UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO, SRI LANKA UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO SCHOOL OF COMPUTING BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Third Year Examination in Computer

Science (2004/ 2005) Semester I - 2007

SCS3003 Computer Graphics and Image Processing

(2 HOURS) Answer ALL questions. Non-programmable calculators are allowed. No of Pages = 05 No of Questions = 04

1. (a). Describe briefly the main principles and properties of raster display devices by explaining the architecture of a raster-graphics system with a display processor. [5 marks] (b). Explain the main principles of both the DDA and Bresenham's algorithms for line drawing. Compare the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithms and explain the reasons for differences. [5 marks] (c). Explain the midpoint circle algorithm and discuss the computational efficiency of it. [6 marks]

(d). What are the main properties of Bezier curves? [3marks]

(e). Obtain the Bezier curve function defined by the four control points (2,1), (1,2), (0,-1), (-2,0). Calculate the Bezier curve function at u=0.5 and u=0.75 and hence sketch the Bezier curve. [6 marks]

2. (a). In two dimensions, determine the conditions which are needed for a rotation followed by a scaling to produce the same result as the same scaling followed by the same rotation. Clearly indicate the steps of your calculations. [6 marks]

(b). Which transformation sequence will transform the shape from figure A to figure B? Write down the transformation matrices and show how a composition of those matrices can be made.

[7 marks]

(c). A polygon has three vertices, V0 = (1, 1), V1 = (5, 5), and V2 = (11, 2). What will be the intensity at the point (7, 3) using Gouraud shading if the intensities at the three vertices are given as I0 = 2, I1 = 12, and I2 = 9? [6 marks]

(d). Assume, for some reason, that the normal square clipping window is to be replaced by a triangular window.

y
(0,1)

(-1,0)
.

(1,0)

(i) Describe an outcode scheme for testing the visibility of points and lines with respect to this window. (ii). What constitutes a trivial acceptance and trivial rejection for points? [6 marks]

3. (a). Histogram equalization is a widely used image processing operation. Describe this operation. Why is this operation useful? [4 marks]

(b). A common procedure for image enhancement combines high-frequency emphasis and histogram equalization to achieve edge sharpening and contrast enhancement. Explain whether or not it matters which process is applied first. [5 marks]

(c). Perform histogram equalization on the following image which has 8 discrete pixel levels (07). Transform it into a histogram equalized image also with 8 discrete grey levels in the range (0-7). Calculate probabilities of different pixels, cumulative probability and rounded cumulative probability. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 5 2 3 3 2 6 1 1 5 6 2 2 4 4 1 1 5 7 2 2 4 4 1 1 5 2 3 3 2 4 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 [10 marks]

(d). Images generated by an electronic microscope are being inspected. In order to simplify the inspection task, digital image enhancement is used. When a representative set of images is examined, following problems are found: (i) bright, isolated dots that are of no interest (ii) lack of sharpness (iii) not enough contrast in some images Image enhancement can be used to correct all these problems. Propose a sequence of image processing steps to overcome these problems. [6 marks]

4. (a). A common measure of transmission for digital data is the number of bits transmitted per second (bit/s). Generally, transmission is accomplished in packets consisting of a start bit, a byte (8 bits) of information, and a stop bit. Using this approximation, answer the following: (i) How many minutes would it take to transmit a 512 512 image with 256 gray levels at 9600 bit/s? (ii) What should be the capacity (bit/s) of a digital transfer channel, if images described in item a. (25 images/second) are to be transferred in real time? [5 marks]

(b). The Sobel operator computes the gradient along the x and y directions using two masks Mx and My in order to approximate the gradient at each location (x,y). (i) Write a 3x3 array for each mask Mx and My. (ii) What mathematical operation on an image array is approximated by the Sobel operator? [4 marks]

(c).Compare the Canny and Sobel edge detectors, listing comparative advantages and disadvantages of each. [6 marks]

(d). Construct an algorithm that will determine the amount of money in the picture given below. This is a color image. You need to construct ways to tell the difference in the coins. You can use color and size. [10 marks]