Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity The Emergence of Mass Society The National State and Democracy Toward the Modern Consciousness
Objectives: 1.Describe how new sources of energy and consumer products transformed the standard of living for all social classes in many European countries 2. Summarize how working-class leaders used Marxs ideas to form socialist parties
New Products
Between 1870 and 1914, substitution of steel for iron building of lighter, smaller, and faster machines and engines By 1913, the total was an astounding 32 million tons Electricity was a major new form of energy that proved to be of great value, providing heat, light, and motion 1870s, the rst practical generators of electrical current were developed
Electricity gave birth to new inventions *Thomas Edisonlight bulb *Alexander Graham Bell telephone in 1876 *Guglielmo Marconirst radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901 By the 1880s, streetcars, subways, conveyor belts, cranes, 24 hour running factories
Internal-combustion engine, red by oil and gasoline, provided a new source of power 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wrightthe rst ight in a xedwing plane in North Carolina
New Patterns
Rapid pace because of greatly increased sales of manufactured goods Wages for workers increased after 1870 In the cities, department stores emerged
By 1900, Europe was divided into two economic zones: Great Britain, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, western AustroHungarian Empire, northern Italy = industrialized core Agricultural zonelittle industrialization = AustriaHungary, Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, and Russia these countries provided food and raw material for the others
Marxs Theory
1848The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels They sought the creation of a new social order history of class struggles The oppressors (*bourgeoisie) those who owned the means of production The oppressed (*proletariat) those exploited by the production owners
After victory, the proletariat would form a *dictatorship to organize the means of production Marx believed that the nal revolution would ultimately produce a classless societyThe state would wither away
Socialist Parties
Working-class leaders formed socialist parties based on Marxs ideasGerman Social Democratic Party Socialist parties also emerged in other European states Marxist parties were divided over their goalsPure Marxists and *revisionists (rejected the revolutionary approach)
Trade Unions
Trade unions emerged and won the right to strike in the 1870s By 1900, there were two million workers in British trade unions But 1914, however, they had made considerable progress in bettering both the living and the working conditions of the working classes
Objectives: 1.Describe how new sources of energy and consumer products transformed the standard of living for all social classes in many European countries 2. Summarize how working-class leaders used Marxs ideas to form socialist parties
Objectives: 1.Characterize the varied middle class in Victorian Britain and their belief in the principles of hard work and good conduct 2. Discuss how the new opportunities for women and the working class improved their lives
In the early 19th century, living conditions were lthy From the 1830s and 1840s, Cholera ravaged Europe Reformers sought the improvement of city life boards of health, building regulations, running water, internal drainage systems, expelling sewage through pipe systems
The Second Industrial Revolution produced a new group of white-collar workers between the lower middle class and the lower classesbookkeepers, telephone operators, department store salespeople, and secretaries Middle-class morality hard work, regular churchgoers, right way of doing things The Habits of Good Society
Working classes80 percent of the European population, landholding peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers Urban working classskilled artisans and semi-skilled laborers, day laborers, domestic servants Reforms in 1870 created better living conditions in citiesa rise in wages, decline in many consumer costs, 10-hour workdays and Saturday afternoons off
Higher paying jobs emerged in heavy industry which led to higher standards of living These higher paying jobs allowed men to work and women to stay at home
Modern *feminism emerged movement for womens rights inspired by the ideas of the enlightenment and natural rights The ght for property rights and the right to vote was only the beginning of the movementequal treatment *Amalie Sieveking (Germany), *Florence Nightingale (British), and *Clara Barton (U.S. Civil War)nursing
Many feminists believed that the right to vote was the key to improving the overall position of women The Womens Social and Political Union founded in 1903 by *Emmeline Pankhurstbattled for the right of suffrage
Universal Education
Education in the early nineteenth century was primarily for the elite and the wealthier middle class state-nanced primary schools emergeda consequence of states needing better trained and skilled labor force which ultimately led to more people with the right to vote Education led to patriotism and a greater faith in nationalism
The most immediate result of public education was an increase in *literacy most could read by 1900 which led to the rise of mass newspapers Millions of copies sold each day and told stories in gruesome details sensationalism for the masses
Second Industrial Revolution allowed people to pursue new forms of leisure The industrial system gave people new times of rest evening hours, weekends, and a few weeks in the summer Amusement parks, team sports and athletic games, dance halls Earlier festivals based on community participation shifted to standardized big-businesses
