Chapter One Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
1.1 Motivation
In the future, next generation of mobile communication systems (3G) will require fast and reliable data transfer to support multimedia services, video conferencing and many more applications. 3G systems will operate at 2GHz region thus able to provide up to 2Mbps. Beyond this, future generations of wireless system (4G) will provide even higher data rates, flexibility and able to support a wider range of applications [1]. CDMA is a multiple access technique that allows multiple users to transmit independent information within the same bandwidth simultaneously. Each user is assigned a pseudo-random code that is either orthogonal to the codes of all the other users or the code possesses appropriate cross-correlation properties that minimize the multiple access interference (MAI) [2]. One of the drawbacks of CDMA is the complexity of the receiver that needs to be designed. In addition, CDMA suffers from near-far effect and selfjamming problem that result from poor synchronization [3]. OFDM, a technique robust to frequency selective fading was then proposed. OFDM works by splitting the bandwidth into different sub-carriers and orthogonal to each other. Since the spectrum of each carrier has a null at center frequency, this will result in no interference between carriers and overcomes the problem of overhead. OFDM has limited bandwidth, which

Chapter One Introduction

results in low symbol rate, contributing to high tolerance to multipath delay spread since delay spread must be long to cause significant ISI [4]. Some of the problems associated with OFDM are that it requires RF power amplifiers with high peak to average power ratio and it is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset than single carrier systems. This is due to the DFT leakage [3]. A hybrid combination of both systems, CDMA and multi carrier scheme mainly OFDM was proposed in hopes to solve many problems. Some of the few techniques proposed are Multicarrier-CDMA (MC-CDMA), Multitone CDMA (MT-CDMA) and multicarrier DS-CDMA [5].

1.2 Concept of Multicarrier CDMA

MC-CDMA works by spreading the codes in the frequency domain. Users are identified differently by modulation codes in frequency domain. By using this approach, the design of the transmitter and receiver of a MC-CDMA system will reduce even more. For the receiver, in most cases a Rake receiver is made to exploit the path diversity and efficiently recombine the signal. This will produce a better performance in the expense of receiver complexity. However, in MC-CDMA system, no Rake receiver is needed thus will reduce complexity and same provide comparable performance [6]. The transmitter design of MC-CDMA is shown in Fig.(1-1) [5].

Chapter One Introduction

C1j
C1j C2j C3j

Cos ( 2f 1t )

C2j S/P CGMCj

Cos ( 2f2 t )

frequency

CGMCj

aj

Data stream

. . .

Cos ( 2fGMCt )

SjMC

Time

Nc = Gmc
Time

Fig.(1-1) MC-CDMA scheme: transmitter The transmitter design is simple and the whole transmitter steps can be simplified as below : 1-Data stream is mapped onto constellation using PSK/QAM. 2-The output is copied into N parallel streams. 3- Each stream is multiplied by a spreading code. 4- Modulate each stream into subcarrier which is then summed and transmitted [3].

Chapter One Introduction

For the MC-CDMA receiver, the design can be seen in Fig.(1-2) [5].

Cos ( 2f 1t )

C1j
LPF

Cos ( 2f 2t ) Received signal Cos ( 2fGMCt )

C 2j
LPF

CGMCj
LPF

Fig.(1-2) MC-CDMA scheme: receiver In large number of users, the MC-CDMA receiver design is much simpler to implement compared to other schemes like DS-CDMA [6]. For the received signal, in order to recover the information bits, the signal must be separated into its original subcarrier. This is done by using a serial/parallel converter. Once made, the bits are multiplied with the spreading code of the intended user. The following steps can easily be deduced for the receiver design of MC-CDMA [3]: 1-Complex value of the envelop signal is copied N times. 2-The copy is multiplied by the complex conjugate of the set of subcarrier and individual chips of the spreading code. 3- The output is summed 4- Data is recovered by integrating over a symbol period. The design receiver technique can further be enhanced by mitigating the effect of fading using other combining schemes such as Minimum Mean Square

Chapter One Introduction

Error Combining (MMSEC), Maximum Ratio Combing (MRC), Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and many more [5].

