Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800-1870

The Industrial Revolution Reaction and Revolution National Unication and the National State Culture: Romanization and Realism

The Industrial Revolution

Objectives: 1.Explain why coal and steam and replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and power 2. Describe the growth of cities as people moved from the country to work in factories

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and took several decades to spread to other Western nations. Several factors contributed to make Great Britain the starting place

First, agricultural practices in the eighteenth century had changed Second, with more abundant food supplies, the population grew Third, Britain had a ready supply of money, or *capital, to invest in the new industrial machines and the factories needed to house them *entrepreneurs

Contributing Factors

Fourth, natural resources were plentiful in Britain; many rivers provided water power Abundant supplies of coal and iron ore Finally, a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods

Changes in Cotton Production

In the eighteenth century, Great Britain had surged ahead in the production of inexpensive cotton goods Spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton. Then, weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms *cottage industry

technological advances in the eighteenth century made cottage industry inefcient ying shuttle James Hargreaves invented a spinning machine called the spinning jenny, which met the new speed water-powered looms appeared shortly after forcing factories to rest near rivers

Steam engine was improved in the 1760s by a Scottish engineer, James Watt Machinery could now be used to spin and weave cotton Because steam engines were red by coal, they did not need to be located near rivers 22 to 366 million pounds (1787 to 1840)

The Coal and Iron Industries The steam engine was crucial to Britains Industrial Revolution The success of the steam engine increased the need for coal and led to an expansion in coal productioniron industry Henry Cort*puddling 1852, 3 million tons a year

Railroads
In 1804, the rst steampowered locomotive ran on an industrial rail-line in Britain Locomotives were able to reach 50 miles per hour By 1850, more than 6,000 miles of railroad track crisscrossed much of that country Building railroads created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants

The New Factories

The factory created new labor system Early factory workers came from rural areas, where they were used to periods of hectic, followed by periods of inactivity Working regular hours and doing the same work over and over One early industrialist said that his aim was to make the men into machines that cannot err

The Spread of Industrialization By the midnineteenth century, Great Britain had become the worlds rst and richest industrial nation

Europe The Industrial Revolution spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds Governments provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads iron rails spread across Europe

North America
An Industrial Revolution also occurred in the new nation of the United States US was a large country in the 1800sA transportation system to move goods across the nation was vital *Robert Fulton built the rst paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont (1807)

Social Impact in Europe The Industrial Revolution drastically changed the social life of Europe and the world

Growth of Population and Cities

The key to this growth was a decline in death rates, wars, and diseases Increase in the food supply resulted in better fed individuals resistant to disease Cities and towns in Europe grew dramatically, directly related to industrialization

People moved from the country to the cities to nd work Over 50 percent of the British population lived in towns and cities by 1850 The rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living conditions for many of the inhabitants

The Industrial Middle Class With the Industrial Revolution came the rise of industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production The new industrial middle class was made up of the people who built the factories, bought the machines

The Industrial Working Class

Industrial working class Work hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, with a half-hour for lunch and dinner Cotton mills and coal mines bad air Factory Act of 1833Age 9 the minimum age for employment

Husband, wife, and children had always worked together in cottage industry The laws that limited the work hours of children and women thus gradually led to a new pattern of work Men were now expected to earn most of the family incomes by working outside the home

Early Socialism
Created by the Industrial Revolution gave rise to a movement known as *socialismequality for all people through cooperation in industry Karl Marx and Utopian socialists Robert Owen

Objectives: 1.Explain why coal and steam and replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and power 2. Describe the growth of cities as people moved from the country to work in factories

Reaction and Revolution

Objectives: 1.Summarize how the great powers worked to maintain a conservative order throughout Europe 2. Characterize the forces of liberalism and nationalism and their continued growth, which led to the revolutions of 1848

The Congress of Vienna

After the defeat of Napoleon, European rulers moved to restore the old orderGreat Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia *Congress of Vienna, lead by *Klemens von Metternich to create a peace settlement The royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe

Practical considerations of power were addressed at the Congress of Vienna a balance of power Russia gained no new territories but were given to Prussia and Austria

The Conservative Order

These rulers, like Metternich, believed in the political philosophy known as *conservatismtradition and social stability Obedience to political authority, organized religion, and regular conferences to maintain peace*Concert of Europe

*Principle of Intervention Britain refused to accept the principle, arguing that the great powers should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states

Forces of Change Liberalism

*Liberalismpolitical philosophy based on Enlightenment principles and held that people should be free from government restraint Protection of civil liberties (basic rights) Freedoms should be granted by a written document Separation of Church and State

Many liberals favored government ruled by a constitution constitutional monarchy, but rejected democracy Men of property should only voteeducation, not rude mob Voting was tied to the middle-class man

Nationalism
Nationalism was an even more powerful force for change in the nineteenth century than was liberalism common institutions, traditions, language, and customs For nationalists, people owe their chief political loyalty to the nation rather than to a dynasty, city-state, or other political unit

Each nationality should have its own government Germans wanted national unity in a German nationstate with one central government Nationalism was a threat to the existing political order Conservatives feared such change and thus tried hard to repress nationalism

Revolutionary Outbursts
Liberalism and Nationalism began to break through the conservative domination of Europe 1830, liberals overthrew the Bourbon monarch and established a constitutional monarchy through the new monarch, LouisPhilippe Belgium rebelled successfully as well; Poland and Italy were less successful

The Revolutions of 1848 Another French Revolution

Severe economic problems beginning in 1846 brought untold hardship in France to the lower middle class, workers, and peasants The monarchy was nally overthrown in 1848 The republicans were people who wished France to be republic government in which leaders are elected

