dhundul Date palm( Khejur) Coconut Tamarind Tree (Tentul) Cactus Coconut Date palm( Khejur) Paddy Palm Gewa Goran Keora

Borassus fiabillifer Borassus fiabillifer E. agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala Xylocarpus mekongensis X. granatum Phoenix dactylifera Cocos nucifera Diploglottis cunninghamii Blossfeldia liliputiana Cocos nucifera Phoenix dactylifera Oryza sativa Borassus fiabillifer E. agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Gabura

Padma Pukur

Ecology and Biodiversity

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Brinjal Bean Raintry koroi Babla Nim Cactus Gewa Goran Date palm( Khejur) Keora

Solanum melongena Phaseolus vulgaris Samanea saman Alstonia nilotica Azadirachta indica Blossfeldia liliputiana E. agallocha Ceriops decandra Phoenix dactylifera Sonneratia apetala Xylocarpus mekongensis X. granatum Oryza sativa Borassus fiabillifer Swietenia mahagoni Phoenix dactylifera Zizyphys manuritiana Cocos nucifera Blossfeldia liliputiana Oryza sativa

Munshiganj

Passur Dhundul Paddy Palm Mahagani Date palm( Khejur) Barai Coconut Cactus Paddy

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity

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Fig-3: Major floral species of the area

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity FAUNA Among various household and wild animal species, these followings are significant:

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Union
Cow Hen Goat Ram Duck Squirrel Cat Snake Heron Grass carp Duck Squirrel Cat Snake Heron Crab Ram Duck Crab Snake Heron Goat Butterfly Swan Rat Monkey Silver carp Punti Kholshe Shrimp Deer

Major Types of Plants Local name Local name

Dog Crow Pegion Swan Snail Monkey Rat Nilotica Shrimp Kholshe Snail Swan Rat King fisher Mosquito Hen Goat Chiring Shrimp King fisher Mosquito Crow Dog Spider Grasshopper Cow Hen Goat Butterfly Bee Ram

Local name
King fisher Mosquito Salik Spider Crab Butterfly Fly Chow Silver carp Punti Crab Butterfly Nilotica Shrimp Butterfly Crow Pegion Butterfly Snail Cat Snake Ram Duck Chiring King fisher Duck Squirrel Cat Snake Duck King fisher

Shyamnagar

Padma Pukur

Gabura

Munshiganj

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity

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Fig-4: Major faunal species of the area

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity 2.3 Shrimp farming a curse to Biodiversity Actually, it is true that shrimp makes substantial contribution to the national economy by generating income, employment and by earning foreign exchange. Despite, positive gains there are some adverse effects of shrimp farming on the environment and society at large. Increase salinity of soils within polders leading to serious loss of soil fertility. Damage of traditional economic activities such as crop and animal husbandry. Decline of livestock population has resulted in manifold problems for agricultural production. Damage of household vegetation and social forestry. Damage to the mangrove forest and loss of biodiversity. Raising river beds in shrimp growing areas. Insufficient supply of vegetables and small fishes, local people have been suffering from imbalance diet. Destroyed spawning and nursery grounds. A reduction in fisheries habitats. An end to natural fish recruitment. Reduced natural fish food organisms like aquatic insects, mollusks and invertebrates.

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Fig-5: Shrimp farming area having very low vegetation

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity

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3.4 The Sundarbans

Location Mangroves (generally) are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. The word is used in at least three senses: 1. Most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal, for which the terms mangrove swamp and mangrove forest are used 2. To refer to all trees and large shrubs in the mangal 3. Narrowly, to refer to the mangrove family of plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more specifically just to mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora According to these facts the Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, which lies at the mouth of the Ganges and is spread across areas of Bangladesh (southern part) and West Bengal, India, forming the seaward fringe of the delta. The forest lies a little south to the Tropic of Cancer between the latitudes 2130N and 2230 'N, and longitudes 8900 and 8955E. Biodiversity of Sundarbans

Floral composition:
The mangroves of the Sundarbans are unique when compared to nondeltaic coastal mangrove forest. Unlike the later, the Rhizophoraceae are of only minor importance and the dominant species are Sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the Sundarbans takes its name, and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). The reason for this difference is the large freshwater influence in the north-eastern part and the elevated level of the ground surface. The Sundarbans can be classified as moist tropical serai forest, comprising a mosaic of beach forest and tidal forest (Champion, 1936). Of the later, they are four types: Low mangrove forests Tree mangrove forests Salt-water Heritiera forests Freshwater heritiera forests The vegetation is largely of mangrove type and encompasses a variety of plants including trees, shrubs, grasses, epiphytes, and lianas. Being mostly evergreen, they possess more or less similar physiological and structural adaptations. Prain (1903) gives an account of the flora of the mangrove forest of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta & Seidensticker and Hai (1983) report a total of 334 plant species, representing 245 genera,

