PJCE/JJR/EM-1

PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Paarvathipuram, Nagercoil-629 003.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EE1203 -ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY-I TUTORING PAMPHLET

Prepared by: JASPER J. M.E; M.B.A; M.I.S.T.E Lecturer, Department of EEE.

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LAB INSTRUCTIONS:

1. All the students entering the lab for a lab session should wear their lab uniforms. Failing which students are liable to action by the respective staff in-charge. 2. The students must strictly follow promptness in time (the college clock) while coming for lab sessions. The student must stay inside the laboratory even after completion of the experiment, until asked by the staff to leave. 3. Each student must take his / her own stationeries along with the prescribed text book. Borrowing or conversation of any kind other than deemed necessary will warrant strict action from the staff in-charge. 4. Students present inside the laboratory must uphold SILENCE. The student must be in a position to answer any query by the staff present inside the laboratory. 5. Students are asked to remain in their allotted tables during lab sessions, failing which she / he may invite disciplinary action from the staff concerned. Batch students must call the lab Attendee while turning ON and OFF the Machines. 6. All the students are asked to get their observation corrected in person on the day of finishing the experiment. A two day grace period will be given to the students to get the signature from the staff-in-charge only*. 7. Students who got the observation corrected should then complete the record work before they come to the next lab session. 8. The students should wear neat, tidy and well kept clothes inside the laboratory. They are also asked to maintain their observation and the record note books in the same manner. 9. Students who absent themselves for any lab session are asked to get prior permission from the staff-in-charge before entering into the laboratory for the next session. They must search their own time to complete the lapsed experiment before coming to the next class. 10. Any student who violates any one of the above prescribed rules will not be allowed into the laboratory for the remaining sessions. They will be allowed into the laboratory only after they obtain the permission letter from the respective HOD. Note: * Observation marks will be reduced for the deferred days. Name: Reg.No: Roll No: Batch: Group: Student Specimen Signature 2

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S.N

Name of the Experiment

Date
FIRST CYCLE

Staff Signature

Record Remarks Approval

1 2 3 4 5

Open circuit and load characteristics of D.C separately and self excited shunt generator Load characteristics of D.C. compound generator with differential and cumulative connection Load characteristics of D.C. shunt Motor Load characteristics of D.C. Compound Motor Load characteristics of D.C series motor SECOND CYCLE

6 7 8 9 10

Swinburnes test Speed control of D.C shunt motor Hopkinsons test on D.C motor generator set Load test on single-phase transformer OC & SC tests on single phase transformer THIRD CYCLE

11 12 13 14 15

Sumpners test on transformers Separation of no-load losses in single phase transformer Three phase transformer connections Study of DC motor Starters Study of three phase transformer Connections

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STANDARD DIMENTIONS USED FOR THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Standard Pro-Circle) 1.Armature of a DC Machine(12.5 dia)

2. Voltmeters & Ammeters( 7 dia)

3. Wattmeters(10 dia)

4. Field winding for a DC machine(2.5 cm length)

Note: The field winding and the armature must be in parallel with each other
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5. Rheostats Minimum Position Maximum Position

E.g.: Current flows from top to bottom

6. Brake Drum Fuse:

Fuse (Re-wireable):

Neutral Link

DPST Switch

TPST Switch

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7. Transformer Step Up Step Down

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Circuit diagram for Open circuit and load characteristics of D.C separately excited shunt generator

Model graph

Load characteristics

Open Circuit Characteristics

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Exp: No: Date OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SEPARATELY AND SELF EXCITED GENERATOR AIM: To conduct the open circuit and load test on given DC separately and self excited generator at rated speed and to plot the curves. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Voltage: Current: HP/KW: Speed: Rating: Type: GENERATOR

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

FORMULAE USED: 1. Eg = VT + IaRa Where, Eg = Generated Voltage in volts VT = Terminal Voltage in volts IA = Armature Current in amps. Ra = Armature Resistance in ohms. 2. Full load regulation. (Self & Separately)

% Re gulation

Vrated Vt * 100% Vrated

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Circuit diagram for Open circuit and load characteristics of D.C self excited shunt generator

Model graph

Load characteristics

Open Circuit Characteristics

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PROCEDURE (Open Circuit Test) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. Before starting the prime mover, ensure that the field rheostat of the generator in minimum position. The SPSTS of the generator field is kept open. The motor is started using the 3-point starter. The generator is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the motors field rheostat. The Residual Voltage was noted down. SPSTS was closed and the excitation is increased until the generator terminal voltage reaches 110% of the rated value.

Load Test 1. 2. 3. 4. Now the load switch was closed. All the meter readings were noted down. The generator is loaded in steps until it reaches its rated current value. Ensure original positions of rheostats and switches before turning OFF the mains.

Model Calculation

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TABULATION Open Circuit Test Separately Excited Field current in amps E0 in Volts Self Excited Field current in amps E0 in Volts

Load Test
Separately Excited
Load If in amps IL in amps Ia= IL+If VT Eg = VT + IaRa Load If in amps

Self Excited
IL in amps Ia= IL+If VT Eg = VT + IaRa

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RESULT Thus the critical field resistances were calculated from the open circuit test and as the internal and external characteristics were plotted for a given DC generator by the modes of excitation. Critical field resistance (separately excited) = Critical field resistance (self excited) =

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Circuit diagram for Load characteristics of D.C. compound generator with short shunt cumulative connection

Load characteristics of D.C. compound generator with differential and cumulative connection

Model Graph

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Exp: No: Date LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. COMPOUND GENERATOR WITH DIFFERENTIAL AND CUMULATIVE CONNECTION AIM: To plot the load characteristics on a given DC compound generator with differential and cumulative connection. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Voltage: Current: HP/KW: Speed: Type: GENERATOR

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

FORMULAE USED: 1. Short Shunt Connection (The Values of Ra & Rse to be found out using Millimeter) Generated EMF Eg = VT + IaRa+ IseRse ,Where, Eg = Generated Voltage in volts VT = Terminal Voltage in volts, Ise=Series field current in amps,Rse= Series field resistance in ohms, Ia = Armature Current in amps.Ra = Armature Resistance in ohms. Long Shunt Connection Generated EMF Eg = VT + IaRa+ Rse ,Where, Eg = Generated Voltage in volts VT = Terminal Voltage in volts, Rse= Series field resistance in ohms, Ia = Armature Current in amps.Ra = Armature Resistance in ohms.