1.3 Application and Advantages of MC-CDMA

By making a hybrid combination of OFDM and CDMA, MC-CDMA achieved the advantages of both systems; the main advantages of MC-CDMA are shown below 1- Since the user data modulates all the sub-carriers to achieve frequency diversity like in CDMA. 2- The modulation/demodulation of the sub-carriers can be achieved using the computationally efficient IFFT/FFT operations respectively. 3- The time resolution of the transmitted signal remains Tb unlike in CDMA where the time resolution becomes Tc (Tb/N) after spreading. Thus MC-CDMA is less sensitive to Inter-symbol Interference compared to CDMA. 4- At the receiver, there is no need for implementing equalization techniques like Rake receiver since the Inter-symbol Interference is overcome by having a guard time between the symbols. [7]. Besides that, MC-CDMA is much robust to frequency selective fading. This is because the symbol period is larger than the delay spread resulting in no Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). Thus, no equalizer is really required. As explained, the MC-CDMA system has a much simpler transmitter and receiver design with the addition and usage of FFT and IFFT [3]. MC-CDMA has a wide variety of applications, such as; it is capable of providing bit rates up to 100 Mbps and is of course being a leading candidate for 4G systems. In addition, MC-CDMA is able to compete with other schemes such as MC-DS-CDMA, and MT-CDMA [8].

Chapter One Introduction

1.4 History of Works

In 1993, N. Yee, J-P. Linnartz and G. Fettweis, presented a digital modulation technique called "MC-CDMA" in Rayleigh fading channel.Two types of diversity combining technique are considered, MRC and EGC [9]. In 1994, N.Yee1 and J-P. Linnartz, designed and analyzed a MultiCarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA). With MC-CDMA, each data symbol was transmitted at multiple subcarriers with each subcarrier modulated by 1 or -1 based on a spreading code. Analytical results were presented on the performance of this modulation/multiple access scheme in the downlink of an indoor wireless Rician fading channel. The performance of a controlled equalization technique that attempted to restore the orthogonality between users was evaluated [10]. In 1996, E. sourour and M. Nakagawa: designed a new MC-DS-CDMA system that utilizes a small number of carriers to solve both the ISI and ICI problems. The initial data stream was serial to parallel converted to a number of lower rate streams. Each stream fed a number of parallel streams with the same rate .On each of the later streams,bits were interleaved and spread by PN code with suitable chip rate. Then, these streams modulate orthogonal carriers with a successively overlapping band width [11]. In 1996,S. Nahm, and W. Sung: studied the time domain equalization techniques, and interpreted the MC-CDMA as DS-CDMA had a special code sequence. It was possible to detect signal in time domain using correlator [12]. In 1997, S. Hara, R. Prasad: reviewed the three types of Multicarrier CDMA schemes (MC-CDMA), MC-DS-CDMA), MT-CDMA), and discussed their advantages and disadvantages in terms of the transmitter and receiver
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Chapter One Introduction

structures, the spectral efficiency and the downlink bit error rate (BER) performance in a frequency selective slow Rayleigh fading channel [5]. In 1998, E. Lemois, F. Buda: addressed a new SS technique, referred to as Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum (MC-SS). An original MC-SS scheme was proposed using poly phase filtering. As for techniqual communications, dramatic performance improvements were achieved, especially for partial-band jammers. Moreover, classical problems of synchronization encountered in Multi-Carrier Modulation systems (MCM) were resolved by the proposed waveform. This provides an extremely good safety level [13]. In 1999, B-M. Popovic: analyzed of the basic criteria for the selection of spreading sequences for the multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) systems with spectrum spreading in the frequency domain. It was shown that the time-domain cross correlation function between the spreading sequences was not a proper interference measure for the asynchronous MC-CDMA users. Therefore, the spectral correlation function was introduced and, together with the crest factor and the dynamic range of the corresponding multicarrier waveforms, was used for the evaluation of MC-CDMA sequences. Some well-known classes of sequences, such as Walsh, Gold, Orthogonal Gold, and ZadoffChu sequences, as well as Legandre and Golay complementary sequences, were evaluated with respect to the basic criteria. It is also shown that the crest factors of the multicarrier spread spectrum waveforms based on the multilevel Huffman sequences were very close to or even lower than the crest factor of a single sine wave [14]. In 1999, D. Guo, L-K. Rasmussen, and T- J. Lim: proposed a weighted linear parallel interference cancellation structure for multiuser detection in long-