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity present in the Bangladesh portion of the delta, and principal woody and herbaceous species. Of these Pteridophytes -17 Monocotyledons -87 Dicotyledons -rest Almost all mangrove plant species are evergreen, dwarf, shrubby or tall trees, and grow gregariously without leaving any space on the floor. Most trees have pneumatophores for aerial respiration. The prominent species is Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). In the Sundarbans the saltwater forest is situated in the south-western part where Gewa (E. agallocha), Goran (Ceriops decandra), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), Ora (S. caseolaris), Passur (Xylocarpus mekongensis), Dhundul (X. granatum), Bain (Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinales), Rhizophores, Banchandan, Hijal, Bhatkathi, Amur, Hudo, Shingra, Bhadal, Khalsha, Hingey, and Hantal (Phoenix pelludosa) dominate. The typical mangrove species dominate the central part of the forest. The moderate saltwater forest covers most of the southern parts of Khulna and Bagerhat districts where Sundari is the dominant species. There is a thick mat of the Nipa palm or 'Golpata' (Nipa fruticans) by the side of almost all the canals. Moderately freshwater zone results from the large amount of water, which flows down the Passur, Haringhata and Burisher, maintaining the surface water at a lower level of salinity. Table: Major floral species of sundarban General name Scientific name Sundari Heritiera fomes Gewa E agallocha Goran Ceriops decandra Golpata Nipa fruticans Keora Sonneratia apetala Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis Dhundul X. granatum Bain Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinales rhizophores Rizophoraceae Hantal Phoenix pelludosa Ora S. caseolaris

17

Faunal composition:
Sundarban mangrove forest is the single largest home of the Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris). The Sundarbans and the Royal Bengal Tiger are almost synonymous. But with the passing time the number of tigers in the Sundarbans is diminishing at an alarming rate. The number will be 450 but experts believe that it is more or less 200. According to
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Ecology and Biodiversity different sources, there are 375 species of wild animals in the Sundarbans. Of them, 10 are amphibians, 63 are reptiles, 261 are birds, and 41 are mammals and 175 fish species. Different governmental and non-governmental organizations, including the forest department, are claiming that there are 200 crocodiles, 80 thousand deer, 20 thousand boars, 40 thousand monkeys, 20 thousand otters, more than 50 thousand birds and snakes including pythons. Among 175 species of fish 53 of pelagic belong to 27 families, 124 of demersal belongs to 49 families, 24 shrimps of 5 families. Besides, 7 species of crab from 3 families, 2 of gastropods, 6 of pelecypod, 8 of locust lobster & 3 species of turtle. This forest harbors a good number of rare and globally threatened animals including Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodilus porosus), Fishing Cat (Felts viverrina), Common otter (Lutra littra), Water Monitor lizard (Varanus saJvatoi), Gangetic Dolphin (Platinista gangetica), Snubfin dolphin (Orcella brevirostris), River Terrapin (Batagur baska), marine turtles like Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Hawksbill Turtle (Eritmochelys imbricat). Six species of Shark and Ray, which are found here, are included in Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act. Other mammals comprise of Wild boars, spotted deer, Porcupines and Rhesus macaque. Among the reptiles, the King cobra, the common cobra, Banded krait, Russells Viper comprise the community of venomous reptiles, while the Python, Chequered Kil-Back, Dhaman , Green Whip Snake and several other species constitute the non-venomous snakes. The common bird species consists of Herons, Egrets, Cormorants, Storks, Green Pigeons, Sand Pipers, Large and Small Spoonbills, Darters, Seagulls, Teal, Partridges, great variety of Wild Geese and Ducks. Cetaceans like Snubfin and Gangetic Dolphin are frequently found in the estuarine rivers, the former being more abundant. The Black Finless Porpoise (Necmeris porosus) is also found in the rivers near the estuary. The marshes and river offer asylum to the Estuarine Crocodile, one of the most endangered and the largest of crocodiles. A wide variety and assortments of fish, molluscs, crabs and prawns inhabit the estuaries. The amphibious mud-skipper fish such as Periopthalmus sp. and Boleopthalmus sp. arouse considerable interest. Also found are Whale Shark, Tiger Shark, Hammer Headed Shark, Saw fish, Guitar fish and some common edible fish e.g., Hilsa ilt'sha, Setipinna breviceps, Setipinna taty, Gudusia chapra etc. Among the crustaceans, commonly found are the One Asmed Fiddler Crab (Uca spp) and the two species of trilobite (Tachypleus gigus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda). Insects abound in the forests amongst which the honey bee (Apis dorssta) is a source of considerable income for the poor people living in fringe areas.
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

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Ecology and Biodiversity

19

Tiger foot print

Fig-6: Image of some flora and fauna we had observed.