2.

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Circuit diagram for Load characteristics of D.C. compound generator with short shunt Differential Connection

Model Graph

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PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 6. 7. 8. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. Before starting the prime mover, ensure that the field rheostat in minimum position. The motor is started using the 3-point starter. The generator is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the motors field rheostat. SPSTS was closed and the excitation is increased until the generator terminal voltage reaches 110% of the rated value. Now the load switch was closed. All the meter readings were noted down. The generator is loaded in steps until it reaches its rated current value. Ensure original positions of rheostats and loads, switch OFF the supply. MODEL CALCULATION

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Circuit diagram for Load characteristics of D.C. compound generator with Long shunt cumulative connection

Model Graph

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Circuit diagram for Load characteristics of D.C. compound generator with short shunt Differential connection

Model Graph

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TABULATION

Short Shunt Cumulative Compound Generator

load

IL

Ish

Ia=IL+Ish

Vt

Eg=Vt+IaRa+IseRse

Short Shunt Differential Compound Generator

load

IL

Ish

Ia=IL+Ish

Vt

Eg=Vt+IaRa+IseRse

Long Shunt Cumulative Compound Generator

load

IL

Ish

Ia=IL+Ish

Vt

Eg=Vt+IaRa+Rse

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Long Shunt Differential Compound Generator

load

IL

Ish

Ia=IL+Ish

Vt

Eg=Vt+IaRa+Rse

Result: Thus the load characteristics of a DC compound generator were plotted by conducting the load test.

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Circuit Diagram for Load test on a Dc shunt Motor

Exp: No:

Model Graph

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Exp.No: Date: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT MOTOR AIM: To conduct load test on a DC shunt motor and draw the characteristics curves. Graph-1: a) Output Vs Efficiency b) Output Vs Torque c) Output Vs Speed d) Output Vs Load Current Graph-2 a. Torque Vs Speed. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Voltage: Current: HP/KW: Speed: Rating: Type:

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

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S.N IF IA S1 S2 S1~S2

Tabulation

12 Sets

Voltage in volts

Current in amps Load in Kg

IL

Input Output Speed in Torque Power in Power in Efficiency RPM(N) in NM Watts Watts

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FORMULAE USED: 1. Armature Current, I A the Field Current. 2. Torque= 9.81 of the brake drum.

IL

I F in amps. Where, I L is the Load Current and I F is

S1

S2

r NM. Where, S1, S2 are the load in Kg, R is the radius

3. Input Power = VI L Watts. Where, V is the Voltage in Volts and IL is the Load current in amps. 4. Output power = in NM. 5. Efficiency = Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. Care must be taken that there should not be any load applied to the brake drum. The starter handle must be checked for OFF position. The circuit was checked for proper connection and the 220v DC supply was turned ON. The starter handle was gradually moved to the RUN position. The motor was made to run at its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat. The load is applied in steps till the motor reaches its full load condition and at the same time all the corresponding meter readings must be noted down. Unload the brake drum and the input supply was turned OFF.

2 NT Watts. Where, N is the speed in RPM ant T is the torque 60

Output 100 % Input

Result: Thus the load test on the given DC shunt motor was conducted and the characteristics curves were obtained.

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Circuit diagram for load test on a DC compound Motor

Model Graph

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Exp.No: Date: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C COMPOUND MOTOR AIM: To conduct load test on a DC Compound motor and draw the characteristics curves. Graph-1: a) Output Vs Efficiency b) Output Vs Torque c) Output Vs Speed d) Output Vs Load Current Graph-2 b. Torque Vs Speed. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Voltage: Current: HP/KW: Speed: Rating: Type:

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

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S.N IF IA S1 S2 S1~S2

Tabulation

12 Sets

Voltage in volts

Current in amps Load in Kg

IL

Input Output Speed in Torque Power in Power in Efficiency RPM(N) in NM Watts Watts

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FORMULAE USED: 1. Armature Current, I A the Field Current. 2. Torque= 9.81 of the brake drum.

IL

I F in amps. Where, I L is the Load Current and I F is

S1

S2

r NM. Where, S1, S2 are the load in Kg, R is the radius

3. Input Power = VI L Watts. Where, V is the Voltage in Volts and IL is the Load current in amps. 4. Output power = in NM. 5. Efficiency = Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. Care must be taken that there should not be any load applied to the brake drum. The starter handle must be checked for OFF position. The circuit was checked for proper connection and the 220v DC supply was turned ON. The starter handle was gradually moved to the RUN position. The motor was made to run at its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat. The load is applied in steps till the motor reaches its full load condition and at the same time all the corresponding meter readings must be noted down. Unload the brake drum and the input supply was turned OFF.

2 NT Watts. Where, N is the speed in RPM ant T is the torque 60

Output 100 % Input

Result: Thus the load test on the given DC Compound motor was conducted and the characteristics curves were obtained.

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Circuit diagram for load test on a DC Series Motor

Model Graph

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Exp.No: Date: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SERIES MOTOR AIM: To conduct load test on a DC Series motor and draw the characteristics curves. Graph-1: a) Output Vs Efficiency b) Output Vs Torque c) Output Vs Speed d) Output Vs Load Current Graph-2 c. Torque Vs Speed. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR 1. Voltage: 2. Current: 3. HP/KW: 4. Speed: 5. Rating: 6. Type: APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

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S.N IF IA S1 S2 S1~S2

Tabulation

12 Sets

Voltage in volts

Current in amps Load in Kg

IL

Input Output Speed in Torque Power in Power in Efficiency RPM(N) in NM Watts Watts

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FORMULAE USED: 1. Armature Current, I A the Field Current. 2. Torque= 9.81 of the brake drum. 3. Input Power = VI L Watts. Where, V is the Voltage in Volts and IL is the Load current in amps. 4. Output power = in NM. 5. Efficiency = Procedure: 1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Care must be taken that there should some initial load applied to the brake drum. 3. The starter handle must be checked for OFF position. 4. The circuit was checked for proper connection and the 220v DC supply was turned ON. 5. The starter handle was gradually moved to the RUN position. 6. The motor was made to run at its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat. 7. The load is applied in steps till the motor reaches its full load condition and at the same time all the corresponding meter readings must be noted down. 8. Unload the brake drum and the input supply was turned OFF.

