Gramma สรุป JULY 2012

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3/10/2013 CHAIRAT D.
Advanced English Grammar for High Learners
Part of Speech 8 :-
1. Noun (n.) "" , , , , 8

:-
1. Common Noun , , ,
2. Proper Noun , , ,
3. Collective Noun , , ,
Common Noun
of
A flock of sheep is
4. Material Noun ""

sugar ,bread, oil Common Noun
of
.
5. Abstract Noun
6. Noun Equivalent
5
Infinitive
to Gerund
ing Adjective the The good
should be praised. Phrase
I do not know what to say. 6.5 Clause What he is doing now is difficult for us to
know.
7. Compound Noun "" 8. Agent Noun

(suffix) er, or, ent,
2. Pronoun (pro.) "" Noun ,

I ,We ,You...
2.1. Personal Pronoun I, We, You,
me, us, him, it, them
2.2. Possessive Pronoun mine, ours, yours, his,
hers, its,
2.3. Definite Pronoun This, These, That, Those,
one,
2.4. Indefinite Pronoun some, any,

nobody,
2.5. Interrogative Pronoun who, whom, whose, what, which
2.6. Relative Pronoun
who, whom,
2.7. Reflexive Pronoun 5 myself, oursalves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself,
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2.8. Distributive Pronoun ,

each, either, neither
3. Verb(vt, vi) " " is ,have

,do ,read ,been ,seen ...
4. Adverb (adv.) " " verb, adjective,
Phrasal Preposition
( ), Pronoun, adverb

well , slowly , hard ,...
: He works hard every day.

: These students are very intelligent.
: You ought to go right to the end of the road.
: She drives very carefully

: Hardly anybody likes her, because shes cruel.
: We go to Bangsane almost every Sunday.
: Fortunately(), no one complained of me.
5. Adjective (a.) " " Noun Pronoun
higher income ... adjective

4 :
5.1.
The thin man can run very quickly.
5.2. Verb to be, look, feel, seem, get, etc.

:
5.3.
Im feeling a bit hungry.

:
This matter made me foolish.
5.4. Adjective
(Prepositional Phrase)
:
I have known the manager suitable for his position.
6. Preposition (pre.) "" Noun Pronoun
7. Conjunction (con.) "" , ,

He plays but I learn.
8. Interjection ""
Chapter 2 Noun 8
22-23
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(23 )
23
a, an (21 )
24
the (46 )
25
28 Articles
26
Chapter 5 Pronouns 8
27
1. Personal Pronoun "" I, We, You, it, them
28
Subject Form Object Form Verb to be Verb to be
28
2. Possessive Pronoun mine, ours, yours, his, hers,
its
29
3. Definite Pronoun This, These, That, Those, one
29
4. Indefinite Pronoun some, any, none, all,
Someone
29
5. Interrogative Pronoun who, whom, whose, what, which
29
6. Relative Pronoun who,
whom, where
29
7. Reflexive Pronoun ""
5 myself, oursalves, yourself
30
8. Distributive Pronoun , each, either,
neither
30
Chapter 6 Verbs 5
30
Transitive Verb
give, buy, write, speak
30
Intransitive Verb ""
run,
stay, light,
30
Finite Verb " "
30
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Non-Finite Verb " " Non-Finite Verb 3 :

30
1. Infinitive : To (To+Verb 1) to walk etc.
2. Gerund : ing (Verb+ing)
Walking, sleeping, smoking, etc.
3. Participle : ing eating, coming, etc. 3 eaten, cleaned,

spoken,
Auxiliary Verb " , , (Verb to be/have/do)
30
Auxiliary Verb 24 ( not)
31
Verb to be
31
Verb to have
32
Have to, Have got , Had better, had rather , had sooner
33
Verb to do
33
Will, Would, Shall, Should, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Need, Dare, Ought to
34-38
Chapter 7: Adverbs
38
Adverbs , , , ,
, , etc.
Adverb: Adverb 3 1.Simple, 2.Interrogative, 3.Conjunction

39
1. Simple Adverb ( ) 8
39
Adverb of Time (Time when) Duration ( How long) 3
Place... in, on, at, near,
Manner How
Frequency How often
Quantity
Quite , , Fairly Adjective

Affirmation or Negation
Exclamation V.3
2. Interrogative Adverb 6
41
Adverb of Time How long, When Place Where, How far ( )
Frequency How often
Manner How
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Quantity How much, How far
Reason Why, Wherefore : Why do you say this ?
3. Conjunction Adverb 6
42
Conjunction Adverb of Time/ Place/ Frequency / Manner / Quantity / Reason
Adverb
42
Adverb Adjective
42
Adverbial Particles Adverb
42
Adverbial Particles
Two-Word Verb of Separable and Inseparable
Two-Word Verbs Adverbial Partical

Chapter 8: Adjective ""
43
43
44
( )
?
good, bad, tall, dirty, wise, red, fat, thin, this, those, short,
etc...
- Adjective / Adjective
44
Adjective
45
1. Descriptive Adjective () good, black, happy,
etc.
2. Proper Adjective ( )
Proper Noun
3. Quantitative Adjective ()
much, many, etc.
4. Numberial Adjective 3
4.1 Cardinal Numberal Adjective

one, two, three, etc.
4.2 Ordinal Numberal Adjective

first, second
4.3 Multiplicative Adjective double, triple, etc
5. Demonstrative Adjective
this, such, etc.
6. Interrogative Adjective ()
What, which, etc.
7. Possessive Adjective () my, our, your, his, her, etc.
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8. Distributive Adjective () each, every,

either, neither
9. Emphasizing Adjective () own (), very ( , )
10. Exclamatory Adjective () What
: What a man he is!
11. Relative Adjective
What, Whichever
Adjective-Equivalent
46
Adjective-Equivalent 11 7
:-
1. Adj.
2. Apostrophe (s) Adj.

3. Infinitive (to+V1) Adjective

4. Participle
5. Gerund ( Participle)
6. Phrase Adjective
7. Subordinate Clause ( )

Adjective
46
All Both Adjective Pronoun
47
Chapter 9: Prepositions and Idioms
47
Preposition "" Noun Pronoun
Preposition (4 )
47
- 1. Simple Preposition in, on, at, by, with, of, since, etc.
- 2. Compound Preposition 2 about, above, besides, without, etc.
- 3. Participial Preposition Participle ing barring ,
during ,
- 4. Phrasal Preposition
( 188-
193)
:-
as to = ,
in respect of = ,
because of = ,
in spite of = ,
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by dint of = ,
instead of = ,
by means of =,
in view of =
at home in = ,
in sight of =
at the top of =
in event of =
(=incase of)
by force of =
in the quise of =
at enmity with =

in the face of =
by the side of = (= beside)
in the hope of = (+Ving).
by virture of = (+Ving)
in the rear of = ,
by way of = , (+Ving) .
in the teeth of =
for fear of = (+Ving)
in order to =
for the purpose of = (+Ving)
in proportion to =
for the sake of = ,
in regard to =
for want of =
in unison with =
in accordance with =
in (on) behalf of =,
in case of =
,
an account of =
on the brink of = ,
on the eve of =
,
in common with =
in connection with =
on the ground of =
on the part of = , ,
in consequence of = ( )
in consideration of =
on the point of = (+Ving)
on the score of = ,
in course of =
on pretence of =
in defence of =
with a view to = (+N. Ving)
in defiance of = ,
with an eye to =
in favour of =
in front of =
with reference to =
His house stood in front of the bridge.
in honour of =
The day was kept as a public holiday in honour of the king.
in keeping with =

Your love of sport is in keeping with your age.
in lieu of =
You should take my report in lieu of his.
in prospect of =
Men plough in prospect of the coming harvest.
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in pursuance of = I was ready to do anything in pursuance of my son.

in quest of = ,
He comes here in quest of what he needs.
Preposition 9
50-54
1. 2. 3.-

5.

7. Preposition
,
4. .
6.
,
8. Preposition
9.
1. Preposition
50-51
In, On, At, Since, For, During, by untill
2. Preposition

51-52
above, below, over, under, toward, to, into, in, out of, through, from, in, at, between, Among
3. Preposition

52
about =
, of =
, on =
(
,

4. Preposition

53
of, from, out of, with, without
5. Preposition

53
What...for? ?
Who...for? ?
6. Preposition

,
53
: with, in, of, without
7. Preposition
,
53
by, with, through, without, of
8. Preposition
54
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Where...for?
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as well as , according to , against , , notwisthstanding

apart from , besides , instead of
9. Preposition
54
at, by, in, on, out of at war by far ( ),out of
order

Idioms
54-55
, ,
3 : idiom 1. 2. ( Participle)
3. :
1. idiom :
accuse of
agree about +
borrow from
blow off
burn of
care for(about)
cut in
dream of
enter into
feel for
get ahead
give on
involve in
knock together
pass away
save up
wait for
accustom to
admit toanswer to
add to
acquaint with agree on +
agree to +
agree with +
approve of
apologize to
belong to
believe in
boast of
become of
beat up
begin with
blow away
blow down
blow out
boil away
boil down
breah away?
bring out
break into
buy off
buy out
buy up
call in
call at
compare to
compare with congratulate on count on
count in
cross out
cut down
cut out
dash offdeclare of
dispute about draw back
dress up
drop into
dry out
eat away
embark on
enter into
entitle into
entitle into
face down
face up
fall down
fall in love
feed to
fight forfigure on
fill out
finish up
fly at
follow up
get along with get by
get down
get out of
give over
give in
give up
go along with hang on
hang up
hold by
hold up
inquire about jump onjoin up
keep away
kick in
knock down
laugh at leave off, live on
listen to
look for
look out
pack up
pass by
point out
play down
quarrel over
rool up
run away
see about
see off
take care of
take up
talk over
wait on
write down
work out
etc.
2. idiom ( Participle):
adequate for
ahead of
angry with
aware of
(be) ashamed of
available to
anxious about capable of
clear to
doubtful about
(be) disappointed with=
evident from famous for
faithful to
familiar with (to)
absent from
afraid of
appropriate for
fond of
friendly with
good at ()
full of
generous with + Noun =
good in ()
grateful to
hopeful of
happy about
indentical
jealous of
loyal to
(be) pleased with/by
with
generous with + V-ing =

patient with proud of
perfect for
suspicious about
popular with
(be)sastified with
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responsible for satisfactory with superior to

sick of +Ving unfit for
etc.
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3. idiom :
approval of
faith in
solution to
cause of
intention of
shortage of
confidence in
invitation to
experience in
cure for
matter with
care of
demand for
pride in
etc.
difficulty in
progress in
influence on
reputation
Error in Idioms
add to
56
structure:
add + something + to(with) + something
blame for
structure:
blame + someone + for + something
compare with(to)
...
structure:
compare + something + with + something
compensate for
structure:
compensate + + for +
structure:
conceal + something + from + somebody
structure:
congratulate + someone + on + something
conceal from
congratulate on
excuse for
excuse of
explain to
structure:
excuse + someone + for + something
structure:
structure:
introduce to
structure:
keep for
excuse + somebody + of + something
explain + something + to + someone

introduce + someone + to + someone
structure:
keep + something + for + someone
prefer to
...
structure:
prefer
+
(someone/thing)
+
to
(someone/thing)
remind of
,
structure:
remind + someone + of
(someone/thing)
reproach for
, structure:
reproach +

+ for +
, structure:
relieve of
subtract from
structure:
thank for
+
+
relieve +
+ of +
subtract + something + from + something
structure:
thank + someone + for + something
Chapter 10: Conjunctions ""

57-60
, ,

Conjunction
1. Co-ordinate Conjunction Compound Sentence
57-59
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1.1 And-type:
and
57-58
both...and ......
and...too ...
nor ...
and also... ...
not only...but also .....
as well as ,
no less...than ...
besides ...
(whats more, furthermore, moreover, likewise, again) = ...