Chapter One Introduction

code CDMA .Using a set of fixed weights found by averaging over the ensemble of (random) long codes [15]. In 2000, G-B. Giannakis,P-A. Angheland, Z.Wang: developed GMCCDMA system for wireless MUI/ISI resilient transmission over frequency selective channel. The GMC-CDMA encompasses DS-CDMA and several multicarrier CDMA systems, which allow as implementing a various multicarrier CDMA modulation digitally as special case [16]. In 2001, C. Ibars and Y-B. Ness: analyzed coded Multiuser OFDM (MOFDM) system and coded Multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) system with multiuser detection in frequency selective fading channel [17]. In 2001, T. Balog ,F. Balazs,S. Imr, and L. Pap: extended a hybrid OFDM-CDMA modulation technique was proposed, and used principally in mobile communication. It supported the advantages of both of the OFDM and the CDMA systems. The detailed specification was set down. The examination was partitioned into two divisions that were the transmitter and the receiver. The channel which had been used by the simulation was set to linear timevarying filter channel. The performance of this system had been tested by extensive simulations and compared with the OFDM and the CDMA. In very noisy multipath channel the proposed hybrid scheme worked efficiently and gave good Bit Error Rate values [18]. In 2002 T. Fujii and M. Nakagawa: proposed novel peak power reduction technique for MC-CDMA using code selection at the transmitter. In the proposed system, the transmitter selects the code shift pattern from plural preassigned code shift patterns in each user cluster to minimize the output peak power of down link signals. The proposed technique can achieve the blind code
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Chapter One Introduction

detection of transmitting codes at the receiver. However, the detection performance degrades if the number of users increases. So in this paper, a code detection error recovery technique is also considered [19]. In 2002, S.Zhou, G-B. Giannakis,and A. Swami: compared MC-SS with direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) under different scenarios: AWGN channel with narrow/partial band interference (NBI/PBI), and frequencyselective multipaths with or without (NBI/PBI) [20]. In 2003, Z. Liu, and G-B. Giannakis: introduced a linear constellation precoded OFDM for wireless transmissions over frequency-selective fading channels. The correlation structure of sub channels was exploited, and the system parameters were chosen properly, first an optimal subcarrier grouping was performed to divide the set of sub channels into subsets. Within each subset, a linear constellation-specific precoder was then designed to maximize both diversity and coding gains. While the decoding complexity was greatly reduced, and the precoder design was simplifyed, the subcarrier grouping enabled the maximum possible diversity and coding gains [21].

1.5 Aim of Work

The aim of work is to:

Study the classification of CDMA system which are Ds-CDMA, Study and apply different diversity reception methods which are Study wireless channel characteristics and models. Study the multicarrier modulation such as OFDM and MC-CDMA.

FH-CDMA, TH-CDMA, and Hybrid CDMA.

employed in communication receivers.

Chapter One Introduction

Analyze and study a new type of MC-CDMA with subcarriers

grouping called Group-Orthogonal MC-CDMA (GO-MC-CDMA) in frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel.

Study and apply different types of data detection techniques to GO-

MC-CDMA where space diversity is employed on two paths Rayleigh fading channel.

1.6 Thesis Outline

This thesis is arranged in five chapters. Chapter one contains an introduction to the subject. Chapter two gives a description of the multiple access techniques that lead to understand the classification of CDMA system. Also contains the characteristics of wireless channel and diversity combining techniques. Chapter three gives the introduction to the OFDM and combination it with multiple access techniques also discuss the types of multicarrier CDMA, and study different type of data detection techniques. Chapter four presents the simulation results obtained. Finally, chapter five summarizes the conclusions with the suggestion for future works.

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