IL

I F in amps. Where, I L is the Load Current and I F is

S1

S2

r NM. Where, S1, S2 are the load in Kg, R is the radius

2 NT Watts. Where, N is the speed in RPM ant T is the torque 60

Output 100 % Input

Result: Thus the load test on the given DC Series motor was conducted and the characteristics curves were obtained.

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Circuit diagram for Swinburnes test

Model Graph

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Exp.No: Date: SWINBURNES TEST AIM: To conduct Swinburnes test on a DC shunt machine and to predetermine the efficiency of the machine. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR Voltage: Current: HP/KW: Speed: Rating: Type:

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

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TABULATION Sl.no. No load Input voltage (v) No load current (A) Io No load field current (If) No load armature Current Ia0=Io-If

TO DETERMINE THE EFFICIENCY OF A MOTOR Input Input Load current voltage(v) I(A) Field current If(A) (constant) Armature current Ia=IL-If Constant loss Pc(W) Total loss Pa+Pc (W) Output power (w) Input power (w)

% Efficiency

TO DETERMINE THE EFFICIENCY OF GENERATOR Input current I(A) Field current If(A) (constant) Armature current Ia=IL+If Total loss Pa+Pc (W) Output power (w) Input power (w)

Load

Input voltage(v)

Constant loss Pc(W)

% Efficiency

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FORMULA USED Ia0=Io-If Where, Ia0=No load armature Current, Io =No load current, If= Field current Constant loss Pc(W)= VI0 FOR MOTORS Armature current Ia = Il-If Armature copper loss= I2aRa Total losses = constant losses+ Armature copper losses. Output power = Input power Total losses Input Power = VI watts
2 I a0 Ra , Armature copper loss(Pa) = I2aRa

Outputpower 100 % inputpower

FOR GENERATORS Armature current Ia = IL+ If Armature copper loss= I2aRa Armature copper loss I2aRah

Total loss = constant loss + Armature copper losses output power = VI watt Input power = Output power +losses
Efficiency Outputpower 100 % Inputpower

PROCEDURE 1. Connections were given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The starter position is checked. 3. The supply is switched on and the starter handle is moved from OFF position to ON position. 4. The motor is made to run at rated speed. 5. All the meter reading was noted down. To find Armature Resistance (Ra) 1. Using Multimeter the armature resistance was calculated.

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MODEL CALCULATION

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RESULT

Thus the Swinburnes test was conducted and the characteristics of motor and generator are obtained on graph.

Maximum efficiency of motor = Maximum efficiency of Generator =

% %

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Exp.No: Date: SPEED CONTROL OF D.C SHUNT MOTOR AIM: To perform the field current control and armature voltage control method of speed variation for given DC shunt motor. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR 1. Voltage: 2. Current: 3. HP/KW: 4. Speed: 5. Rating: 6. Type: APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

PROCEDURE Armature control (Speed below the Rated Value) 1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply was turned ON and the motor was started using three point starter. 3. Field current is kept constant. The armature rheostat is varied for different voltage values in steps. 4. Corresponding speeds were measured using tachometer.

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TABULATION Armature control Field Current=0.4A S.No Va Speed Va Speed Va Speed Field Current=0.3A Field Current=0.2A

Field Control Va=200v S.No If in amps Speed Va=180v If in amps Speed If in amps Va=150v Speed

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Field Control (Speed above the Rated Value) 1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Supply was turned ON and the motor was started using three point starter. 3. Armature voltage is kept constant. The field rheostat is varied for different current values in steps. 4. Corresponding speed was measured using tachometer

RESULT Thus the field current control and the armature voltage control method of speed variation for DC shunt motor were done successfully.

1. N

flux control

2. N V A Voltage control.

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Circuit Diagram for Hopkinsons test

PJCE/JJR/EM-1

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Exp.No: Date:

HOPKINSONS TEST ON D.C MOTOR GENERATOR SET

AIM: To determine the efficiency of the motor and generator by Hopkinsons test at any desired load. MACHINE DETAILS: MOTOR GENERATOR

1. Voltage: 2. Current: 3. HP/KW: 4. Speed: 5. Rating: 6. Type: APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

FORMULAE USED.

Wcm
Ps

2 I am Ram

I Lic

I ag Ram

Wcg

2 I ag Rag

VI LIC Where Ps = Total stray loss(iron,friction,windage loss for both machines)

Wst

VI LIC

2 I am Ram

2 I ag Rag

WSL

WST 2

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Input Volta ge IAG PS WC M WCG WSL WIM WLM % Motor WOG WLG WOG+W LG %Gener ator

ILIC

IFM

IAM

IFG

WIM WLM

TABULATION

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MOTOR EFFICIENCY

WIM

Armature input power + shunt field input power.

WIM
WLM
WLM

VI AM

VI FM

Armature copper loss + Stray loss

2 I AM R AM

VI FM

WSL

Motor Efficiency =

WIM WLM WIM

100 %

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY
W LG
2 I AG R AG

VI FG

WSL

WOG

VI AG

Generator efficiency= PROCEDURE

WOG WOG WLG

100 %

1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The SPSTS is kept open and the motor is started using three point starter and made to run at its rated speed. 3. The generator field rheostat is adjusted till the voltmeter connected across the SPSTS reads zero. 4. The SPSTS was closed and the generator is made to take any desired load by increasing either its field excitation or by decreasing the motor excitation. 5. the generator is loaded step by step and at each step I LIC , I AG , I FM , I FG , I AM , & V were noted. 6. the armature resistance for both motor & generator was measured using ammeter and voltmeter method. MODEL CALCULATION

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MODEL GRAPH

ABBREVATIONS V = Supply voltage in volts ILIC = Line input current in amps. IAM = Motor Armature current in amps. IFM = Motor field current in amps. IAG = Generator Armature current in amps. IFG = Generator Field current in amps. Ps = Power drawn from the supply in watts. WCM = Motor Armature copper loss in watts. WCG = Generator Armature copper loss in watts. WST = Total stray loss for two machines in watts. WSL = Total stray loss for each machine in watts. WIM = Motor input power in watts. WLM = Motor losses in watts. WOG = Generator output power in watts. WLG = Generator losses in watts.