1.2 But-type :
but
however
while , (=)
nevertheless ( )
still ,
,
1.3 Or-type :
or
yet ( )
on the other hand ,
whereas ,
for all that ,
either...or ......( 2 )
or else ( )
58
neither...or ......( 2 )
otherwise
)
1.4 So-type:
so ( )
59
(
59
for ( ) so
therefore ( ) so

consequently accordingly ( )
Conjunction Conjunctive Adverb (

)
59
2. Subordinate Conjunction
60
: that, how, if, unless, lest, when, while, after, as, as soon as, whether, etc...
9 :-1. .
3. .
2.
4. .5. , ,.6.
7.
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8. 9.
Error in Conjunctions ( )
61-64
Conjunction :
as soon as ( = when) when

61
as long as , so long as (, )
cooma
(,)
because Conjunction because
because of Preposition because of

but that (...) if...not

but for + ... but that but that but

for
either of + = ( )
Neither of + = ( )
if (, )
comma (,)
inasmuch as (, ) because
in case ( , ) (clause) may, might, should, can, could

62
( In case clause
may, might, should, can, could)
in order to ( ) Infinitive ( 1) 2
in order that () in order to in order that (Clause)

lest () lest should

no sooner...than (...) conjunctive
not so...as ( ) as...as ( as...as

)
or ( ) , ,
or else ( ) otherwise (Clause)
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Provide, providing ( ) proviede that

providing
that 63
So that (, ) , so that may,might

should + Verb1
So...that (... ) so...that Adj. Adv. Adj.
Such...that (.. .) such...that Noun Adjective

so as to ()
in order to Infinitive
supposing (, )
Clause
since (, , )
64
the same...as (, ) the same as
until (Clause) until
( till)
till ( until )
unless ( ... , ...) if...not
Chapter 11: Question Words

Question Words Question Words 21 :
What
Which (,,)
Who ()
Whom ()
When ()
Whose()
64-67
Where ()
Why
How ()
How long : ()
How often
How many
How much
How far
How tall
How high How wide
How about + gerund , what about + noun :
How old How fast How+Adjective ( Adverb)
Helping Verbs

( 244-246)
67
Chapter 12 : Agreement of Subjects and Verbs ( 248-261)
67-70
Agreement of Subject and Verbs 26

Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedents ( 260-261)

(number)
(person)

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1. one one ones his her

One must do ones duty.
One ought to be responsible for what one says.
2. someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, each, either, neither, every, anyone, no one

:-
- he she
- him her
Everybody says he will do his best.

If anyone knows the truth, let him tell it.
- his, her hers Anyone can make his choice now.

Chapter 13 : Tenses ( 262-300)
Present Simple Tense
s
Present Continuous Tense
ing

Present Perfect Tense
3
71-81
72
73
74
since, for Present Perfect Tense

yet, just, already
Past Simple Tense
ed
Future Simple Tense
:-
75
78
Shall -

1 I , We
Will - 2, 3 he, she, it, you, they, Mary,
Anna...
(be) going to will, shall, (be) going to , will, shall
Will I We 2 :Chapter 14 Active and Passive Voice 301

82-86
Active Voice :-He
punished a boy.
Passive Voice :-A
boy was punished by him.
Active Voice :He punished a boy.
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Mary eats a mango.

I shall write a letter.
Passive Voice :A boy was punished by him.
A mango is eaten by Mary.
A letter will be written by me.
Active Voice Passive Voice ()

1. Active Passive
2. Verb to be
Tense Active
3. Active Passive 3 ( Verb
to be)
4. Active Passive by

Verb to be

Passive Voice
12 Tense :Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Conti.
:
:
:
:
S + is, am, are + Verb 3 + by ...

S + is, am, are + being + Verb 3 + by ...
S + have, has + been + Verb 3 + by ...
S + have, has + been + being + Verb 3 + by ...
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Conti.
:
:
:
:
S + was, were + Verb 3 + by ...

S + was, were + being + Verb 3 + by ...
S + had + been + Verb 3 + by ...
S + had + been + being + Verb 3 + by ...
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Conti.
:
:
:
:
S + will, shall + be + Verb 3 + by ...

S + will, shall + be + being + Verb 3 + by ...
S + will, shall + have + been + Verb 3 + by ...
S + will, shall + have + been + being + Verb 3 + by ...
: Passive Voice Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect
Continuous,
Active Passive 12 Tense

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Active: Chairat eats a mango.
Active: Chairat is eating a mango.
Passive: A mango is eaten by Chairat.
Passive: A mango is being eaten by Chairat.
Active : Chairat has eaten a mango.
Passive: A mango has been eaten by Chairat.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : Chairat has been eating a mango.
Passive : A mango has been being eaten by Chairat.
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Past Simple Tense

Active : Chairat ate a mango.
Passive: A mango was eaten by Chairat.
Past Continuous Tense

Active: Chairat was eating a mango.
Passive: A mango was being eaten by Chairat.
Past Perfect Tense

Active : Chairat had eaten a mango.
Passive: A mango had been eaten by Chairat.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : Chairat had been eating a mango.
Passive: A mango had been being eaten by Chairat.
Future Simple Tense

Active : Chairat will eat a mango.
Passive: A mango will be eaten by Chairat.
Future Continuous Tense

Active : Chairat will be eating a mango.
Passive: A mango will be being eaten by Chairat.
Future Perfect Tense

Active : Chairat will have eaten a mango.
Active : Chairat will have been eating a mango.
Passive: A mango will have been eaten by Chairat . Passive: A mango will have been being eaten by...
Passive Voice
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, has to, have to,
be going to
Active Voice can, could, may, might, must, ought to, has to, have to,
(be) going to Active Voice
Passive Voice :-
can, could,
may, might, must,
ought to,
has to, have to,
be going to
+ be + 3
:Active
She can drive a car.
I may write a letter this evening.
Somsak must clean a table.
You ought to meet him today.
I have to speak English.
She is going to sell her house.
Passive
A car can be driven by her.
A letter may be writen by me this evening.
A table must be cleaned by Somsak.
He ought to be met by you today.
English has to be spoken by me.
Her house is going to be sold by her.
Passive
1. (Intransitive Verb)
He slept there. Passive There was slept by him.
( there object slept slept

)
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2. (Transitive Verb) ()
Jack had his breakfast. Passive His breakfast was had by Jack.
3. Passive Voice
He became a King.
I am a student.
Passive
A king was become by him.
------------------------------ A student is been by me.
: Intransitive Verb Active Passive Preposition

Object
( Preposition + Object transitive Verb ) :They will look after her well. = She will be looked after.
I dont like people looking at me. = I dont like being looked at.
He has turned down all our suggestions.
= All our suggestions have been turned down.
Passive Voice
by
Active by Passive

by :The house was painted nicely before they move in.

Passive Voice
The house was nicely painted by a painter before they moved in
by a painter
by...
Active :
Passive :
The people in Italy speak Italian.

Italian is spoken in Italy.
by Passive Voice 2
:1. Active Voice
:- I, We, You, He, She, They
They will build a new road through here soon. = A new road will be built through here soon.
She closed the door of the house. = The door of the house was closed.
2. Active Voice everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody
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No one has used the gate for five years. = The gat hasnt been used for five years.
Somebody stole my watch last night. = My watch was stolen last night.
:
by +
() :Active :
Samran Kamying wrote Advanced English Grammar.
Passive :
Advanced English Grammar was written by Samran Kamying.
Active :
Passive :
Columbus was discovered America.

America was discovered by Columbus.
: Active Voice
Passive Voice
People say that...,
People believe that...
It is said that...,
It is believed that..., :-
Active :
People say that honesty is the bast policy.
Passive :
It is said that honesty is the bast polic.
Active :
Passive :
People believe that the earth is round.

It is believed that that the earth is round.
Active Voice Object 2 : Object 2 :1. Direct Object ( )

2. Indirect Object ( )
Active Voice 2
Passive Voice

to
2 :-
Active :
He gave me a book.
- Passive (): I was given a book by him.
- Passive (): A book was given to me by him.
Active :
My grandfather told me a story.
- Passive (): I was told a story by my grandfather.
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- Passive (): A story was told to me by my grandfather.
Active :
The teacher teaches Dang English.
- Passive (): Dang is taught English by the teacher.
- Passive (): English is taught to Dang by the teacher.
Passive Voice
Question Words
Active Voice Question Words Passive Voice

:1. Question Words
Active Who by whom
2. Verb to be, can, could, may, might
Question Words
3. Active Voice by
4. Active Passive 3
:-
Active : What do you want ?
Active :
Active :
Active :
Active :
Active :
Passive: What is wanted by you ?
Who punished him ?

Where do you see her ?
Passive: By whom was he punished ?

Passive: Where is she seen by you ?
When did he send her a letter?
Passive: When was she sent a letter by him?
Which book do you buy ?
Passive: Which book is bought by you ?
Why did they destroy it ?
Passive: Why was it destroyed (by them) ?
Active : Whom does she love ?

Passive: Who is love by her ?
Active : How will you do it ?
Passive: How will it be done by you ?
Active : Whose car are you going to buy ? Passive: Whose car is going to be bought by you ?
Passive Voice
Active Voice Passive Voice : Let + object + be + Verb
:- Active :
Active :
Active :
Open your book.

Dont kill the tiger.
Close the window.
Passive : Let your book be opend.

Passive : Let the tiger not be killed.
Passive : Let the window be close.
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Active :
Active :
Do it.
Dont destroy the contents.
Passive : Let it be done.

Passive : Let the contents not be destroyed.
Passive Voice Adverb of Manner
passive Voice Active Adverb of Manner Adverb of

Manner V3
:- Active :
Passive :
Active :
Passive :
They did the work well.

The work was well done (by them).
She dressed her shildren badly.
Her children were badly dressed.
Active Voice Infinitive Without to
Active Voice Infinitive Without to Passive Infinitive

With to
:- Active : We saw them go out.
= Passive : They were seen to go out.
Active : They heard her sing there. = Passive : She was heard to sing there.
: Let Infinitive Without to :Active :

They let us go.
Passive :
We were let go.
Active Voice Present Participle (V-ing)

Active Voice Present Participle (V-ing) Passive Voice
:-
being + 3
:- Active :
I saw Dang writing the letter.
Passive :
I saw the letter being written by Dang.
Active :
I looked at him making the table.
Passive :
I looked at the table being made by them.
: Object Present Participle Active Voice Passive
being + V3
Passive Voice by
Passive Voice Passive Voice by in, at, with, etc.

His essay ( ) interests me. Passive : I am interested in his essay.
( I am interested by his essay. )
My success pleases her much.Passive : She is much pleased at my success.

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( She is much pleased by my success. )
Snow covered the mountain.
Passive : The mountain was cover with snow.

The mountain was cover by snow.
Active : The fire killed four boys.
Passive : Four boys were killed in the fire.