Election was to be by *universal male suffrage that is, all adult men could vote National workshop, work relief, and a bitter revolt New constitution set up a republic called the Second Republic and granted universal male suffrage presidency was established, *Louis-Napoleon

Trouble in the German States

1848 revolutions and the desire for nationalism spread 38 independent German states (*German Confederation) wanted to unify Promises were made constitutions, free press, and jury trials All-German parliament (Frankfurt Assembly); largely the German unication failed

Revolutions in Central Europe

The Austrian Empire was a multinational statedifferent languages, cultures, etc. All sought to forge their own nations The Hungarians took the capital of Vienna and forced the creation of a liberal constitution Other rebellions failed, however

Revolts in the Italian States

Revolts broke out in Italy as well, particularly Lombardy and Venetia Other Italian States quickly followed The Austrian Empire quelled these revolts through force, ending rebellion in Italy

Objectives: 1.Summarize how the great powers worked to maintain a conservative order throughout Europe 2. Characterize the forces of liberalism and nationalism and their continued growth, which led to the revolutions of 1848

National Unification and the National State

Objectives: 1.Report how the rise of nationalism contributed to the unication of Italy and Germany 2. Explain that while nationalism had great appeal, not all peoples achieved the goal of establishing their own national states

Breakdown of the Concert of Europe

The revolutions of 1848 had failed. By 1871, both Germany and Italy would be unied. The Crimean War set this in motion The Ottoman Empire had long controlled much of the territory in the Balkans in southeastern Europe The Ottoman Empire was in declineweakening its authority over its territories in the Balkans

Russia sought these lucrative lands, primarily the Dardanelles and become the major power in eastern Europe Russians invaded the Turkish Balkan; Ottoman Turks declared war; Britain and France declared war on Russia The *Crimean Wardestroying the Concert of Europe Russia was defeated and retreated away from European affairs for 20 years

Italian Unication
In 1850, Austria was still the dominant power on the Italian Peninsula Due to instability, the Italian regions arose in revolt. Due to weakened instability of the Austrian Empire, *Guiseppe Garibaldi successfully led a rebellion which ultimately unied Italy

German Unication
Germans looked to Prussia for leadership in the cause of German unicationa strong, Military centered, authoritarian state. *Otto von Bismarckprime minister realpolitikpolitics of reality; practical matters rather than on theory or ethics

A powerful leader, He collected taxes and strengthened the army Bismarck agitated a war with the Austrians The Austrians were no match for the well-disciplined Prussian army Prussia organized the northern German states into a confederation; southern states joined for protection against France

Prussia and France clashed over who would take the Spanish throne *Franco Prussian War The French proved to be no match for the better led and better organized Prussian forces Provinces of *Alsace and *Lorraine passed to the new German state William I of Prussia was proclaimed *kaiser of the Second German Empire

Nationalism and Reform in Europe

Great Britain
In 1815, Great Britain was governed by aristocratic landowning classes, which dominated both houses of Parliament A bill was passed which expanded voting to the male industrial middle class Continued economic growth and Britain avoided the revolutions of 1848

France

Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III), after being elected as president, asked for the restoration of the empire Through *plebiscite, or popular vote, 97 percent conrmed, establishing an authoritarian state

Succeeded in domestic social issuessubsidies encouraged the construction of railroads, harbors, roads, and canals Napoleon III began to liberalize his regime After the French were defeated in the FrancoPrussian War in 1870, the Second Empire fell

The Austrian Empire After the Hapsburg rulers crushed the revolutions of 1848-49, they restored a centralized, autocratic government to the empire Compromise of 1867 created the dual monarchy of AustriaHungary Hungarians had become, at least domestically, an independent state but was jointly ruled internationally

Russia

The Russian czar was still regarded as a divine-right monarch with unlimited power Russia was falling hopelessly behind the western European powers *Czar Alexander II made serious reforms, including the *emancipation of serfs Arable land was sparse, creating class conictreforms wanted more than at quicker paceresulting in the assassination of the czar and government repression

Objectives: 1.Report how the rise of nationalism contributed to the unication of Italy and Germany 2. Explain that while nationalism had great appeal, not all peoples achieved the goal of establishing their own national states

Culture: Romanticism and Realism

Objectives: 1.Describe how romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment at the end of the eighteenth century 2. Characterize the Industrial Revolution, which created a new interest in science and helped produce the realist movement

Romanticism
At the end of the eighteenth century, a new intellectual movement, known as *romanticism, emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment They emphasized feelings, emotions, and imagination as a source of knowing Tends: individualism, uniqueness of each person

Other trends: interest in the past, medieval architecture, and nationalism The exotic and unfamiliar also attracted many romantics; Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Edgar Allen Poe The greatest interest was in nature, in general a reaction to the dry, mathematical approach of the enlightenment

Music shifted toward melody and emotion rather than in mathematic, complex works *Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Schubert

A New Age of Science

Scientic Revolution had inuenced the educated elite With the Industrial Revolution came a heightened interest in scientic research, making a greater impact on people *Louis Pasteur and Germ Theory

Dmitry Mendeleyev and the classication of the material elements by atomic weight Michael Faradayprimitive generator and electric current Science and technology led Europeans to have a growing faith in science *Secularizationindifference or rejection of religion or religious consideration

*Charles Darwin and On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection *Organic evolution, adaptable to the environment *natural selection and survival of the ttest The Descent of Manan animal organism which evolved much like other creatures Ethical and religious questions arose surrounding this new theory

Realism
The belief that the world should be viewed realisticallya reaction to the new sciences *Realism, as a movement in art and culture, emphasized reality not emotions Ordinary characters from actual life rather than heroes in exotic settings *Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist

Gustave Courbet Paintings which depicted everyday life: factory workers, peasants, and wives of saloon keepers I have never seen either angels or goddesses, so I am not interested in painting them The Stone Breakers