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RESULT. Thus the efficiency of a DC motor-generator was predetermined by conducting Hopkinsons test and the graphs were plotted. Stray losses for the machines =

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Circuit Diagram for Load test on a single phase transformer

Model Graph

PJCE/JJR/EM-1

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Exp.No: Date:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To conduct the load test on the given single phase transformer and determine its performance. MACHINE DETAILS: Transformer Rating: Type: Voltage: APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

FORMULAE USED. Output power = V S

I S watts. Where, Vs is the secondary voltage in volts. & Is is the

secondary current in amps.

VS I S 100% W V0 VS % Re gulation 100% V0 % Efficiency

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TABULATION S.No Load 10 SETS Primary Voltage Input power Secondary Voltage Secondary current Secondary power Efficiency % Regulation %

MODEL CALCULATION

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PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. connections were made as per the circuit diagram Ensure all safety procedures. The AC supply is turned ON. The variac is adjusted to get the rated primary voltage. The readings of all the meters were taken under no load condition. The load switch was closed and the load is increased in steps. The machine was loaded for its maximum value .all the meter readings were noted down. 8. Decrease the load to its minimum value. Decrease the variac to its minimum value before turning OFF the supply.

RESULT: Thus the load test on the given single phase transformer is done and the graphs were plotted.

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Circuit diagram for open circuit test

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Exp.No: Date:

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To find the parameters of R0, X0 of the equivalent circuit test and Re1, Re2,Xe1, X2 From the short circuit test and to draw the ohmic equivalent circuit of the given single phase transformer referred to primary ( low voltage ) and secondary ( high voltage). MACHINE DETAILS: Transformer Rating: Type: Voltage: APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

FORMULAE USED. Open circuit test

W0 VI 0 cos
0

cos

W0 VI o
1

cos

W0 VI 0

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Circuit diagram for Short circuit test

PJCE/JJR/EM-1

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W0

= No load Input power Im = I0 sin 0

Ic I 0 cos
0

Magnetic component Core loss component

Core loss resistance referred to low voltage side R c1

V I c1 V IM1 1 X M1 1 RC1

Magnetic reluctance referred to low voltage side X m1

Magnetic susceptance referred low voltage side BM 1

Core loss conductance referred to low voltage side CC1

Core loss resistance referred to high voltage side Rc 2

Rc1

230 115

Magnetic susceptance referred to high voltage side BM 2

1 XM2 WSC I 2 S2
2

Magnetic reactance referred to secondary high voltage side RC 2

Magnetic reactance referred to high voltage side X m 2

X m1
VSC I SC

230 115

Effective impedance referred to high voltage side Z C 2

X c2

Z 2 C2

Rc22
2

RC1

RC 2

115 230
X c1
2

X C1

XC2

115 , 230

Z c1

Rc1

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

TABULATION OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: Sl.no Input voltage (v) No load current (a) No load power (w) No load actual power (w)

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: Sl.no Short circuiting current (a) Short circuiting voltage (v) Short circuit power ( w) Actual power

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PROCEDUCURE

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: 1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The high voltage side of single phase transformer is open circuited. 3. The output voltage is increased using the variable up to the secondary voltage of 115V. Then all the reading was noted down. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The low voltage side of single phase transformer is short circuit. 3. The output voltage is slowly increased using the variac up to rated current. Then all the meter readings were noted. The parameters of the equivalent circuit are determined using the formulas and equivalent circuit is drawn.

RESULT: Thus open circuit and short circuit test were conducted and the parameters were calculated. The ohmic equivalent circuits of single phase transformer referred to primary and secondary were drawn.

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Circuit Diagram for Sumpners Test

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Exp.No: Date:

SUMPNERS TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

AIM: To determine the efficiency and regulation of a single phase transformer at any desired load and power factor by conducting sumpners test. MACHINE DETAILS: Transformer Rating: Type: Voltage: APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

FORMULAE USED.

V SC
1. Z o 2

I
Ro 2 K2

2 SC

Ro1

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

TABULATION

(To find constant losses) Total Total Copper loss = Loss Wo+Wsc Wsc*2 Total loss for one transformer =(Wo+Wsc)/2

S.No

Vo

Iot

Io=Iot/2

Total losses=Wo*2

Vsc

Isc

%Regulation Power Factor Leading 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Lagging Full 3/4 1/2 1/4 1/8 Load 0.2 0.4

% Efficiency 0.6 0.8 1

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WSC R02 R

2 SC

X 02
X0

2 Z o2

2 Ro 2

X o21

R o21

2. % Re gulation(lagging)

I 1 R1 cos

I 1 X o1 sin V1

3. % Re gulation(leading)

I 1 R1 cos

I 1 X o1 sin V1 100 %

4. % Efficiency

XKVA cos XKVA cos Wi

X 2W C

X = Fraction of Load KVA = Rating of transformer. Wi = Iron loss in watts Wc = Copper loss in Watts. PROCEDURE 1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The SPSTS is kept open and the total rated input voltage was given to the primary of the transformers. 3. Now the voltmeter across the SPSTS must read zero (OR) The double value. If it reads double value then the connection was interchanged. 4. With the help of autotransformer the voltage applied to the secondary of both transformer as slowly varied. 5. The voltage of the autotransformer was adjusted such that the ammeter reads the required rated current. 6. Reading of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter were noted. 7. The wattmeter in the secondary given the copper loss for both the transformer and the wattmeter reading in the primary gives the iron loss for both the transformer.

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MODEL GRAPH

MODEL CALCULATION

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RESULT: Thus the efficiency and regulation of a single phase transformer at any desired load and power factor was determined using sumpeners test and the graphs were plotted.