Four boys were killed by the fire.
Advanced English Grammar for High Learners

Content
Chapter 1 Grammar Review ( 21-22 )
Chapter 17: If-Sentence and Subjunctive 379
Chapter 2 Nouns ( 22-23 )
Chapter 18: Sequence of Tense 398
Chapter 3 Number of Nouns ( 23 )
Chapter 19: Sentences, Clauses and Phrases 401
Chapter 4 Articles ( 24-27 )
Chapter 20: Relative Clauses 445
Chapter 5 Pronouns ( 27-30 )
Chapter 21: Question Tag 453
Chapter 6 Verbs ( 30-38 )
Chapter 22: Inversion of Verb and Adverb 461
Chapter 7 Adverbs ( 38-44 )
Chapter 23: Word Building ( xx-xx) 467
Chapter 8 Adjectives ( 44-47 )
Chapter 24: The Use of Confused Words 490
Chapter 10 Conjunctions ( 57-64)
Chapter 26: Interjection 511
Chapter 9 Prepositions and Idioms ( 47-56) Chapter 25: Compound Words 506
Chapter 11 Question Words ( 64-67)
Chapter 27: Combination of Sentences 513
Chapter 12 Agreement of Subjects & Verbs (67-70) Chapter 28: Comparison of Adjective and Adverb 531
Chapter 13 Tenses ( 71-81)
Chapter 29: The Use of Genitive ('s, of) 548
Chapter 14 Active and Passive Voice( 82-86) Chapter 30: Number and How to Read 556
Chapter 15 Direct and Indirect Speech ( 87-xx)Chapter 31: ,
566
Chapter 16 Non-Finite Verbs 345
Chapter 32: Pronunciation 582-589
Chapter 1: Grammar Review and Terminology

Part of Speech 8 :-
1. Noun (n.) "" , , , ,

2. Pronoun (pro.) "" Noun ,
I ,We ,You...
3. Verb(vt, vi) "" is

,have ,do ,read ,been ,seen ...
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4. Adverb (adv.) " " verb, adjective, ,

,
adverb well , slowly , hard ,

soon ...
5. Adjective (a.) "" Noun Pronoun
higher income ...
6. Preposition (pre.) "" Noun Pronoun
7. Conjunction (con.) "" , ,

He plays but I learn.
8. Interjection ""
Kinds of Verbs - Verbs 2
1. Transitive Verb (vt) Verb Verb

sent
2. Intransitive Verb vi) Verb

walk
Verb 14
1. Principle Verb ( ,Finite Verb) Principle Verb

2. Non-Finite Verb
3
Infinitive (to+V1), Gerund (V1+ing), Participle (Present Participle (V1+ing) Past Participle (V3))
3. Auxiliary (Helping Verb) " " 24 :
is ,am ,are ,was ,were ,has ,have ,had ,do ,does ,did ,will ,would ,shall ,should ,can ,could ,may ,might ,must ,need ,dare ,ought to ,used to
4. Verb of Incomplete Predication " " -

Verb :- is ,am
,are ,was ,were ,feel ,become, etc.
5. Defective Verb "

" can-could ,will-would ,must ,had better ,would rather
6. Regular Verb "" 2 3 ed

7. Irregular Verb "" - 2 3 ed

Regular
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Verb see - saw - seen
8. Anomalous Verb " " (AuxiliaryVerb)

-
9. Ordinary Verb " " 3 s

Pres. Simple T.
10. Two-Word Verb ""

11. Chaining Verb " "

John used to live in Lao.
12. Echo Verb

Does she go to Lao? Yes, she does.
13. Linking Verb V. N. ( N. equivalent) a.,

adv.
subject quality

Verb to be ,become ,get...
14. Modal Verbs Auxiliary Verb can,
could, will, might...
Chapter 2: Nouns
Noun "" , , , , 8 :1. Common Noun "" , , ,
2. Proper Noun "" , , , Proper Noun
3. Collective Noun "" , , , Common

Noun of

A flock of sheep is worth one million bath.
4. Material Noun ""

Article sugar ,bread ,wood ,rice ,water, oil ...Material Noun
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Common Noun of Common Noun Material Noun She has a
little salt in the kitchen.
5. Abstract Noun ""

6. Noun Equivalent ""

5
6.1 Infinitive to To sleep is necessary for health.
6.2 Gerund ing Sleeping at midday is necessary for a baby.

6.3 Adjective the The good should be
praised.
6.4 Phrase I do not know what to say.
6.5 Clause What he is doing now is difficult for us to know.
7. Compound Noun "" 3
7.1 2 country + man = countryman (
7.2 Verb-ing , -

swimming - pool
7.3 2
Bangkok Bank
8. Agent Noun " "
(suffix) er, or, ent, ant, ist,
ician
act- actor-
, music- musician-
Countable and Uncountable

Countable Noun 3 :1. 2. 3. 1, 2, 3...
Uncountable Noun 3 :-
1. 2. 3.

Common Noun + of + Material (Mass) Noun
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Chapter 3: Number of Nouns

Nunber of Nouns 2 Singular Number () Plural Number
()
1. s
book books
2. s e
house houses
3.
s, ss, x, sh, ch, z es bus buses
4. o o es mango mangoes (
)
5. y y y ies
)
lady ladies (
6. f fe ves wife wives ()
7. :- man, woman, foot, louse, goose,

mouse, tooth,
dormouse, penny men, women, feet, lice, geese, mice, teeth, dormice, pence pennies
8. en ren ox, child, brother

oxen, children, brotheren
9.
series, fish, sheep, deer
10. ss, se
two Japanese
11.

a Japanese
news, civics, means, mumps, summons, physics, ststistics, headquarters, ashes, alms, politics, gallows, ethics, mechanics,
economics
12. people*, poultry, vermin, clergy, minority, cattle,

gentry, police, majority
* people s There are peoples livingin Thailand.
13. clothes, earnings, goods, customs,

wages...
14. s father-in-law
fathers-in-law ()
15. s (Apostrophe + s) There are two T's in little.
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16. dozen() score( ) gross(12 144)

two, three...
s of Suni wanted four dozen eggs for her birthday
party. ( )
17.

a billiard table ()
18. (Initials) s
VIP
VIPs
19. freedom, progress, news, furniture, traffic, fun, machinery,

music...
20. formula
formulae, formulas ...
21. work () works () , air () airs ()
22.
spirit() spirits(1., 2., 3.)
23.
people (1., 2.)
peoples ()
Chapter 4: Articles
Articles "" 2
1. Indefinite Article a, an Article
2. Definite Article the Article
a, an
1. a , ,
I bought a pen yesterday.
2. a
Adjective
hand.
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Marisa has a big umbrella in her
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3. an
Pramote is an honourable guest in the party.
4. an Adjective

He is an important man to visit me.
5. a, an -
A dog is a faithful animal.
6. a, an -

You are a teacher.
John is an
American.
7. a, an -
I bought a dozen of soap
yesterday.
8. a, an -
, , , ,
My car is running 60
miles an hour.
9. a, an -
What a hot day it is!
10. a, an -
Somsak is a Soontorn Poo in our school.
11. a, an - quite, hardly, scarcely, rather He is rather a lazy man.

12. a, an - many
Many a boy could
pass entrance examination.
13. a, an - how, so, as, too,
How diligent
a man he is!
14. a, an - a, an " "

I have a little
money left.
15. a, an - such
such + a +Adjective + noun e.g.
It is such a hot day he can't work.
16. a, an - "
"
I haven't a penny, so I can't pay.
17. a, an - a, an
" "
""
18. a, an -
He thinks he is an Einstein.
A Mr. Jones wishes to speak to you.
19. a, an the
2
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20. a, an -
A boy and a girl were walking along the street.

They were arguing where they should go for their week-end.
The boy wanted to go to Chiangmai, but the girl said she liked to see a movie.
21. a, an -

on an average , have a good time ,
do a favour...
Every morning we have a walk after bed.
the
1.
The man in this car is the Prime
Minister.
2.
The pen which Ibought for you
is red.
3.
She owns a dog and a cat in the house. The dog is white, and the cat is black.
4.
...
5.
The Prime Minister,
The
President, The Manager...
6.
- Kingdom, Union, Republic
The Soviet Union, The United Kingdom, The Irish
Repuplic...
- of
The Republic of Chaina, The United States of
America...
-

The NetherLands,
Philippines
:- The
Thailand, England, France, ...
7.
The
8. ' of
( 56)
9.
( 56)
10.
thailand.
( 56)
The North is colder than the south. of

11.
family. (
57)
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Payao is the best boxer in

Smith is the third son of his
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12. Adjective (
) The rich
are not alwaws happy.
13. Everyone knows
the Taj Mahal well in India.
14.
15.
16. 2 the

lonelier she felt.
17.

earth...
18.
The farther she went, the

The moon,
The
After ordination the monks have to
study the Tripitaka.
19.
Dynasty, The Civil War...
20.
The Chakkri
The Kenedys...
21. This
is the George Dickson I want to contract.
22.

The Bangkok of 2475 was far smaller than the Bangkok of 2542.
23.

The mosquito carries disease.
24. by
Eggs in Thailand
are sold by the dozen.
25.
Put this bag in the
back of the car.
26.

Idi Amin is the Hitler of Ukanda. (
61)
27.
28.
29. play, buy, give

guitar.
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Somsak is playing the
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30. Adj.
The English language
is the universal language.
31. Common Noun Abstract Noun Collective Noun The pen is mightier than the
sword.
32.
Rome, the capital of Italy, is a
beautiful city.
33.
All of the water is not
good to drink.
34. Adjective 1 2

Of the two cars this is the more expensive.
35.
The beginning of English learning is to know how to
write the alphabets.
36.
The past of your life is not important, but for the present I
love you indeed.
37.
in the morning, in the afternoon...
38. " "

summer... (
64)
in the winter,
in the
39.
We heard this news on the
radio.
40.
The British Empire is well-known
in the word.
41.

Thai people dont like the Maxist
Doctrine.
42. Gerund Abstract Noun of
The construction of this road is very useful for people.
43. the
44.
The Walts and even the tango seem to be out of fashion these days, but the
disco is very hit.
45. all, both, double, half, just, triple, quarter

Its just the
thing I want.
46.
make the beds, wash the dishes, tell the truth, the very man, clear the table, at the present time
28
Articles
1.

hydrogen and oxygen.
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Water is composed of
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2.

Honesty is the best policy.
4.
We study English twice a week.
3.

Women like beautiful clothes.
5.
They play football with their friends every
day.
the We are going to watgh the
football matsh.
6. ()

7.
Thai people believe in Buddhism.
8.
9.
( the)
10.
All right doctor , Ill do what you say.
11.

I saw father and son working in
the garden.
12.
13. kind of, sort of, type of, make of, brand of, variely of, species of...
"-- "
What kind of suit are you wearing? What brand of cigarette do you prefer?
14.
I want to meet Mr. Smith.
I met a Mr. Smith at the restarant last night.
15. Prime Minister Prem visited the

North of Thailand.

the The President
wishes his people many year of
16.
Americans are fond of baseball.
17. Adjective Verb
We are Thai.
18.
Her house is on
Sukhumvit Road.
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19.
and read after me.
the
the fourth of January.
21.
20.
Please open on page ten
I go to Nonthaburi by water.
Mary cant go to school because of
influenza.
22. 2
2 Please bring me
a cup and saucer.
23. Article Subjective Complement turn
"
, "
Samart was a singer before he turned teacher.
24.
Article
( 76)
25.
TWA.
26.
They are going to arrive here by
the
school. ...
We go to school.
We go to the
27.
( 77)
28. ( 78)
Chapter 5 : Pronouns
Pronouns 8 :- 1.Personal Pronoun, 2.Possesive Pronoun, 3.Definite Pronoun,
4.Indefinite Pronoun, 5.Interrogative Pronoun, 6.Relative Pronoun, 7.Reflexive Pronoun, 8.Distributive
Pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun " "
I me my mine myself
He him his himself
We us our ours ourselves

She her hers herself
You your yours yourself,-ves

They them their theirs themselves
It its itself
2. Possessive Pronoun " "

Personal Pronoun
4 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs
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3. Definite Pronoun
This, These, That, Those, one,
4. Indefinite Pronoun " "

some, any,
none, all, Someone, Something, Somebody, anybody, anyone, few, everyone, many, nobody, others
5. Interrogative Pronoun who,
whom, whose, what, which
6. Relative Pronoun ""

who, whom, whose, which, where, what, when, why,

that Relative Pronoun who
""
"
,
" ...
7. Reflexive Pronoun "" 5 myself, oursalves, yourself,

yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
8. Distributive Pronoun , ,
each, either, neither There are many tourists coming here everyday. Each has a
camera.