Objectives: 1.Characterize the varied middle class in Victorian Britain and their belief in the principles of hard work and good conduct 2. Discuss how the new opportunities for women and the working class improved their lives
Objectives: 1. Discuss how new political parties and labor unions challenged the governments of western Europe 2. Explain how international rivalries led to conicts in the Balkans and World War I
Western Europe and Political Democracy The late nineteenth century established constitutions, parliaments, and individual liberties As more and more men could vote, political parties became increasingly important
Great Britain
Liberal party and Conservative party Both parties were led by a ruling class composed of aristocratic landowners and upper-middleclass businesspeople Reform acts increased the number of adult males political democracy was well established in Britainthe working class supported the Liberal Party
France The Third Republic gained a republican constitution the legislature made up of two houses The principle of *ministerial responsibilitythe idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative bodycrucial for democracy France ultimately failed to develop a strong parliamentary system
Italy Emerged by 1870 as a united national state However, a great gulf separated the poverty-stricken south from the industrialized north
Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order Germany, AustriaHungary, and Russia pursued policies that were quite different from those of some western European nations
Germany
*Otto von Bismarck created a new constitution for the new imperial Germany with two-house legislature Bismarck worked to keep Germany from becoming a democracy The reign of emperor William II (1888 to 1918) Germany had become the strongest military and industrial power in Europe
Austria-Hungary
*Francis Joseph largely ignored parliamentary system and often issued decrees and laws Unlike Austria, Hungary had a parliament that worked
Russia
Industrialization began late in Russia but progressed rapidly after 1890 With Industrialization came factories, an industrial working class, and pitiful working and living conditionswith these, Socialist parties developed This led to the Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday
International Rivalries
Bismarck made a defensive alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879. In 1882, italy joined this alliance Bismarck tried to keep things peaceful with Britain and maintained a treaty with Russia In 1890, Emperor William II red Bismarckhe sought an activist policy dedicated to enhancing German power He dropped the treaty with Russia
France and Russia formed a military alliance German policies abroad caused the British to draw closer to France by 1907, an alliance of Great Britain, France,a and Russia*the Triple Entente formed opposed to the *Triple Alliance of Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
Objectives: 1. Discuss how new political parties and labor unions challenged the governments of western Europe 2. Explain how international rivalries led to conicts in the Balkans and World War I
Objectives: 1. Describe how innovative artistic movements during the late 1800s and early 1900s rejected traditional styles 2. Explain how extreme nationalism and racism led to an increase in anti-Semitism 3. Summarize how developments in science changed how people saw themselves and their world
A New Physics
Science was one of the chief pillars supporting the optimistic view of the world Many applied known scientic laws to understand the physical world and reality largely inspired by Isaac Newtons mechanical universe Time, Space and matter were objective realities which existed separately from people
New views and discoveries emerged *Marie Curie discovered that an element called radium gave off energy, or radiation, that apparently came from within the atom itself
*Albert Einstein, Germanborn scientist working in Switzerland, provided a new view of the universe In 1905, Einstein published his special theory of relativity, arguing that space and time are not absolute but are relative He concluded that matter is nothing but another form of energy
*psychoanalysis, a method by which a therapist and patient could probe deeply into the patients memory to discover and/or resolve past experiences or problems that drive their unconscious mind and therefore actions
The German Houston Stewart Chamberlain believed that modern day Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans, who were portrayed as the original creators of Western Culture Historical corruption or mistake? The danger of misunderstanding the past
Culture of Modernity
Writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles leading to *modernism
Literature
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a group of writers known as the *symbolists cause a literary revolution Poetry inuenced by the ideas of Freud The external world was only a collection of symbols that reected the true realitythe individuals mind
Painting
By the late nineteenth century, artists were seeking new forms of expression to reect their changing views of the world *Impressionism and Claude Monet *Postimpressionism and Vincent van Gogh *Pablo Picasso and cubism
Objectives: 1. Describe how innovative artistic movements during the late 1800s and early 1900s rejected traditional styles 2. Explain how extreme nationalism and racism led to an increase in anti-Semitism 3. Summarize how developments in science changed how people saw themselves and their world