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Circuit Diagram for Separation of No load losses in a single phase transformer

Exp.No:

PJCE/JJR/EM-1

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Date:

SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To Find the Eddy Current and Hysteresis Loss in the Transformer. MACHINE DETAILS: Motor 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Voltage: Current: HP/KW: Speed: Rating: Type: Generator Transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

FORMULAE USED. Hystereis loss = K1F Watts & Eddy current loss = K2F2 Watts Where, K1 is obtained from graph (y axis)

W
K2 = Where

F F
F = frequency F=

PN Hz. Where 120

P = No. of poles

N= speed in RPM

TABULATION

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Sl.No

Speed in RPM

Voltage in Volts

Watts in Power

Frequency in Hertz

W F

Hysteresis loss in Watts

Eddy current loss in Watts

MODEL CALCULATION

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RESULT: Thus the eddy and hysteresis loss for the given single transformer was found out (at 50 Hz) by conducting the above test.

Hysteresis loss

Watts Watts

Eddy current loss =

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Exp.No: Date: THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS AIM: To conduct polarity test on the given single phase transformer and to perform the various three phase connections MACHINE DETAILS: Transformer Rating: Type: Voltage: APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

PROCEDURE Polarity test: 1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Auto transformer is kept at minimum position. 3. Switch on the supply and adjust the autotransformer for rated voltage across the primary. 4. As the voltmeter V3 reads the difference in voltages of V1 and V2 then primary A and B are at the same polarity A1 and B1 are also at the same polarity of the voltmeter V3 reads the sum of V1 and V2 then A and B and A1 and B 1 are as the same polarity.

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POLYPHASE CONNECTION (a) STAR-STAR CONNECTION 1. Polarity test on all the three transformer are conducted and the terminals are identified as A1 A2 / a1 a2, B1 B2/ b1 b2, C1C2 / c1c2. 2. One set of similar ends A2B2C2 are connected together to form star point on the Primary and set at terminals a2b2c2 are connected to form the stat point on the Secondary. 3. Three phase supply is given to A, B, C through an autotransformer as shown in the Connection diagram. 4. Measure all the voltage as (across a1b1, b1c1, and c1a1) on the secondary and all that They are 1/3 of the line voltage. (b) DELTA STAR CONNECTION 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The autotransformer is adjusted to make the voltmeter read 230 V where is equal to the phase and line voltage 3. The secondary connections are correct is the voltmeters V1 and V3 reads 115 V and 1a v respectively as the phase and line voltage. (c) STAR DELTA CONNECTIONS. 1. Retain the connection on the primary side as in the previous case. 2. Connect a1 to c2, c1 to b2 and b1 to a2. 3. Three phase supply is given to the primary measure all the line voltage across the secondary and those they are in equal. (d) DELTA DELTA CONNECTION The procedure for Delta Delta connection is similar to that of star connection except for the case that in Delta phase voltage equals line voltage.

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TABUL ATION POLARI TY TEST

Transformer

Primary voltage (v)

Expected voltage across secondary voltage (v)

Observed voltage across secondary (v)

POLYPHASE CONNECTION: Type Primary side Expected value VL - - - - VP Observed value VL VP Secondary side Expected value VL VP Observed value VL VP

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RESULT Thus the three phase transformer connections were verified by conducting the suitable test.

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Exp.No: Date:

STUDY OF DC MOTOR STARTERS

NECESSITY OF A STARTER The current drawn by a motor is Ia= (V-b)/Ra where V is the supply voltage b is the back emf when the motor is at rest. There is no back emf when the motor is back emf ion thee armature. So it will draw very large current because armature resistance is very small the excess current will below out the fuses and causes damage. To commutator and brushes and armature etc. To reduce the starting current a high resistance is connected in series with the armature circuit of the motor at the time of starting when the armature currents is decreased by increasing the back emf at the stage the external characteristic current is cutout completely. In the starting resistance is provided with tapings and brass studs are connected with each tapping handle is fixed to move over the brass study over load release and no volt release are the two protective and no volt release are the two protective devices connected suitably to project the motor during overlo0ad and during failure of supply this is known as starter. TYPES OF STARTER According to the number of point to the external circuit starter are classified into three points. They are (i) Two point starter (ii) Three point starter (iii) Four point starter TWO POINT STARTER In a two point starter one point is connected to the supply and other two point is connected to the armature circuit point starter is only used for DC series motor THREE POINT STARTER The point starter is used to start the shunt and compound motors. In three point starters three terminals are available. The three terminals of a starter are marked as L, F and A, The starting resistance elements are mounted on the backside of a state bound on the front side of the board brass studs one available. The ends of each element are connected to each brass studs. The protective devices such as OLR and NVR are present. The handle of the starter is feed in such a way. That it can easily move over the brass study.

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At first the starting armature is slowly moved to the right when the handle is at first stud. Full resistance is across A soft iron piece is connected to the handle when the handle reaches the ON position the stat iron piece attracted by the electromagnet. PROTECTIVE DEVICES (i) No volt release (ii) (ii) Overload release NO VOLT RELEASE If consist of a electromagnet connected to the field circuit when the handle reaches on position it energizes and it attracts the handle when the supply fails and the handle moves back. OVER LOAD RELEASE The also consist of a electromagnet energized by line current when a motor is load beyond a predetermined value the movable iron is lifted and short the terminal of NVR FOUR POINT STARTER In the four point starter the coil NVR is independent of field current so we can change the field in the reverse direction also when the handle touches the stud no:1 The line current divides into three parts (1) One part pass through the shunt field rheostat (2) Second part passes through the starting resistances (3) Third passes through the hold on coil. With the arrangement any change of field current does not affect. The current through the hold on coil. A DC compound motor is starter by a four point starter.

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Exp.No: Date:

STUDY OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Three phase transformer comprise of three primaries and three secondary winding. They are wound over laminated core as we have seen in single phase transformers. Three phase transformers are also of core-type over shell type as in single phase transformers are method of arrangement is shown in figure. In this the primary winding occupies the upper portion of each limb and secondary windings are wounded over in each limb. In other words the primary and secondary windings occupy the bottom portion of each limb The high turn winding are wound over the low tension windings and adequate insulation is provided between the two winding. Primary and secondary windings the 3d transformer can also be interconnected as star-delta connectio9n of 3 phase transformer. Three identical single phase transformer can be suitably interconnected and use instead of a three phase single unit transformer. The single unit 3 phase transformer tank is made up of three separate 1 phase transformer each with its own tank and bushing. This is preferred method in mines and high altitude power station because transformer become easier bank method is adopted also when the voltage involved is high because it sis easier to provide proper insulation in each single phase transformer. As compared to a single phase transformer the main advantages of a single phase 3 unit transformer is that it occupies less floor space so equal rating less weight cost about 20% loss further that only one unit is to be handle and connected.