Pronoun Adjective
1.Personal Pronoun "
"

I
We
You
He
She
It
They
me
us
you
him
her
it
them
my
our
your
his
her
its
their
mine
ours
yours
his
hers
its
theirs

myself
ourselves
yourself,-ves
himself
herself
itself
themself
Personal Pronoun 1 (I, We, You, He, She, It, They)
1.
He is ready to start
now.
2. Verb to be
It is I who
can speak English here.
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Personal Pronoun 2 (me, us, you, him, her, it, them)

1.
The teacher watched us playing football.
2.
Bangkok.
3. Infinitive
My father thought of me a lot when I left him for

I told her to study English at once.
It
1.

2.
It takes two hours to Bangsaen.
3. Verb to be
It is very easy to do this
job.
4.

Look at that long-haired child. It is pretty.
5. Passive Voice
It is said that... ...
It is believed that... ...
It is hoped that... ...
It is understood well that... ...
Subject Form Object Form Verb to be

Verb to be
1. (Object Form) Verb to be "It's..., That's..., This
is..."
Who is that? It's me.
2. Verb to be

3. Pronoun Let Object Form Don't Let him live here

alone, please.
4. Pronoun than Subject Form Object Form
than
more

I love you more than she. , I love you more than her.
5. as...as
Subject Form Object Form

He likes her as much as I.
6. such as

7. Pronoun between ( 2 )
The principle is standing between him and me.
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8. But , " Pronoun

All but he could pass the examination.
2. Possessive Pronoun
Personal Pronoun
4 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

Possessive Pronoun
1.
Your friends
is Indian, mine is American.
2. Subjective Complement " " Verb
to be
This ruler is his; that one is hers.
3.
of a + noun + of +
Possessive Pronoun
I met a friend of mine at the theatre yesterday.
3. Definite Pronoun " "

This
This is an interesting book
That

That is the thing I need.
One
" " Definite Pronoun

one
Ones
Which car do you possess? I possess the red one
" , " Definite Pronoun
one ones
The books in the shelf are dear, but the ones on the table are cheap.
These
He
can't understand the exercises.
Those

Those are foreigners.
4. Indefinite Pronoun
some, any, none, all, few
Someone, Something, Somebody, anybody, anyone, Many are called; but few are chosen.
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5. Interrogative Pronoun ""

, Who wants to take a part in
Who
the football match?
Whom
,
Whom shall I
marry next year?
Whose
,
Whose is the red
car standing outside?
whose Whose
house is not far from school?
What
morning?
What delayed you this
* What " , , ,
"
Which
, , , ,
* Which
6. Relative Pronoun
Relative P. who ""
"
,
" ...
Whose, "
..."-
Whom, "
" This is the student whom
his teacher punished.
Who, "" The boy who is studies hard can
pass the examination easily.
Which, ", "- ,
This is the ticket which I bought for you.
When, ", "- , ,, Sunday is the day when we don't go to

work.
That, " , "- , , , that 4
:-
1.
that
Charat is the most famous
singer that I have known well.
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2.
She is the first lady that he failed in
love.
3. much, little, etc.
Somsak has many
pens that he gives me.
4. that someone,
something, anyone,
anybody, anything, anywhere, everyone, no one, nothing, etc. There is nothing that I can do for you.
What ", " what

Why
That's the reason why I killed him.
7. Reflexive Pronoun " " 5 myself, oursalves,

yourself, yourselves,
himself, herself, itself, themselves
4 :7.1.

I myself will do it.
7.2.

The man in this room
shot himself last night.
7.3.
I spoke to the Prime
Minister himself.
7.4. "by" I made
this table by myself.
8. Distributive Pronoun , ,
each, either, neither
There are many tourists coming here everyday. Each has a camera.

Pronoun Adjective
Each boy receives a reward. (Adjective) , Each of men has much money. (Pronoun)
Chapter 6: Verbs
Verb ""
(mood) , (voice), (Tense)
Verbs 5 Transitive Verb, Intransitive Verb, Finite Verb, Non-Finite Verb, Auxiliary
Verb
Transitive Verb

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:- give, buy, write, speak, hit, kick, etc.

My mother bought meat and eggs
yesterday.
Intransitive Verb " "

:- go, sleep, fly, inhale, exhale, come, sit, run, regret, stay, light, etc.
Finite Verb " "

Tense
"come" Tense :- Who comes ?
They came early.
Non-Finite Verb " "
, , , ... Non-Finite Verb 3 :1. Infinitive : To (To+Verb 1)
2. Gerund : ing (Verb+ing)
to walk etc.
Walking, sleeping, smoking, etc.
3. Participle : ing eating, coming, etc. 3 eaten, come, cleaned,

spoken, etc.

We want to develop our country in many ways.
Auxiliary Verb " " ( (Helping Verb) , (Anomalous

Verb))
Auxiliary Verb

,
,
Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary Verb 24 :- Verb to be :- (is, am, are, was, were), Verb to have :- (has, have,
had),
Verb to do :- (do, does, did, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to)
( 4 : had better, would rather, should (=ought to), have to (=must))
Auxiliary Verb 24 ( not)
Auxiliary Verb
()
- am 'm I'm = I am
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- is, has 's
he's = he is, he has
where's = where is
who's = who is
there's
- are 're
we're = we are
you're = you are
there're = there are
they're
- have 've
I've = I have
you've = you have
we've = we have
They've
- had, would 'd I'd = I had/would
it'd = it had/would
we'd = we had/would
- will, shall 'll I'll = I will/shall
you'll = you will
we'll = we will, we shall
- * was, were, do, does, did

Auxiliary Verb not ( n't ) :is not = isn't

are not = aren't
was not = wasn't
were not = weren't
has not = hasn't
have not = haven't
had not = hadn't
do not = don't
does not = doesn't
did not = didn't
will not = won't
shall not = shan't
would not = wouldn't should not = shouldn't can not = can't
could not = couldn't may not = mayn't
might not = mightn't must not = mustn't
need not = needn't
dare not = daren't
ought not = ougthtn't used not = usedn't
* : usedn't didn't use to : : I didn't use to live in Russis.
: Did you use to see an elephant in Surin ?

Note: Auxiliary Verb 24 :Verb to be :- (is, am, are, was, were),
Verb to have :- (has, have, had),
Verb to do :- (do, does, did, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to)
( 4 : had better, would rather, should (=ought to), have to (=must))
Verb to be
Verb to be
1. ing Continuous Tense
She will be working at home when we arrive.
2. V3 () Passive Voice ""

A glass of water of mine is broken.
3. Infinitive ", "

, , ,
, ,
He is to stay here till I come back. Chairat is to go home tomorrow. -
4. , Adjective Be Be
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quiet. The baby is sleeping. -
* Do be
Do be quiet. I am doing the exercises.
5. " about to + Verb 1 " ""

6. (Principle Verb) Verb
Verb to be
Verb to have
Verb to have :
1. V 3 Perfect Tense
Robert has lived in Thailand for three years.
2. Infinitive ""

He has to study English next month.
3. " " 2 structure :3.1 : Structure = Have + Someone () + Verb 1 (without "to") + Something
I have Surachai wash my car every Sunday. -
have get Non-Finite Verb with "to" ( to )
The teacher has me read a book every day. = The teacher gets me to read a book every day.
...
3.2 : Structure = Have + Something ( ) + Verb 3

I have my car washed every Saturday. -
get have
I got my bicycle washed. -

4. have :4.1 ""
4.2 ""
4.3 ""
He had a letter this morning.

John had a good time at Bangsaen last week.
We have our lunch at noon.
Verb to have Verb to do not

have have
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He has his breakfast at seven.
They had a letter yesterday.
He doesn't have his breakfast at seven
They didn't have a letter yesterday.
Does he have his breakfast at seven ?
Did they have a letter yesterday ?
4.4 "" : Daeng has many friends in Korat.

* "" (
- not have have

- Verb to do
-
-
-
He has a pen.
He has a pen.
He has not a pen.
He doesn't have a pen.
Has he a pen. ?
Does he have a pen?
5. Verb to have Article "a"

have a rest-
6. Verb to have Verb to be
My room has three table. = There are three tables in my room.
Have to, Have got, Had better

Have to ", " have to Verb 1
I have to leave now.
Have to Verb to do have,

has
not have
Do I have to leave now? ( Have I to leave now?)
I don't have to leave now. ( I haven't leave now.)
Have to

had to
Have got to ", " have to have to
have, has not

h ave, has
:
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He's got to go.

I've got to do.
He hasn't got to go.

I haven't got to do.
Has he got to go?

Have I got to do?
Had better, had rather , had sooner "... "

had better Verb 1 ( Infinitive Without "to")

had 'd

:I had better go back now.( = I'd better go back now.)
She had rather walk there.( = She'd rather walk there.)
! had better not better
rather had had :
She had better stay here alone.
( She had not better stay here alone)
She had better not stay here alone

Had she better stay here alone?
( Did she have better stay here alone?)
Verb to do
Verb to do Verb do,
does, did
to ( Infinitive without "to")
do, dose

(
) , did

Verb to do:
1. Verb to be Verb
to have
Do
Did
Does
You speak Franch to your friend.

She went to England last week.
He opens the window by
himself.
Do you speak Franch to your friend?
You dont speak Franch to your friend.
Did she go to England last week?
Does he open the window by himself?
She didnt go to England.
He doesnt open the window by himself.
2.
Billy likes badminton and so does Jenny. ...

You speak Thai and I do so.
She worhed yesterday but I didnt.
3.

I do go and see you tomorrow.

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They did live there two years ago.
Do come with us.
4.
Do you smoke a cigarette? Yes, I do.
Did he ride a bicycle to school ? Yes, he did.
Does she drew a picture?
Yes, she does.
5.
2
Tom speaks a lot.
Yes, he does.
Your dog barks a lot.
No, it dosesnt.
6. Verb to do Verb to
do( ) do( )
: You do your home work everyday.

Do you do your homework everyday ?
(do 1 (
) do 2 )
I do.
He does.
They did.
Do I do?
Does he do?
Did they do?
I do not do.
He doesnt do.
They didnt do.
7. Question Tage
Edwards lives here, doesnt he?
( Edward lives here, doesnt he live here?)
Will, Would, Shall, Should

Will
2 3
Shall
will 1 (I, We)
* will shall
,
,
: I will try to do it again. ()

I will give you a reward if you pass the exam. (
)
Dont worry, she shall bring good news for you. ( )

That boy shall be punished, if he doesnt go to school today. ( )
shall

(Adverb Clause of Purpose) so that in order that
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Somsak comes here so that he shall see his father.

The man worhs harder in order that he shall have higher wages.
Would
1. will Indirect speech
She said, I will do it again. - She said that she would do it again.
2.
If I were you, I would try to do.

We would have come if it had not rained.
3. like ,
would

I would like to meet you every Sunday.
He would like to be here alone.
4. would ( will )

Would you have some cold drink?
Would you like to watch television?
5. mind, please

would
Would you mind if I smoke?
Would you please shut the door on your way out ?
He would better go to meet you today.
Which would you rather have, tea or coffee ?
6. ..., ... better rather
Should
1. Past Tense Shall Indirect
He said to me, You will be able to do it. = He told me that I should be able to do it.
2. Future Tense

,
should
They should be there by 3 oclock, I think.
3. Should
,
Ought to ( Should )
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Application should be submitted by May 5th at the lastest.
4. Should have + Verb 3 Past Tense

Your report is too late. You should have submited it by last Friday.
5. should might
so that, in
order that
I hoped him very much so that he should succeed.
6. should lest, for fear that
Winai studied harder lest he should fail.

