07 Gemoetry

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GEOMETRY
This chapter comes under Paper - II. This topic plays very important role in getting 100% marks for students in the public exam. From this chapter 4 marks problem-1 (14=4M), 2 Marks Problem -1 (12 = 2M), 1 Mark Problem-1 (11=1M), 5 Marks Problem -1 (15=5M), and 6 objective bits (61/2 = 3M) altogether 15 Marks can be scored. Students need to be very very cautious in the preparation of Geometry and also lot of hard work is required to get good score in this chapter. The following information will help for the S.S.C. exam appearing students. GEOMETRY

"THALES" introduced the study of Geometry in Greece. Triangles having same shape are called similar triangles Traingles having the same shape and same size are called congruent triangles. Congruent triangles are similar but converse need not be true.
Q. Write the properties of ''similar triangles" - Two triangles are said to be similar if and only if their i) Corresponding angles are equal ii) Corresponding sides are in proportion - Two squares, Two circles, two equilateral triangles, two right angled isosceles triangles are always similar. Q. State and Prove ''Basic proportionality theorem'' or Thales Theorem. - Statement: In a triangle, a line drawn parallal to one side, will divide the other two sides in the same ratio. Given: In ABC, DE || BC and DE intersects AB in D and AC in E. AD AE = Required to Prove: DB EC Construction: Join BE and CD and also draw EF AB and DG AC Proof: Consider
1 AD EF area (ADE ) 2 = area (BDE ) 1 BD EF 2
AD .................( 1) DB also consider
1 AE DG area (ADE ) 2 = area (CDE ) 1 EC DG 2

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AE .................( 2) EC
BDE and CDE are on the same base and between the same parallel lines area (BDE ) = area (CDE ) ..............(3) From (1) (2) & (3)
area (ADE ) area (ADE ) = area (BDE ) area (CDE ) AD AE = DB EC
Hence the theorem is proved Q. State vertical angle bisector theorem. 1M - The vertical angle bisector of a triangle divides the base in the ratio of the other two sides. A.A. Similarity: If two angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles of antoher traingle, then the two triangle are similar. Q. State and prove Converse of Pythagorean theorem. 4M Statement: In a trianlge, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle. Given: In ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 RTP: ABC = 90
Construction: Construct PQR, Such that PQ = AB, QR = AB and PQR = 90 Proof: In PQR, PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 [ By pythagorean theorem] PR2 = AB2 + BC2 [ Given] PR2 = AC2 [ Given] PR = AC ..................(1) Consider
ABC AB= BC= AC= PQR PQ (S) [ Construction ] QR (S) [ Construction ]
from(3)] PR (S) [
By S.S.S. axiom ABC PQR by corresponding parts of congruent triangles ABC = PQR ABC = 90 [ construction] Hence theorem proved Q. In ABC, B is an obtuse angle and AD CB. Prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC.BD Given: In ABC B > 90, AD CB RTP: AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC.BD Proof: In ADC, D = 90 by pythagorean theorem AC2 = AD2 + DC2 AC2 = AD2 + (DB + BC)2 AC2 = AD2 + DB2 + BC2 + 2DB.BC AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2DB.BC [ AB2 = AD2 + DB2] AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2.BC.BD Hence Proved Note: Phythagorean theorem was originally proposed by "Baudhayana" Rigorous proof for pythagorean theorem was given by "Bhaskarudu-II" Note: The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of any two corresponding (i) sides (ii) medians (iii) altitudes (iv) angle bisector segments of triangle. Q. In ABC b2 = a2+c2 then right angle at B Q. ABC~ PQR A=50 then Q + R = 130 Tangents to a circle A straight line touches the circle at only one point is called tangent to the circle. A straight line intersects the circle in two distinct point is called secant to the the circle The point that is common to the tangent and the circle is called points of contact.
The tangent is always perpendicular to the radius through the point of Contact.
Q. Prove that the lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. Given: PA and PB are two tangents of a circle with the Centre 'O'. RTP: PA = PB A Con: Join, OA,OB and also OP Proof: Consider
P
OAP OA= BOP
OB (S)= [ same radii]
OAP=90 OBP =90(R)= [ radiusisperpendicularto tan gent ] OP= OP (A)= [ Common side ]
by R.H.S axiom OAP OBP By corresponding parts of congruent triangles, PA = PB Hence Proved
Q. If PAB is a secant of a circle and PT is a tangent then show that PA.PB = PT2 Proof:
Given: PAB is a Secant of a circle. PT is a tangent RTP: PA.PB = PT2 Con: Draw on AB and join OA, OP, OB and also OT. Proof: Consider PA.PB = (PM AM) (PM + BM) = (PM AM) (PM + AM) [ AM = MB ] = = = = PM2 AM2 PM2 [OA2 OM2] PM2+OM2-OA2 OP2 OA2
[PM2+OM2= OP2]
= OP2 OT2 [ OA = OT ]
= PT2 Hence proved