The are various methods available for transforming three phase voltages to higher or lower three phase voltage. The most common connections are (i) Star-star (ii) Delta-delta (iii) Star-delta (iv) Delta-star The star star connection is move economical for small high voltage transformers because the no of turns per phase and the amount of insulation required is minimum (As phase voltage 1 is turns of the line voltage) 3 In the figure a bank of three transformers connected in series on both the primary and secondary sides is shown. The ratio of live voltage on primary to the secondary sides is the same as a transformer ratio of each single transformer.

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The delta delta connection is economical for large capacity low volt transformers in which insulation problem is not series over the transformer connections are in the figure. The man use of star-delta connection is out the sub-station and of transformer where the voltage is to be stepped down. The primary winding is star connected with ground neutral as 1 shown in figure. The ratio between secondary and primary voltage times the 3 transformation ratio of each single phase transformer. This is a 300 shift between the primary and secondary line transformation ratio of each single phase transformer. Delta-Star connection is generally employed when it is necessary to step up the voltage the connections are shown figure. The neutral of secondary is grounded for providing three phases. A wide source that connection is very popular because can be used to serve both three phase power requirement and single phase lifting purposes.

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HYPOTHESIS FOR VARIOUS EXPERIMENTS

SWINBURNES TEST Swinburnes test is an indirect method of testing DC shunt and to predetermine the efficiency as a motor and as a generator. In the shunt motor speed and applied voltage are almost constant. Hence losses even as friction windage, iron and shunt field copper losses are constant. The sum of the above losses is called as constant losses. Only the armature and field copper losses varies with the load. In the method efficiency is calculated by determining the losses for conducting the test the machine is allowed to run as a motor on no load at its rated voltage and speed is adjusted with the help of field regulator. The dates obtained from the noload test are noted and the constant loss is calculated. In calculating armature copper loss not resistance of armature should be used SUMPNERS TEST While OC and SC test on a transformer yield its equivalent circuit parameters these cannot be used for the heat run test where the purpose is to determine the steady temperature rise if the transformer was fully loaded continuously this so because under each of these tests the power loss to which the transformer is subjected is either the core-loss or copper-losses but not both. The way out of they impasses without conducting an actual loading test is the sumpners test which can only be conducted simultaneously on two identical transformers. In conducting the sumpners test the primaries of the two transformers are connected in parallel across the rated voltage supply which the two secondary are connected in phase opposition. For the secondary to be in phase opposition, the voltage across OS must be zero otherwise it will be double the rated secondary voltage in which case the polarity of one of the secondary must be reversed current at low voltage is injected into the secondary circuit As per the superposition theorem if V2 source is assumed shorted the two transformers appear in open-circuit to source V1 their secondary are in phase opposition and therefore no current can flow in them. The current drawn from source V1 is thus 2I0 (twice the no-load current of each transformer) and power is 2P0 (2P1, twice the core-loss of each transformer) when V1 is regarded as shorted the transformer are series-connected across V2 and are shortcircuited on the side of primaries. Therefore the impedance seen at V2 is 2Z and when V2 is adjusted to circulate full load current. The power fed in 2pc twice the full load copper-loss of each transformer. Thus in the sumpners test while the transformers are not supplying any load, full iron loss occurs in their cores and full copper loss occurs in then winding, net power input to the transformer being (2p0+2Pc). The heat run test could therefore be conducted on the two transformers while only losses are supplied. The auxiliary voltage source is included in the circuit of secondary the test could also be conducted by including the auxiliary source in the circuit of primaries. COMPOUND GENERATOR Series-wound and shunt-wound generators have a disadvantage in that changes in load current cause changes in generator output voltage. Many applications in which generators are used require a more stable output voltage than can be supplied by a series-

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wound or shunt- wound generator. One means of supplying a stable output voltage is by using a compound generator. The compound generator has a field winding in parallel with the generator armature (the same as a shunt-wound generator) and a field winding in series with the generator armature (the same as a series-wound generator) The two windings of the compounded generator are made such that their magnetic fields will either aid or oppose one another. If the two fields are wound so that their flux fields oppose one another, the generator is said to be differentially-compounded. Due to the nature of this type of generator, it is used only in special cases and will not be discussed further in this text. If the two fields of a compound generator are wound so that their magnetic fields aid one another, the generator is said to be cumulatively-compounded. As the load current increases, the current through the series field winding increases, increasing the overall magnetic field strength and causing an increase in the output voltage of the generator. With proper design, the increase in the magnetic field strength of the series winding will compensate for the decrease in shunt field strength. Therefore, the overall strength of the combined magnetic fields remains almost unchanged, so the output voltage will remain constant. In reality, the two fields cannot be made so that their magnetic field strengths compensate for each other completely. There will be some change in output voltage from the no-load to full-load conditions.