She remained silent for fear that I should hear her.
Can Can Could Can

Infinitive without to
1.
I can see you tomorrow at 7 oclock.
2.
I can see (here, remember, etc.).
3.
This can be the answer, I think.
Can this be right?
4.
You can go whenever you want.
5.
Can you play the piano well?
Could Can Infinitive without to

1. Can
She could see me tomorrow at 7 oclock, perhaps.
2. Can Indirect Speech ( Direct Speech)
Direct:
She said, I can go there alone?
Indirect:
She said that she could go there alone.
3.
I could speak French perfectly ten years ago.
4.
Could I borrow your pen, please?
5. Could Could + have +Verb3
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I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me? ( ...?)
May Might
Anomalous Verb May Might
May not, Might not
(Anomalous Verb go - went - gone)
May
1. so that in order that
I work hard so that I may succeed.
We eat in order that we may live.
2.
May you be happy for ever.
3.
May I use your dictionary ? Yes, you may.
4.
You may learn swimming within few days.
5.
You may talk to everybody but you cant force him to listen to you.
6.
She may tell me when she runs out of money.
Might
1. May Direct speech
Direct :
Indirect :
He said, I may drive your car today.

He said that he might drive my car that day.
2. (
may ...
2 )
Mr. A :I dont know where Det is. He might be at his office.
Mr. B :I think Det may be at his office certainly.
3. might + have + verb3

I cant imagine why she was late.
She might have been delayed by the rain or she might have had an accident.
Must
Must Present Tense had to will (shall) + have to

I must study the Buddhist philosophy.
I had to study the Buddhist philosophy.
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I shall have to study the Buddhist philosophy.
1.
We must obey the laws of
the country.
2.
He must know that
he is a student of this school.
3.
I must finish this before I go to
bed.
4.
Every time I
call on him, he must be busy.
5.
The show must go on.
6.
government.
7. ()
matter.
We must pay taxes to our
You must forgive me for that
Need Anomalous Verb

1. Need
1.1 Need Infinitive with to need

need s ed :- She needs to go to see a doctor when she is

sick.
1.2 Need Verb to do
He needs to work to earn his living.() He doesnt need to . Does he need to work to ?
2. Need
2.1 Need Infinitive without to

need
s, ed, ing ...
She need hardly do hard work.
2.2 Need

studies abroad?
:
:
Need you continue your
They neednt smoke cigarettes.

Sunai need rarely go to see the movie.
Dare , ( need)
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1. Dare
1.1 Infinitive with to

s ed
I dare to swim across this river. They dare us to fight them. She dares to . It dares to
1.2 Verb to do
He dares to work hard every day.
Does he dare to work hard every day?
He doesnt dare to work hard every day.
2. Dare
2.1 Infinitive without to Dare s

...
Robert dare visit Thailand alone.
We dare walk to school without a bus.
2.2 Dare

That boy dare go to be near a snake.
Dare that boy go to be near a snake?
That boy darent go to be near a snake.
Ought to
Ought to ( Past) Past =
Ought to have + V.3
ought to should
1.
You ought to start your job at once. (Present) You ought to have told me that yesterday. (Past)
2.
Our team ought to win the match for today.
This ought to be what he means.
3. ought
/ not ought
He ought to forgive me for my fault.

He ought not to smoke a cigarette in a bus.
Ought he to forgive me for my fault?

Ought he to oppose to having the meeting tomorrow?
Used to
Used to
Past Tense used to

1. Used to + Verb1
John used to come here very often when he was young.
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2. Used to did not use to, never used to Used not to + Verb1
She did not use to drink whisky so much.
We used not to come late to school.
He never used to get up late.
3. Used
did ( )
:
Chairat used to play badminton.
:
Did Chairat use to play badminton?
Didnt Chairat use to play badminton?
Used Chairat to play badminton?
4. is used to an (are, get, become) used to
used to + V.1
I used to live here when I was young.

is ( am, are, get, become ) used to + Verb ing Noun ,

Robert is used to eating Thai food. ...
She gets used to the hot weather in Bangkok. ...

They become used to walking to work. ...
I am used to having my lunch at two oclock in the afternoon. ...
Chapter 7: Adverbs
Adverbs , , ,
, , , etc.
:
He works hard every day.
These students are very intelligent.
You ought to go right to the end of the road.
She drives very carefully.
Hardly anybody likes her, because shes cruel().
We go to Bangsane almost every Sunday.
Fortunately(), no one complained of me
Adverb:
Adverb 3 : 1.Simple Adverb, 2.Interrogative Adverb, 3.Conjunction Adverb

1. Simple Adverb ( ) 8
1.1 Adverb of Time 3
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. : today, yesterday, soon, still, now, then, etc ...
. : this morning, lastmonth, the day after tomorrow, during

summer, ...
. : when, since, until, after, before, as
soon as, etc...
Adverb of Time
1.1.1 : Mr. Chairat will leave
for London tomorrow.
1.1.2

: Last week we went to
Chiengmai by train.
1.1.3 Adverb of Time
Laddas family is going to visit me at five oclock in the afternoon on the first of May, 2000.

, (comma)
: Today, at twelve oclock the teacher will have meeting.
1.2 Adverb of Duration

Adverb of Time Time when Duration How long
3
1.2.1

for
I have studied English for five years.
1.2.2

from...to from...till(until) My father works from nine to
1.2.3

till, until, up to
We will work with this company till
next year.
My uncle will work in Saudi Arabia up to next year.
1.3 Adverb of Place

in, on, at, near, off, over, abroad, downstairs, upstairs, by, ctc...
Adverb of Place
Dont leave it outside; bring it inside.
The teacher has come; please stand up.
- here there
Here is the boy you are looking for.
There is the bus we want to sit in.
-
preposition + noun
He must with an accident at the crossroads.
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- Adverb of Place 2
It was born in a small village in Petchabun.
At a small university in London, there are many students paying attention to studying the history of
Far East Asia.
- Adverb of Time Adverb of Place Place
Time
Can you return these books to the public library before Friday ?
Adverb of Time

Last year we went to England ; next year were going to America.
1.4 Adverb of Frequency
How often 2
1.4.1 always, often, seldom( ), rarely, etc...
1.4.1.1 Verb to be Verb to be
I am rarely happy to have stayed here.
1.4.1.2
He seldom goes to the cinema.
1.4.1.3 :- will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare

The manager will never agree to my offer. , He can sometimes go to see his girl-friend.
1.4.1.4 not not
He does not always work hard.
Adverb of Frequency never, seldom, hardly, etc.
( )
Never did she regret leaving her house.
Seldom do I get a chance to do this for you.
1.4.2 every three months, everyday, once a week, every other day, etc...
Write to me as often as you wish.

This man goes to see his girl-friend twice a month.
* Adverb 3 Place - Frequency
- Time
My father has been to London several times this year.
I must go to see a doctor at his clinic many times this year.
* Time

Last semester the Professor gave lectures() at the faculty( ) four hours a week ;
but
this semester he is lecturing at this building three hours a week.
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1.5 Adverb of Manner
How
Adjective ly Adjective : slow-slowly, happyhapply, careful-carefully( ly 160 )
Preposition + Noun( ) by plane, by train, by

tricycle...
Adjective ly hard, fast, etc.
Adjective Adverb
He is a hard worker.
Somsak works hard.
Adverb of Manner
1.5.1

: Kitti walks quickly.
1.5.2 ( )
Your sister plays tennis beautifully.
The clerk carefully put the pen and the paper into the drawer.

Adverb of Manner
Mr. William successfully completed the experiments().
1.5.3 Adverb of Manner
Laddawan speaks English Fluently(() , ).
1.5.4 How How
How nicely she dances!
1.5.5 Passive Voice Adverb of Manner Verb 3

Soonthorn Poo, the great poet of Thailand, is well known among students.
The report of Thai economics has been carefully done by the economic expert.
1.5.6 Adverb of Manner greatly, strongly, thoroughly()
The boys and girls thoroughly enjoy watching the concert.

1.5.7 come in, Adverb of Manner ly
Sawat quietly came in. Sawat came in quietly.
Marry slowly went out. Marry went out slowly.

Adverb 4
. ()
1.Manner
2.Place
4.Time
Nanthida sang sweetly(1) at the restaurant(2) once a week(3) two month ago(4).
. 1.Place 2. Manner 3.Frequency 4.Time
I went to Chiengmai by train every Sunday last month.
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1.6 Adverb of Quantity

Adjective Adverb
He has too much money to give me.

I had almost finished my meal when he came in.
Quite Adjective = ,
: Shes quite diligent.
Adjective = ,
: Hes
quite lazy.
Fairly Adjective
(
rather)
His marks are fairly good for this examination.

Although she has never been taught, she cooks fairly well.
1.7 Adverb of Affirmation or Negation

:- yes, no, not,
surely, certainly, probably, indeed, definitely, obviously, etc...
: He did not come here.
Perhaps she will tell you the truth.
1.8 Adverb of Exclamation Past Participle
(Verb 3 ) How(, etc...) how
:How + Adjective + Subject + Verb to be!
: How happy we were!
How pleased he was!
How beautiful she is!
2. Interrogative Adverb 6 :-
2.1 Adverb of Time How long How soon When

How long will the workers remain working here? How soon will your sister go to Americ? When did he work
with ?
2.2 Adverb of Place

Where, How far ( )
How far did he go yesterday ? ?
2.3 Adverb of Frequency How often

2.4 Adverb of Manner How
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: How often did your dog bark last night?

: How do you do this?
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2.5 Adverb of Quantity How much, How far

day?
2.6 Adverb of Reason Why, Wherefore
: How much does he work every

: Why do you say this ?
3. Conjunction Adverb 6 : Time, Place, Frequency, Manner,

Quantity, Reason
3.1 C.A.of Time When : Can you tell me

when he will arrive here ?
3.2 C.A.of Place Where
: Ladda will go where she can live happily.
3.3 C.A.of Frequency How often : Please tell me how often she asks for
money each day.
3.4 C.A.of Manner How
: The government asked me how I had
got the money.
3.5 C.A.of Quantity How long, How far : No one known how long she will live
with him.
3.6 Conjunction Adverb of Reason

Why
:
I want to know why she said like that.
Panya did not know why she cried.
Adverb
1.
ly
: (Noun - Adverb): day daily
, week - weekly
2.
ward wards
: (Noun - Adverb): back
backwards
3.

: here , there , hard , late , always , well , often , too , seldom , where , when , hence,
4.
Adverb
:
in+side = inside , etc.
5. A (Affix)
(Adverb)
6. Adjective (Suffix) ly
Adverb
6.1 Adjective y y y ily

- easily( , etc.
6.2 Adjective le le ly
suiltably , etc.
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: easy
: suitable -
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6.3
6.1 6.2 ly
badly , etc.
:
ly Adjective Adverb :
:-bad -
friendly, likely, lonely, lovely, lowly , , early
7. Adverb 2
Adverb hard - hardly, late - lately, direct - directly, sharp - sharply, short - shortly
Adverb Adjective
Adverb Adjective :fast, first, fair, hard, deep, long, low, high, right, loud, wrong, straight, enough, short, late ,etc.
Adverb Adjective
Verb to be Adjective ( ) Adverb :
Adjective
Adverb
This is a fast train.
He is a hard worker.
This is a fair play
Danai is the first boy.
Adverb
Adjective
This train runs fast.

Sak works hard today.
They would better play fair.
Danai must go first.
This river is deep.

It is wrong answer.
This answer is right.
She sings with a low voice.
This water runs deep.