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Chapter Three

Health Hazards

Health Hazards Health Hazards of the study area: Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Typhoid Fever(Viral and Bacterial) Unavailability of safe drinking water Taking polluted water as drinking water Taking poorly filtered water as drinking water Lack of availability of vitamin Diseases derived from the lack of vitamin Malnutrition Weaken the digestive system Blood pressure Lowering the eye sight Lowering Immune system Lack of healthy muscle power Skin Diseases Teeth decay Looking over aged Hair loss Very few number of health care center Very poor services in health care center Very low availability of diagnostic center Skin diseases Inhalation problem Respiration problem CNS Damage Sunburn Gastrointestinal tract damage Dengue, Malaria cold/cough/fever

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Saline water related health problem

Drinking water related health problem

Nutritional problem

Health Hazards

Physiological problem

Lack of access in medication services

Harsh Atmosphere

Others

Table: Health problems found in the study area

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

Conclusion

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Conclusion
By considering literature review into account we can conclude that Pure and drinkable freshwater is very rare in the area. Due to an acute scarcity of drinking water, local people have no other way but to drink the water of some freshwater ponds. But drinking water from such sources is not safe and hygienic at all. By drinking such water, many waterborne diseases may result. We interviewed many local people who told us that they frequently suffer from gastrointestinal disorders and problems. In some parts of the study area we observed water supply for drinking and cooking purpose but this facility is not capable of providing safe drinking water for all those local peoples. Most of these water supply systems are funded and maintained by either an NGO or a volunteer organization. But if local government realizes the need of sufficient water supply system, it will definitely reduce the sufferings of the local villagers. Poverty is a serious social issue of the study area. More specifically after the impact of AILA, many people became homeless, jobless ad shelter less. Standing of this fact, it is easy to understand that the poor condition of law and order is nothing but the result of poverty in the area. If people have sufficient food and shelter, we strongly believe that the incident of crime will definitely reduce. In some parts of the area, coastal aquaculture practice is common and most farmers are moving towards shrimp and crab culture. But saline water is required for the cultivation of these aqua species. For this reason, aqua farmers created a large number of channels through the river. This practice is highly responsible for the gradual weakness of the dam that aims at the protection of the nearby road and locality from the devastation of flood and cyclone. Natural resource collectors should be trained well before they are permitted to collect nature resource to avoid further damage of biodiversity and natural resource of the Sundarbans.

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.

References

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Reference
Publications: Erach Bharucha, Textbook of Environmental Studies, Universities PressIndia. Md. Golam Mahabub Sarwar, Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh, Lund University Agrawala, S., Ota, T., Ahmed, A.U., Smoth, J., Aalst, M.V., 2003. Development and Climate Change in Bangladesh: Focus on Coastal Flooding and the Sundarbans, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Alam, M., 2003. Bangladesh Country Case Study, National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Workshop, 9-11 September 2003, Bhutan. Ali, A.M.S., 2005. Rice to shrimp: Land use/ land cover changes and soil degradation in Southwestern Bangladesh, Land Use Policy [Inpress] Brammer, H., Asaduzzaman M. & Sultana, P., 1993. Effects of Climate and Sea-level Changes on the Natural Resources of Bangladesh. Briefing Ducument No. 3, Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP), Dhaka. http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.bangladesh_sundarbans.htm Chowdhury K. Rezaul et al., Southeast Coastal Belt Study, COAST Trust, 1999. Integrated Coastal Zone Management of the Government of Bangladesh; Report on Coastal Livelihoods June 2003 Kausher A, Kay RC, Asaduzzaman M. and Paul S. Climate change and sea-level rise: the case of the Bangladesh coast. In The implications of climate change and sea-level change for Bangladesh (eds. R.A. Warrick and Q.K. Ahmed), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1996, (335-396 pp.). Web resources: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sundarbans http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/satkhira http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shyamnagar_upazila http://www.bdix.net/sdnbd_org/world_env_day/2004/bangladesh /climate_change_sealevel.htm http://www.m-hs.org/stiftung/upload/download/pdf/zockler_1.Pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Aila http://www.banglapedia.net/HT/S_0602.HTM http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=3
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.