SERIES DC MOTOR Components of a series motor include the armature, labeled A1 and A2, and the field, S1 and S2. The same current is impressed upon the armature and the series field. The coils in the series field are made of a few turns of large gauge wire, to facilitate large current flow. This provides high starting torque, approximately 2 times the rated load torque. Series motor armatures are usually lap wound. Lap windings are good for high current, low voltage applications because they have additional parallel paths for current flow. Series motors have very poor speed control, running slowly with heavy loads and quickly with light loads. A series motor should never drive machines with a belt. If the belt breaks, the load would be removed and cause the motor to over speed and destroy itself in a matter of seconds. Common uses of the series motor include crane hoists, where large heavy loads will be raised and lowered and bridge and trolley drives on large overhead cranes. The series motor provides the starting torque required for moving large loads. Traction motors used to drive trains are series motors that provide the required torque and horsepower to get massive amounts of weight moving. On the coldest days of winter the series motor that starts your car overcomes the extreme cold temperatures and thick lubricant to get your car going. SHUNT DC MOTOR The shunt motor is probably the most common dc motor used in industry today. Components of the shunt motor are the armature, labeled A1 and A2, and the field, labeled F1 and F2. The coils in the shunt field are composed of many turns of small wire, resulting in low shunt field current and moderate armature current. This motor provides starting torque that varies with the load applied and good speed regulation by controlling the shunt field voltage. If the shunt motor loses its field it will accelerate slightly until CEMF rises to a value sufficient to shut off the torque producing current. In other words, the shunt motor will not destroy itself if it

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loses its field, but it wont have the torque required to do the job it was designed for. Some of the common uses of the shunt motor are machine shop lathes, and industry process lines where speed and tension control are critical. COMPOUND DC MOTOR When comparing the advantages of the series and shunt motors, the series motor has greater torque capabilities while the shunt motor has more constant and controllable speed over various loads. These two desirable characteristics can be found in the same motor by placing both a series field and shunt field winding on the same pole. Thus, we have the compound motor. The compound motor responds better to heavy load changes than a shunt motor because of the increased current through the series field coils. This boosts the field strength, providing added torque and speed. If a shunt coil is added to a series motor at light loads (when a series motor tends to over speed) the added shunt field flux limits the top speed, eliminating self-destruction. Common uses of the compound motor include elevators, air compressors, conveyors, presses and shears. Compound motors can be operated as shunt motors by disconnecting the series field. Many manufacturing process lines are designed this way. The reason being that, most off the shelf motors are compound motors, and the series field can always be connected later to provide additional torque, if needed. Compound motors can be connected two ways, cumulatively and differentially. When connected cumulatively, the series field is connected to aid the shunt field, providing faster response than a straight shunt motor. When connected differentially, the series field opposes the shunt field. Differentially connected compound motors are sometimes referred to as suicide motors, because of their penchant for self-destruction. If perhaps, the shunt field circuit were to suddenly open during loading, the series field would then assume control and the polarity of all fields would reverse. This results in the motor stopping, and then restarting in the opposite direction. It then operates as an unloaded series motor and will destroy itself. Differentially connected motors can also start in the opposite direction if the load is too heavy. Therefore, it is seldom used in industry.

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR DC Motor - Shunt-field control: Reel drives require this kind of control. The dc motor's material is wound on a reel at constant linear speed and constant strip tension, regardless of diameter. Control is obtained by weakening the shunt-field current of the dc motor to increase speed and to reduce output torque for a given armature current. Since the rating of a dc motor is determined by heating, the maximum permissible armature current is approximately constant over the speed range. This means that at rated current, the dc motor's output torque varies inversely with speed, and the dc motor has constant-horsepower capability over its speed range.

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Dc motors offer a solution, which is good for only obtaining speeds greater than the base speed. A momentary speed reduction below the dc motor's base speed can be obtained by overexciting the field, but prolonged over excitation overheats the dc motor. Also, magnetic saturation in the dc motor permits only a small reduction in speed for a substantial increase in field voltage. Dc motors have a maximum standard speed range by field control is 3:1, and this occurs only at low base speeds. Special dc motors have greater speed ranges, but if the dc motor's speed range is much greater than 3:1, some other control method is used for at least part of the range. Armature-voltage DC Motor Control: In this method, shunt-field current is maintained constant from a separate source while the voltage applied to the armature is varied. Dc motors feature a speed, which is proportional to the counter emf. This is equal to the applied voltage minus the armature circuit IR drop. At rated current, the torque remains constant regardless of the dc motor speed (since the magnetic flux is constant) and, therefore, the dc motor has constant torque capability over its speed range. NO LOAD LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER There are two main types of losses referred to as core and copper losses but there actual causes are hysteresis loss and eddy current losses. Hysteresis loss Sinusoidal reversal of flux where the alignment if the molecules in the magnetic core changes, producing heat is the cause of hysteresis loss. Properties of the core material being the frequency of the supply voltage and the maximum value of the flux density set-up are the variables that determine the amount of hysteresis. The iron losses in the core are proportional to the energy component of the current, as can be seen on the no load phaser diagram for a transformer. Since the mutual flux remains fairly constant from no load to full load, it follows the excitation current producing that flux, and so the energy component current will be constant. Consequently the core losses will be constant irrespective of the load applied to the transformer. Eddy current loss The Eddy current losses that occur within the transformer core are a direct result of the induced EMF created in the core by virtue of the changing flux within it. When the alternating flux cuts to the core, and EMF is induced in each lamination, causing an Eddy current to flow in the closed electrical circuit if the lamination. This Eddy current loss is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux as stated by Lenzs law. The components that make up the core loss of the transformer (hysteresis and eddy current losses) are dependent on the flux and frequency. The input voltage and induced voltage at the primary determines the flux of the transformer, which is essentially constant from no load to full load. Thus it can therefore be assumed that the core losses remain subsequently constant throughout the operating range of the transformer. It can also be assumed that the frequency will be constant during the operation of the transformer

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No-load loss No-load losses are mainly iron losses. The iron loss become important in cases where a lighting load is being supplied and in which the transformer itself remains excited, even though not actually supplying any load. It is also important in cases where a transformer is working on a low load factor. Apparent loss The loss that is due to the magnetizing current in the primary winding is called the apparent loss. The flow of the magnetizing current through the resistance of the winding does create a real I 2 R loss and voltage drop, although both are generally quite small. Core loss (iron loss) Time-varying fluxes produce losses in ferromagnetic materials, known as core losses. These iron losses are divided into hysteresis losses and eddy-current losses. Hysteresis losses are proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop, volume of the iron core and the frequency of the flux in hertz. Hysteresis losses The hysteresis loss per cycle in a core of volume V that has a uniform flux density B throughout its volume is

Where the line integral represents the area of the loop. A cyclic variation of the flux at f hertz results in f hysteresis loops per second and the power is The hysteresis loss is expressed empirically using a relationship from Charles P. Steinmetz that

Eddy-current losses The AC flux induces emfs in the core that produce eddy currents that circulate in the iron. Eddy-current losses are proportional to the frequency, the maximum flux density, the thickness of the core sheet and the resistivity of the iron (inversely).