Please dont do it wrong.
Can you spell it right
Can you speak low ?
Adverbial Particle
Adverbial Particles
Adverb Adverbial Particles
Adverb
Preposition Adverbial Particles : in, on, up, by, over, away, down,
round, back, through
Particle 2 :
1.
: The pupils are writing a
sentence down.
Put this book back where it came from.
2. :
I always put out
the lights before I go to bed.
(put out
)
Adverbial Particles
1. Adverbial Particle
: The gun went off by accident. (went

)
2.
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: I send him back because he is sick.
Let her in.
3.
)
Please turn the radio on. (

Please turn on the radio. (
: Amnat gave away every book that he possessed.
4. Adverbial Particle
4.1 Adverbial Particle
Structure :-
Structure: Adverbial Particle + Subject + verb
: Out it comes! (= It comes out.)
4.2 Adverbial Particle verb
Structure: Adverbial Particle + verb + Subject
: Off went Jack!
4.3 Adverbial Particle subject verb (

)
Structure: Adverbial Particle+ with + N.(Pronoun) :- Away with them ! (=You take them
away.)
4.4 Adverbial Particle
you
: In you come! (= Go in, please.) Down you sit! (= Sit down, please.)
Two-Word Verb of Separable and Inseparable

Two-Word Verbs ( ) Adverbial Partical

?
Two-Word Verbs 2 :-
1.

2.

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bring about , cross out ,
carry on ,
take up,
, )
carry out , talk over ,
fill out make over

look up
turn on ( ,
make up ,
etc...
- 1. ()
Theyve called the game off.

Theyve called off the game.
- 2. Adverbial Particle
:- I called them up. (: I called up them.)
Can you bring it out?
2. Two-Word Verbs
:-
bear on ,
...
hear of
,
run against ,
do without
run into ,
etc...
: They get on the bus in front of the school. (: They get the bus on in front of the school.)
Chapter 8: Adjective
Adjective ""
()
? :- good,
bad, tall, dirty, wise, red, fat, thin, this, those, short, etc...
Adjective 4 :
1.
: The thin man can run very quickly.

A wise boy is able to answer a difficult problem.
2. Verb to be, look, feel, seem, get, etc.
3.
Im feeling a bit hungry.

:
This matter made me foolish.
I consider that man mad ().
4. Adjective
(Prepositional Phrase)
I have known the manager suitable for his position.

A parcel posted by mail today will reach him tomorrow.
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Adjective
1. Adjective
:- asleep, afraid, ashamed, etc.
: Wilai is ashamed.(: Wilai is an ashamed girl.)
2. Adjective former,
elder , entire, especial , etc.
: : We met a drunken teacher.
: The teacher was drunken.
3. Adjective
someone , something , somebody , somewhere , everyone , everybody , everywhere , everything , anyone,
anything , anybody , no one , nothing nowhere
: I have something important to tell you. ( I have important something to tell
you.)
4. Adjective
: The river is two hundred miles long.
( The river is long two hundred miles.)
5. Adjective 2
Adjective and

:
He bought a new, powerful and expensive car.
He bought a car new, powerful and expensive.
6. Adjective
the
:
Hercules, the Strong of the world.
7. Adjective Adjective Phrase () Adjective Clause
: The tall man with his dog is my uncle. The boy who is talking with the teacher is her
brother.
8. Adjective a

half, such, too, so, quite, rather, many
: Its too hard a problem for him. He spent half a day on gambling. Such a man cannot be allowed.
Adjective
Adjective 11 :
1.Descriptive, 2.Proper, 3.Quantitative, 4.Numberial, 5.Demonstrative, 6.Interrogative, 7.Possessive,
8.Distributive, 9.Emphasizing, 10.Exclamatory, 11.Relative Adjective
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1. Descriptive Adjective ( ) good, black,

clever, happy, etc.
: A clever pupil can answer the difficult problem.
2. Proper Adjective ( )
Proper Noun

She employs a Chinese cook.
3. Quantitative Adjective () (
)
much, many, little, some, any, enough, half, great, all, whole, sufficient, etc.
:
Take great care of your health.
4. Numberial Adjective 3
4.1 Cardinal Numberal Adjective one, two, three, etc.
:
Wirat wants to buy seven pens.
4.2 Ordinal Numberal Adjective

first, second
: Suvit won the third prize ...
4.3 Multiplicative Adjective double, triple, etc
:
Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha are triple ...
She hated such things because they made her ill.
5. Demonstrative Adjective this, such, etc.

6. Interrogative Adjective ( ) What, which,
etc.
: Which way shall we go ?
7. Possessive Adjective () my, our, your, his, her, etc.
:
Our nation needs solidarity ( ).
8. Distributive Adjective () each,

every, either, neither( )
:
Neither accusation is true.

Either side is anarraw lane.

This two men had each a gun.
9. Emphasizing Adjective () own (), very ( , )
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:
He is the very man who stole me wrist watch last night.
10. Exclamatory Adjective () What

:
What a man he is!

!
11. Relative Adjective ( )

What () , Whichever ()
:
Give me what money you have.

I will take whichever horse you dont want.
Adjective-Equivalent
Adjective-Equivalent 11 7
:-
1. Adj.

They have worked in New York City for two years.
2. Apostrophe (s) Adj.

Daengs house was built in Bangkok five years ago.
3. Infinitive (to+V1) Adjective

This book is good for you to read.
4. Participle

The standing boy is afraid of the running dog.
5. Gerund ( Participle)
There is a swiming pool in our village.
6. Phrase Adjective
The man in this room is our guest.
7. Subordinate Clause ( )

I know Mr. Smith whom you want to see.
Adjective
Adjective
:Article
Demonstrative
Numberal
(a)
(b)
ordinal cardinal
Descriptive
(a)
(b)
quantity
size of
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(c)
colour
Proper
Sub.
Head
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Possessive
(
)
first
The mans

(

two
2
shape
( )
()
interesting
little
()
red
:
paintings
oil
French
7
red
interesting
two
2
3
Adjective
()
French

Noum
(
)
oil
Noum
(
)
painting.
5
6
first
mans
little
4
the
9
The mans first two interesting little red French oil paintings.
2

:
Did you see the picture on the wall which was painted by her?
(on the wall Phrase Clause which was painted by her)

I know the man in the room who told me the way to the library.
(in the room Phrase who told me the way to the library Clause )
All Both Adjective Pronoun
1. all both all both Pronoun

We all went home about ten oclock last night.
They both can speak French very well.
2. Pronoun Verb to be all bolt Verb to be
We are all wrong.
They are both still alive.
3. Pronoun 2 all both
They have all done well.

We have been both living here for over half a year.
Chapter 9: Prepositions and Idioms

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Preposition ""
Noun Pronoun
: I lay my book on the Table.
Preposition 2 :1.
: They work in the garden.
I went with him.
2.
: The camera on the sofa is
mine. I shall .. to him.
* Preposition Object Preposition
: He is looking at me.
* Preposition object object

Question Word
: Which of these chairs did you sit on? What are you
looking at?
Preposition
Preposition 4
1. Simple Preposition
:- in, on, at, by,
with, of, since, etc.
2. Compound Preposition 2
:- about, above,
besides, without, etc.
3. Participial Preposition Participle ing
: barring ,
during ,
pending ,
regarding ,
concerning , considering
touching ,
notwithstanding ,
4. Phrasal Preposition (
188-193)
:-
as to = ,
I will inquire again as to as to what your reasons are.

because of = ,
He couldnt leave the house because of the rainstorm.

()
by dint of = ,
She gained the first prize by dint of working hard.
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by means of =,
She recovered his health by means of exercise every morning.

at home in = ,
Khaisaeng is at home in politics.
at the top of =
He shouted at the top of his voice, but no one heard.

at enmity with =

In former time the Burmese were at enmity with the Thais.

by force of =
Most work can be made easily by force of patience.

by the side of = (= beside)
The dog was sleeping by the side of its mater.

by virture of = (+Ving)
Sunai passed the examination by virture of hard working.
by way of = , (+Ving) I mention this point by way of cautioning you.

for fear of = (+Ving) She took an umbrella for fear of being caught in rain.
for the purpose of = (+Ving)

on it.
He bought the land for the purpose of building a house
for the sake of = ,

matter.
They agreed to a compromise for the sake of settling the

for want of =
The crops in this country failed for want of seasonable rain.

in accordance with =
Your action is not in accordance with common sense at all.
in (on) behalf of =,
This request is made to you on behalf of your son only.
in case of =
,
He has kept a reserved fund in case of his daughters study.
in common with =
You deserve to be blamed in common with the rest.
in connection with =
Tell me all you know in connection with that matter.
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in consequence of = ( )
In consequence of the plane accident many families are in
mourning.

in consideration of = ,
chance.
In consideration of his hard work, he may be allowed another
in course of =

He happened, in course of conversation, to say that
she was his wife.

in defence of =
I said all I could be in defence of my client.

in defiance of = , These men got up a riot in defiance of the law.

in favour of =
He has resigned his post in favour of his son.

(
in front of =
His house stood in front of the bridge.
in honour of =
The day was kept as a public holiday in honour of the king.

in keeping with =
Your love of sport is in keeping with your age.

( )
in lieu of =
You should take my report in lieu of his.
in prospect of =
Men plough in prospect of the coming harvest.

in pursuance of =
I was ready to do anything in pursuance of my son.

in quest of = ,
He comes here in quest of what he needs.

in respect of = ,
Wichai is my senior in respect of age.

in spite of = ,
In spite of all my advice that I gave him, he took to the practice
drinking.
()
instead of = ,
We had better work instead of idling away our time.

(idle away)
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in view of =
We must make up our minds at once in view of the urgency of the
case.

in sight of =

We have now come in sight of the land.
in event of =
(=incase of) I shall have another chance in event of failure.

in the face of =
Sombat was always brave in the face of danger.
in the quise of =
Mana came back to his house again in the quise of an Indian
merchant.

in the hope of = (+Ving)He tried again in the hope of succeeding next time.

in the rear of = ,
The dog followed in the rear of its master along the street.

in the teeth of = He couldnt keep on running in the teeth of the rainstorm.
in order to =
She came here in order to see her mother.

in proportion to =
He is cleverer than you in proportion to his years.
in regard to =
What have you to say in regard to that subject?

in unison with = Your opinions are not in unison with those of majority of
people.

an account of =
The famine took place on account of the failure of the rain.

on the brink of = ,
Their country is on the brink of serious disaster.
on the eve of =
, He died on the eve of victory.
on the ground of = I declined the invitation on the ground of the previous

engagement.
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on the part of = , , Incompetence on the part of a policeman is unable to arrest every

burglar.
on the point of = (+Ving) He was on the point of letting out the secret when the major came in.
on the score of = , Mana bagged to be excused on the score of

inexperience.
on pretence of =
His evil deeds were done on pretence of religion.
with a view to = (+N. Ving)

innocence.
He said all he could with a view to proving his

with an eye to =
We are working hard now with an eye to the future.
with reference to =
I have nothing to say with reference to this question.
Preposition
Preposition 9 :
1. , 2. , 3.- , 4. .
, 5. , 6. ,
, 7. Preposition , , 8. Preposition
, 9.
1. Preposition

:- in, on, at, to, about, between, since, through, for, from, by, before, after, during, till, throughout
In
1. , ,
in March
in 1999
in (the) summer
: 1. on
: on February 31, 1999
2. on
Sunday morning
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( in Sunday morning)
2.
: in time in an hour
in three months
in the morning , in the beginning , in the meaning , etc.
: , , every, next, last Preposition
: : on every Sunday, in next December, in last week,

: every Sunday,
next December,
On
1.

last week ,
2.
,
10, 1981
Richart comes here on every Sunday.

Richart comes here every Sunday.
on Monday
:
on Tuesday
on Wendnesday
on the fifth of December
on March
on Chistmas
on Sonkran Day
on
: on time
occasions
on
from now on

At
1.
P.M.
2. at

at six oclock
at
5:30
at noon, at midnight, at dawn(= at sunrise)

at Christmas Day
: at this moment
at the time
at the first time
at once
since, for, during

Since

:
since August, since 1999

since he came back
since eight oclock

since her mother died
since yesterday
since (Sunday, January)
For
:
for a week ,
Amy has lived in Thailand for two years.
for a month , for two years , for many years , for six days
since for Perfect Tense
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Jane has worked here since she came back.
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During during Noun Pronoun

:
He still stays here during his examination.