Alternate segment theorem: If a chord is drawn through an end point of a chord of a circle, then the angles which this chord makes with the given tangent an equal respectively to the angles formed in the corresponding alternate segments.
Here BAQ = ACB and BAP = ADB If two chords of a circle intersect inside or out side of the circle when produced, the rectangle formed by the two segments of one chord is equal in the area to the rectangle formed by the two segments of the other.
e.g. In the adjacent figure x = 2 2 xx=18 x2 = 8

x= 8
x = 2 2 units
e.g. In the adjacent figure x = 10 PA.PB = PC. PD 3 (3+5) = 2 (2+x) 9+15 = 4+2x 24 4 = 2x 20/2 = x x = 10 units Common tangent: The tangent that is common to two or more circles is called common tangent. Direct Common tangent: If two circles are lying same side of common tangent with two points of contacts then the common tangent is called as direct common tanget (DCT) The lenght of DCT =
d2 (r1 r2 )
2
Here PQ & RS are DCT's d - distance between centres of circles r1 & r2 - radii of two circles Transverse Common tangent: If two circles are lying either side of the common tangent with two points of contact then the common tangent is called Transverse common tangent. (TCT) The length of TCT =
PQ Lengthof TCT
d2 (r1 + r2 )
2
d - distance between centres r1 & r2 - radii of circles 'd' is the distance between the centre of circle to an external point, r is the radius of the circle, l is the length of the tangent then the relation between l, d and r is i) d =
ii) l =
(l
+ r2
(d
r2
iii)r = d2 l2
The tangent at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel The angle between the tangent to a circle and the radius drawn at the point of contact is 90 Two circles of radii 3 cm and 1 cm. The distance between their centres is 5 cm then i) length of TCT - 3 cm ii) length of DCT 21cm
The number of tangents that can be drawn to a circle are infinite. The number of tangents that can be drawn to a circle from an external point are 2 Angle in a semicircle is 90
If a trapezium is cyclic then it is isosceles trapezium Cyclic rhombus is square Cyclic parallelogram is rectangle
S.No
Figure
Condition Two circles are touching each other externally
others CT =3 DCT = 2 TCT = 0
1.
2.
Two circles are intersecting in two points
CT =2 DCT = 2 TCT = 0
3.
Two circles are not at all touching and one is not in the other
CT =4 DCT = 2 TCT = 2
4.
Two circle internally
are
touching
CT = 1 DCT = 0 TCT = 0
5.
Two are concentric same centred
CT = 0 DCT = 0 TCT = 0
6.
One circle is lying in the other and without touching and also not concentric d < r2 r1
CT = 0 DCT = 0 TCT = 0
Circumcentre of a circle is equidistant from vertices of the vertices Incentre of a circle is equidistant form sides of the vertices.
Assignment: 1. State and prove converse of basic proportionality theorem. 2. State and prove phythagorean theorem. 3. In an equilateral triangle with side 'a' units then prove that i) its height (h) = ii) its area (A) =
3 2 .a sq. units. 4
4m 4m
3 .a units. 2
2m = + 2.BC.BD 4. B of ABC is an acute angle and AD BC then prove that 5. A vertical stick 12 cm long casts a shadow 8 cm long on the ground. At the same time a tower casts the shadow 40 m long on the ground. Determine the height of the tower. 2m 6. Construct a ABC in Which BC = 4cm, A = 50 and altitude through A = 3 cm. 5m AC2 AB2 BC2
Construction - No. 1 1. Construct a traingle in which BC = 5 cm, A = 70 and median AD through A =3.5 cm. Given: BC = 5 cm, A = 70, median AD = 3.5 cm. RTC: ABC Rough Sketch:
Construction:
Steps of Construction: 1. Draw a line segment BC = 5cm and draw BX such that CBX = 70 2. Draw BY such that XBY = 90 and draw the perpendicular bisector of BC which intersects BY at O and BC at D. 3. Taking 'O' as centre and OB as radius draw a circle which passes through B and C 4. Taking 'D' as centre and with the radius of 3.5 cm. Cut the circle at A and A'. 5. Join AB, AC and A 'B, A 'C , Here ABC, A'BC are required triangles. Proof: By alternate segment theorem BAC = CBX = 70 Construction - No. 2 2. Construct a a triangle ABC in which BC = 7 cm, A = 70 and foot of the perpendicular 'D' on BC from A is 4.5 cm away from B. Given: BC = 7cm, A = 70, BD = 4.5 cm Required to construct: ABC Rough sketch:
Construction:
Steps of Construction: Draw a linesegment BC = 7 cm and draw BX such that CBX = 70 and also draw BY such that XBY = 90 Draw the perpendicular bisector of BC such that it intersects BY at 'O' and taking 'O' as centre, OB = OC as radius draw a circle. Taking 'B' as centre and cut BC at D with the radius of 4.5 cm and also by using protractor draw a perpendicular through D such that it intersects the circle at A. Join AB and AC, here ABC is required triangle. Proof: By alternate segment theorem, BAC = CBX = 70 Construction - No. 3 3. Construct the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD in which AC = 4 cm, ABC = 57, AB = 1.5 cm, AD = 2 cm. RTC: Cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. Rough Sketch:
Construction:
Steps of Construction: Draw a line segment AC = 4 cm and draw AX such that CAX = 57 and also draw AY such that XAY = 90
Draw the P.b of AC which intersects AY at O and AC at P. Taking "O" as centre and Oa as radius draw a circle that passes "A", and "C" Taking A as centre cut the circle upwards at B with the radius of 1.5 cm and downwards at 'D' with the radius of 2 cm. Join AB, BC, CD and AD. Here ABCD is the required cyclic quadrilateral Proof: By Alternate segment theorem ABC = CAX = 57

07 Gemoetry

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1 AE DG area (ADE ) 2 = area (CDE ) 1 EC DG 2

= PT2 Hence proved

e.g. In the adjacent figure x = 2 2 xx=18 x2 = 8

Condition Two circles are touching each other externally

others CT =3 DCT = 2 TCT = 0

Two circles are intersecting in two points

Two circle internally

Two are concentric same centred

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