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OCC & LOAD TEST ON A SELF AND SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

Advantages of DC machines arise from a wide variety of operating characteristics which can be obtained by selection of the method of excitation of the field windings, i.e., by selection of the method of supplying current to the field windings. The field windings may be separately excited from an external dc source, or they may be self-excited, i.e., the machine may supply its own excitation. The method of excitation profoundly influences both the steady-state characteristics and the dynamic Behavior of the machine in control systems.

Separately excited generator

The required field current is a very small fraction of the rated armature current on the order of 1 to 3 percent in the average generator. Because of this, a small amount of power in the field circuit may control a relatively large amount of power in the armature circuit; i.e., the generator is a power amplifier. The field windings of self-excited generators may be supplied in three different ways. The field may be connected in series with the armature, resulting in a series generator. The field may be connected in shunt with the armature, resulting in a shunt generator, or the field may be in two sections, one of which is connected in series and the other in shunt with the armature, resulting in a compound generator. With self-excited generators, residual magnetism must be present in the machine iron to get the self-excitation process started. Typical steady-state volt-ampere characteristics of DC generators are shown in Fig. 2, constant speed prime movers being assumed. The relation between the steady-state internal generated voltage EA and the terminal voltage VT is VT = EA + IARA Where IA is the steady-state armature current and RA is the armature circuit resistance. In a Generator, Ea VT; in a motor the opposite holds, i.e., Ea VT .The terminal voltage of a separately excited generator decreases slightly with an increase in the load (armature) current, mainly because of the voltage drop in the armature resistance. The field current of a series generator is the same as the load current, so that the air-gap flux and hence the generated voltage vary widely with load. As a consequence, series generators are not often used. The voltage of shunt generators drops off somewhat with load. Compound generators are normally connected so that the mmf of the series winding aids that of the shunt winding (cumulative compound).The advantage is that through the action of the series winding the flux per pole can increase with load, resulting in a voltage output which is nearly constant or which even rises somewhat as load increases. The voltage of both shunt and compound generators can be controlled over reasonable limits by means of rheostats in the shunt field.

LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER The transformer works in the principle of mutual induction. The windings to which the voltage to be transformed is applied is known as the secondary winding. The two windings are wound over an iron core because iron core gives more flux lines for a given current. When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary winding an alternating flux is set up in the core. This alternating flux cuts both the primary and secondary windings. An emf is induced in the primary winding and another emf E2 is induced in the secondary windings. Neglecting the drops and the primary current required to setup the winding flux and assuming U.P.F load E1 I 1 E 2 I 2 .

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SHORT CIRCUIT AND OPEN CIRCUIT TRANSFORMER Open circuit test

TEST

IN A SINGLE

PHASE

The purpose of this test is to determine the shunt branch parameters of the equivalent circuit of the transformer. One of the winding is connected to the supply at rated voltage, while the other winding is kept open-circuited. From the point of view of convenience and availability of the supply the test is usually performed from the LV side, while the HV side is kept open circuited. If the transformer is to be carried out at that voltage metering is arranged to read voltage, current and power input. The shunt branch parameters can easily be determined from the three readings by the following circuit computations and with reference to the no load phasor diagram.
Y0 Y0 Vi 2 Gi Gi Po Vi 2 Gi F0 Vi Po jBM

It is then follows that Bm

Yo2

Gi2 .these values are referred to the side usually LV side

from which the test is conducted and could easily be referred to the other side if so desired by the square of transformation ratio. The transformation ratio is not known and be determined by connecting a voltmeter on the HV side as well as in the no-load test. If is therefore seen that the OC test yields the values of Core-loss and parameters of the shunt branch of the equivalent circuit. Short circuit test This test serves the purpose of determining the series parameters of a transformer. For convenience the supply arrangement and voltage and current to be handled, the test is usually conducted from the HV side of the transformer while the LV side is short circuited. The equivalent circuit as seen from the HV under short-circuited condition is drawn. Since the transformer is resistance and leakage reactance are very small, the voltage Vsc needed to circulate the full load current under short circuit is as low as 5-8% of the rated voltage. As a result the exciting current Io (sc) under these conditions is only about 0.1 to 0.5* of the full load current (Io at the rated voltage is 2-6% of the full load current).this is the shunt branch of the equivalent circuit can be altogether neglected giving the equivalent circuit. While conducting the SC test the supply voltage is gradually raised from zero till the transformer draws full load current. The meter readings under these conditions were tabulated quickly. Since the transformer is excited at very low voltage, the iron-loss is negligible; the power input corresponds only to the copper loss. (i.e.) Psc=Pc (Copper loss).from the equivalent circuit the circuit parameters are

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computed as below
Z V SC I SC R2 X2

Equivalent resistance R Equivalent Reactance X

PSC I SC
2

Z2

R2

These values are referred to the HV side from which the test is conducted. If desired the values could be easily referred to the other side. It is to be observed that the SC test has given us the equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer. It has not yielded any information. For separating these into respective primary and secondary values. It was observed that OC and SC tests together give the parameter of the approximate equivalent circuit which as already pointed out is quite accurate for all important computations. HOPKINSONS TEST This is a regenerative test in which two identical dc shunt machines are coupled mechanically and tested simultaneously. One of the machines is made to act as a motor driving the other as a generator which supplies power to the e motor. The set therefore draws only loss power from the mains while the individual machines can be fully loaded. One of the machines of the set is started as a motor and brought to the speed. The two machines are paralleled by means of SPSTS.After checking the similar polarities of the machine are connected across the switch. If this is the case, the voltage across the switch can be almost reduced to zero by adjustment of the field currents of the machines. Otherwise the polarities of either one of the armatures or one off the fields must be reversed and the set must be restarted. The SPSTS is closed, after checking that voltage across it is negligible, so that heavy circulating current will not flow in the local loop of the armatures on closing SPSTS.The speed of the set and electrical loading of the machines can be adjusted by means of rheostats placed in the two field circuits. The cause effect relationship to the load variation is given below.

I FG I FM

E AG N

E AG E AG

E AM E AM

I AG , I AM I AG , I AM

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