We went to Bangsaen during the summer holidays.
by untill
-by until by until
by ten oclock 10
until ten oclock 10
by until :
-by
:
He will finish it by next week.
She will arrive hear by eight oclock. 8
- until ()
:
Hell stay here until tomorrow.
Sheell teach in this school until next year.
2. Preposition :- about ,
across , against , before ,
among ( 2), beneath , beside , between , beyond , , off
, towards ,
underneath , away from , out of , at the end of , into , etc.

above, below, over, under
above

over ,
below

under ,

C
over
A
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A is above X but not over X.

B is below X but not under X.
C is above X and also over X.
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D is below X and also under X.

B
under
D
toward, to, into, in, out of, through, from

,
toward

toward, to, into, in, out of,
through, from
into
to
(

)
toward(s)
(

)
in
in
out of
from
to
(

)
through
Through
out of
into
(

)
from
in, at
In , , ,
:
in Bangkok , in Paris , in Chiengmai , in Asia, etc.

John has lived in Bangkok for two years.
:

in
:
in the house
in the office
in the canal
At , , .
:
at home, at a village, at the table, etc.

I wish to see him at a village.
They are at home.
: at
on
He lives at 135 Sukhumwit Road.

She lives on Charoenkrung Road.
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between, Among
between
among
and
She walks between her father and mother.
He looked for his pen among the pieces of paper.

Amy wrote a letter among her friends.
(
and)
3. Preposition

:about =
on
: A book about eats.

A story about a dog and a cat.
= ( , , )
:
A book on outer Space. A lecture on Early Childhood.

A talk on Problems in Society.
of
= :
A report on Education.
A book of poems.
A set of foreign stamps.
A book of Tripitaka.
A collection of photographs.
4. Preposition

:of
A bottle is made of glass.
A table is made of wood
from

:
Glass is made from sand.
Wine is made from gropes.
out of ,
:
The hut was made out of old planks.
I made my first car out of three old ones.
with , ,
:
He fills the box with mangoes.
She makes bread with flour, water and yeast.
without ,
:
You cant make a table without wood.
Can you travel around the world without a ticket?
5. Preposition

:-
What...for? ?
What is the money on the table for? Its for the waiter.
Who...for? ?
Whos the letter for? Its for Susan, not for you.
Where...for? ?
Wheres the plan of a road building for? Its for Bangna-Trad road.
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6. Preposition

, : with, in, of,
without
with (
)
A girl with brown hair is my sister. ... A sailor with only one arm needs to see a
doctor.
in
of

Yesterday he was in a black shirt for working.
I saw a man in brown shoes coming here last night.

:
a kilo of meat. 1 ,
a spoonful of jam. ,
a member of the club.
Maree gave her daughter a slice of bread.

without

: a man without legs.

a pot without a handle.
He sold a dog without a tail yesterday.
7. Preposition

, : by, with, through, without, of
( Passive Voice ) This book was written by

Archan Samran.
by
( by ) :
They come by train.
by
( Noun gerund)
by
: You can cure a headache by taking an aspirin. Please send a massage by cable at once.
with (
) :- The doctor took my temperature with a thermometer
through , : She caught cold through working in rain.
without , : My friend left suddenly without saying goodbye.

of
(
)
:
Every year many Thais die of cancer

She died of her liver() last night. ...
8. Preposition :
as well as
according to
against
He as well as you is very lazy to read.

Tomorrow it will rain much according to the weather forecast.
She is against working on Sundays.
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notwisthstanding
None of these boys wears a coat notwithstanding the cold weather.
( gerund noun )
apart from
besides
Apart from collecting the stamp, we do nothing else.
Who can speak Japanese besides you and me ?
instead of
Let me do instead of her.

but Nobody but me has a pen to write a letter.
except Novices cant eat anything except water in the
afternoon.
9. Preposition :at
at war at best
at sight at
all
events
at peace
by
at least at rest
by accident
good fortune
by luck
etc.
by chance by far ()
by
by mistake by-self
etc.
in
in a hurry in itself
course
in the end
in some case
in
due
in fact in other words
etc.
on
on pleasure
on time
on sale
on a journey
on duty
on the contrary
on no account
...
on the overage
etc.
out of
out of order
out of control
out of work
etc.
Idioms
out of place out of reach

out of question
out of ordinary
, ,

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Idiom 3 :
1. :
accuse of , call in , care for
2. ( Participle):
, etc.
adequate for
3. :
, etc.
hopeful of
etc.
fond of
approval of , faith in , intention of
1. idiom :
accuse of =
accustom to =
add to =

admit to =
acquaint with =
answer to = ,
(agree on, agree about) + something =
agree to + (Idea, Suggestion) = (,)
agree with + = (
)
approve of =
apologize to =
belong to =
believe in =
borrow from =
boast of = ,
become of =
beat up =
begin with =
blow away = ,
blow down = ,
blow off =
blow out = ,,
boil away = ,

boil down =
breah
away? =
bring out =
burn of =
break into = ,
buy off = ,
call in =
call at =
buy out =
buy up =
compare to =
care for(about) =
compare with =
count in =
cross out = ,
cut out =
dash off =
draw back = ,
dress up =
congratulate on =
count on =
cut down =
cut in =
declare of
dispute about =
dream of =
drop into =
dry out =
on =

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eat away =
embark
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enter into =

entitle into =
face down =
face up =
fall down =
fall in love = feed to =
feel for =
,
fight for =
fly at =
fill out =
figure on = ,
finish up =
follow up =
get ahead =
get along with =
get out of =
give over = ,
get by =
get down =
give in =
with =
hang on =
,
involve in =
give on =
hang up =
give up = ,
go
hold by =
along
hold up =
inquire about = jump on = ,
join up =
kick in =
knock down =
knock together =
leave off = ,
live on =

look out =
pack up =
pass
play down =
quarrel
keep away =
laugh at =
listen to =
look for =
pass by =
rool up =
see off =
wait on =
point out =
away
over
run away =
save up =
take up =
take care of = , talk over =
write down = ,
=
=
see about =
work out = ,
etc.
2. idiom ( Participle):
absent from = ,
afraid of =
adequate for = ahead of =
angry with = ()
aware of= ,
for =
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(be) ashamed of =
appropriate
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available to =
anxious about = ,
clear to =
doubtful about =
evident from =
famous for =

familiar with (to) =

fond of =
full of =
capable of =
(be) disappointed with=

faithful to =
friendly with =
good at = ()
generous with + Noun =
grateful to =

good in =
hopeful of =
happy
()
generous with + V-ing =
about

indentical with=
jealous of =
loyal to = ,
(be) pleased with = (

)
(be) pleased by = ( )
patient with =
proud of = ,
perfect for =
popular with =
responsible for =
satisfactory with(to) = superior to =
suspicious about =
sick of +V-ing =
(be) sastified with =
unfit for =
etc.
3. idiom :
approval of = cause of =
confidence in =
cure for =
demand for =
difficulty in =
influence on =
faith in =
intention of = invitation to =
matter with =

pride in =
progress in =
reputation for = solution to =
shortage of =
experience in = care of =
Error in Idioms
add to
blame for
compare with(to)
structure:
add + something + to(with) + something
I want to add this number to that number.
structure:
blame + someone + for + something
My father blamed me for my evil deed. ...
...
structure:
compare + something + with + something
He compares this car with that one.
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compensate for
compensate + + for +
structure:
Nothing can compensate you for this loss.

conceal from
congratulate on
structure:
congratulate + someone + on + something
We congratulate you on your promotion.
excuse for
excuse of
structure:
conceal + something + from + somebody
He tried to conceal his anxiety from his colleagues.
structure:
excuse + someone + for + something
Please excuse me for being late.
structure:
excuse + somebody + of + something
(excuse + + of + )
He excused me of a thief.
(excuse + + of + ing)
He excused me of stealing her money.
explain to
structure:
explain + something + to + someone
Can you explain this math to me?
introduce to
structure:
introduce + someone + to + someone
I introduce him to my sister today.
keep for
prefer to
(someone/thing)
...
structure:
keep + something + for + someone
Would you keep this money for me?
structure:
I prefer a girl to a boy.
prefer
(someone/thing)
to
She prefers this pen to that one.
remind of
,
structure:
remind + someone + of +
(someone/thing)
He reminds me of my appointment. My friend reminds me of my mother.
reproach for
, structure:
reproach + + for +
She reproached him for talking impolitely.
relieve of
, structure:
relieve + + of +
subtract from
thank for
My friend relieved me of my hard work.

structure:
subtract + something + from + something
Please subtract this figure from the total.
structure:
thank + someone + for + something
Thank you for telling me about your plans.
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Chapter 10 : Conjunctions
Conjunction "" , ,

Time and tide () waits for noman.
James and I go to school everyday.
She sat down and cried.
You and he are both wrong.
I have a white and black cat at home.
Every cat move slowly and silently.
Do not walk up, but down the hill.
Not speaking much but speaking well denotes() the truly wise.
My brother told me that his dog was dead.
He worked hard but he did not succeed.
Conjunction
Conjunction 2 : Co-ordinate Subordinate
1. Co-ordinate Conjunction Compound Sentence
4 and, but, or, so

1.1 And-type and
Conjunction :
and
both...and = ......
not
only...but
also
......
no less...than =... as well as = ,
...
and also... = ...
nor = ...
and...too
besides =
...
(whats more, furthermore, moreover, likewise, agian) = ...

Conjunction
:
Dang was tired and hungry.
( )
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Dang was tired as well as hungry.
( )
Dang was both tired and hungry.
( )
Dang was not only tired but also hungry.
( )
Dang was tired and hungry too.
( )
Dang was tired and also hungry.
( )
Dang was no less tired than hungry.
( )
Nor
Nor ... (= and not) not 2

He is not a coward. + He is not a fool.
=
He is not a coward nor a fool.
( He is not a coward and not a fool.)
He is not a policeman. + He is not a solider. =
He is not a policeman nor a solider.
( He is not a policeman and not a solider.)
nor Inversion (
)
I havent any time to do it. + I havent any money. = I havent any time to do it nor do I have any money.
She doesnt like this dress. + She doesnt want it. = She doesnt like this dress nor does she want it.
=
moreover, whats more, furthermore, besides, likewise, again

moreover, whats more, furthermore, besides, likewise, again and
And type
and

...
He is tired and hungry.

:moreover,
besides
He is tired and hungry ;
likewise
he is cold.
again
whats more
furthermore
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1.2 But-type but

Conjunction :
but
while , (=)
still ,
yet ()
whereas ,
nevertheless ()
however
on the other hand , ,
for all that , ,
He has plenty of money.

He is unhappy.
= He has plenty of money, (but, yet, still, howeverr, while, nevertheless, for all that) he is unhappy.
but
but
comma comma
but
He never works hard but he gains() all prizes.
He waited many hours for her to come to the party, but eventually() she didnt come.
while, whereas but
This hat costs 20 baht, while ( whereas) that one costs 15.
however

I told him not to send those books by airmail ; however, I now think that he had better do so.
yet

To drink much whisky makes a man die of cirrhosis( ) of the liver ; yet many people disobay
it.
on the other hand

yet
Games are very good for one ; on the other hand, one much not play too much.
for all that

( 3 )
Many people prefer the instalment plan ; for all that, I would better wait and pay for cash.
nevertheless
( yet)
The sun is shining ; nevertheless, Im sure itll rain.
1.3 Or-type
or :
or else ( )
otherwise ()
either...or (......( 2 ))
neither...or ( ......( 2 )
or
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1. or or or
comma
:
Is she asleep or awake?
Is it a boy or a girl?
2. or comma or
:
You must go now, or youll miss the train.
or else otherwise
comma
:
They must leave at once, or else they will miss the train.
You had better come yourself, otherwise you will send your friend.
either...or neither...nor
or
nor
Either you or she has to go now.

Neither he nor I am invited to the party.
1.4 So-type so :
so,
for,
therefore,
consequently,
accordingly
so ()
The door was open so I went in.
for ( ) so

He went in, for the door was open.
therefore () so

Jack was sick ; therefore, he didnt come to school.
consequently accordingly ()
therefore

Thailand lies very near to the quator ; consequently, the weather is very hot all the year round.
Our business has become worse during the last three years ; accordingly, we cannot pay the debt.

Conjunction Conjunctive Adverb

(
)
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1. Co-ordinate Conjunction and, or, but, so

comma
Keep off my property, or Ill have you arrested.
1.1 neither...nor, either...or, bothand, whetheror, not

onlybut also
He is neither a coward nor a fool.
She is not only beautiful but also clever.
1.2
He went in and I went out.
1.3
He is poor but honest.
2. Conjunctive Adverb ( ) besides, in addition,

moreover, whats more, otherwise, therefore, however, furthermore, nevertheless, on the other hand, for all
that, accordingly, consequently
semicolon (;) comma
Jack is a very lazy student ; Moreover, he always comes late to class.
Keep off a fierce( ) dog ; otherwise, it will bite you.
: Conjunctive Adverb yet, still, however, nevertheless

semicolon (;) comma
He never worked hard ; he gained all prizes, however.
I was annoyed ; I kept quiet, (nevertheles, still, yet, however).
2. Subordinate Conjunction
Sub. Conj.

If you want me, I will come. (= I will come if you want me.)
: that, how, if, unless, lest, when, while, after, as, as soon as, whether, etc...
Complex Sentence 9
:-
1.
Wait for me till I come.
I returnd home after he had gone.
2.
He will succeed, because he has worked hard.

As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
3.
We eat that we may live.
He held her hand lest she should fall.
4.
Susan is so fat that she cannot walk fast.
5. , ,
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He will not do that unless you allow him.
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6.
Kitti is an honest man, though he is poor.
7.
He likes you as much as I (like you).
8.
Do in Rome as the Romans do.
9.
It is true that he becomes rich.
Error in Conjunctions (

)
Conjunction
:
as soon as ( = when)
no sooner...than (...)
not so...as ()
because
or ( )
because of
or else ( )
but that (...)
provide providing ( )
but for + ...
so that ( , )
Neither of + = ( )
so as to ()
inasmuch as (, )
since (, , )
in order to ()
till ( , )
either of + = ( )
if (, )
in case (, )
( until )
in order that ()
lest ()
such...that (.. .)
supposing (, )
the same as (, )
until
until ( till)
unless (... , ...)
as soon as ( = when)
when
I shall go back as soon as he arrives. ...
: as soon as clause
comma
As soon as he arrives, I will tell him.

cooma (,)
As (so) long as you come here in time, you will see her.
As (so) long as he is here, I cannot do anything.
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-because Conjunction because

Jack did not come to school because he was ill.
We do not belive him because we know he is a liar.
-because of Preposition because of

She failed because of him.
He cannot work because of his illness.
but that (...)
if...not
not
but that but that

She would have fallen but that I caught her.
But that he is in debt (), he would enter priesthood.
but for + ...
but that but that but for

But for my help, he should have failed last year.
(= But that I helped him, he should have failed last year.)
either of + = ( )

Either of you is wrong.
I dont want either of the apples.
Neither of + = (
)

Neather of the books is of any use to me.

I want neither of them.

if (, )

comma (,)
If the weather holds good, we shall stay another week.
We shall stay here another week if the weather holds good.
inasmuch as (, )
because

He yielded to the invader, inasmuch as his army was thoroughly defeated ().
Inasmuch as he is sick, he had better go to hospital.
in case (, )
(clause) may, might, should, can, could
Dont go too near the river in case you should fall in it.
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We hid behind some bushes (

) in case passers-by mightnt see us.
In case clause
may, might, should, can, could
In case I forget, please remind me about that.
In case she is sick, please take her to hospital.
! : In case of + ()
In case of fire, please inform the fire-brigade.
in order to ()
Infinitive ( 1) 2
I came here in order to drink coffee. (= I come here. I drink coffee.)
He went there in order to have his hair cut. (= He went there. He had his hair cut.)
in order that ()
in order to in order that (Clause)

He works harder in order that he might succeed.
(= He works harder in order to succeed.)
lest ()
lest should

He works harder lest he should fail.

I worked harder lest I should fail.
no sooner...than (...)
conjunctive no sooner...than Past
Perfect Past Simple
He had no sooner seen it than he started to run.

No sooner had he arrived than he was told to start back again.

not so...as ()
as...as ( as...as )
:
:
He is as clever as you are.

He is not so clever as you are.
or ( )
, ,
Is it sweet or sour?()
Is he at home or on the office?()

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You look after the house or go to work.()
or else ( )
otherwise (Clause)
I much clean it, or else it will be rusty.
They want to study in England, or else (want to study) in America?
Provide, providing ( )
proviede that providing

that
We shall go provided that it does not rain.
Amy will go providing her friend can go together.
So that (, )
(Clause( )) so that may
might should + Verb1

I stepped a side so that she might go in.
He gave up smoking so that he should get better.
We eat so that we may live.
Complex Sentence so that Simple Sentence
in order to so as to + Verb 1
He gave up smoking in order to ( so as to) get better.
So...that (... )
so...that Adjective Adverb Adjective
Structure so + (Adjective Adverb (Adjective + Noun)) + that

Wichai runs so fast that I cannot overtake him.
He is so fat that he cannot run quickly.
John has so much money that he doesnt know what to do with it.
Such...that (.. .)
such...that Noun Adjective

Structure :( A)
such a + Adjective + +
He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.

It is such a hot day that I cant stay at home.
( B)
such + ((Adjective + ) ((Adjective + )) +
They are such heavy boxes that I can hardly lift them up.
It is such nice weather that we want to go swimming.
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Such a + Adjective + A so...that

:-
so + Adjective + a + + that
He is so good a boy that I like him.
(= He is such a good boy that I like him.)
so as to ()
in order to Infinitive
I shall go on working late tonight so as to be free tomorrow.
(= I shall go on working late tonight. I shall be free tomorrow.)
He had never written to me till (until) he returned.
supposing (, )

Clause
Supposing you win the government lottery, what do you buy?
Supposing it rains, shall we go?
since (, , )
:-
- Present Perfect Present Simple Past Simple

He has worked hard since his father died.
It is just a week since they arrived here.
- , Clause
Since he doesnt learn English, he cant speak it.
the same...as (, )
the same as
I have the same trouble as you (have).
the
same

This book is the same as that one.
Her bicycle is not the same as mine.
till until ( , ) :
until (Clause) until

( till)
Until you told me, I had known nothing about him.
Until he returns, I shall wait for him here.
till ( until )
He had never written to me till (until) he returned.
unless (... , ...)

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if...not

We shall go unless it rains. Unless it rains, we shall go. (= We shall go if it does not rain.)
: not unless unless

: Unless he does not study harder, he will fail in the exam.
: Unless he studies harder, he will fail in the exam.
Chapter 11: Question Words

Question Words Question Words 21 :
What , Which , When , Where , Who , Whom ,Whose, Why , How , how (long , often , many , much , far , tall , high
wide, about , old , fast) how + Adjective ( Adverb)
What
Adjective() Pronoun ()
:-
What is in the cage?
What book are you reading?
. What , ,
What is your father? A doctor.
What are you? A student. What is your friend? An American.
What Object Preposition Preposition
What is this made of?
What are you laughing
. What...like? ()
Whats the new teacher like? Shes young and lovely.
. What...for? (, )

What is this tool used for? For gardening.
Which (, , )
Adjective Pronoun
Which of these languages do you speak fluently (() )?
Which subjects do you prefer, science or math?
Which Preposition Preposition
Which universities did you go to, Oxford or Cambridge?
When ()
Adverb What time
When do you go home? I go home (at five oclock.() , in the afternoon. (
))
Where () Adverb
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Where did they come from? From Paris.
Where do you meet him? At the theatre.
Who () Pronoun who

(structure) Who + Verb... ?

Who is this man? George Smith.
Who are these boy? Boonchu and Kasem.
Whom () Pronoun

Whom did you meet yesterday?

Whom is he speaking with ?

Who Whom
Who(m) do you write this letter to?
Whose : () Adjective () Pronoun ()

- Adjective : Whose + noun + verb

Whose house is that ? Marisas.
Whose shirt do you have on? Mine.
- Pronoun : Whose + verb
Whose is the pen ? The teacher.
Whose is the suitcase? Chairats.
Why , , because, in order to, to, so as
to, for
Why did you go to the work shop?
I went there... (because I wanted to buy a book., in order to buy a book., to buy a book.,
so as to buy a book., for a book.)
How () , , , ,
How do they go to England? By plane.
How did he walk? Very quickly.
How long : ()
How long have you been here? For two years.
How long is this ruler? Twelve inches long.
How often :
How often do you take a bath? Twice a day.
How often does he see her? Once a week.
How far : ()
How far is it from your house to your school?
How far do you agree with me?
How tall : ()

How tall are you? I am six foot tall.
How tall is your brother?
: foot feet
How high : ()

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How high is this building? Fifty feet high.

How high is Mt.Everest?
: how high
How wide : ()
River?
:- How wide is the Mississippi
How wide is your bad?
How many :
: How many + plural noun

How many books did you read? Two.
How many students are there in your class? Twenty.
How much : , ,

How much money do you need ? A hundred baht.

How much is this radio ? A thousand baht.

How much do you weigh ? 50 kilos.
How much does five plus tree make? Eight. How much is five plus three?
How much does three from six leave? Three.
How much is six miner three?
How much is five multiplied by four? Twenty.
How much is five time four?
How much is hundred divided by four?
How much is twenty divide by five?
How about + gerund , what about + noun :

How about going to the zoo?

?
How about watching a
football match?
What about a short walk after dinner today?
?
How old :
How old are you?
How old is that dog?
How old is your father?
How fast : () how+Adjective ( Adverb) How soon.., How hungry.., How

lazy..,etc.
Helping Verbs

( 244)
Question words (Helping

Verbs) 24
24 :- is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, will, would, shall, should,
can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to
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Is he a student?
Are you hungry?
Were you busy this morning?
Has your sister returned from France?
Do they play football every day?
Did you see him last night?
Would you please open the door?
Should I tell her the truth?
Could he save her life last night?
Might I make a suggestion?
Need you go right now?
Ought I to drink beer?
Am I too fat?
Was she here yesterday?
Have you ever gone to Chaina?
Had the train left when he arrived at...?
Does he speak Janpanese fluently?
Will you be here again tomorrow?
Shall we stay here together ?
Can you speak English?
May I smoke a cigarette in your ... ?
Must you do it by yourself?
Dare she swim across this river?
Used she to live in Lao?
Helping Verbs (
246)

Helping Verbs yes no 2
:
Is jack in his room ?
Yes he is.
Yes, he is there.
No he isnt.
No, he isnt there.
Have you worked here ?
Yes, I have.
Yes, I have worked here.
No, I havent.
No, I have not worked here.
Do you drink whisky ?
Yes, I do.
Yes, I drink whisky.
No, I dont.
No, I dont drink whisky.
or yes no
:- Do you like tea or coffee ?

Can you play football or basketball ?
I like tea. ( : Yes, I do Yes, I like tea.)

I can play football.
Chapter 12 : Agreement of Subjects and Verbs (
248-261)
Agreement of Subject and Verbs 26

:-
1. Present Simple Tense ( s,

es)

He walks to school every day.
They walk to buy something at the market.
2. 2 and
Tom and Mary are friends.
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He and she walk together.

A ) 2 and

Whisky and soda is my favourite drink.
Time and tide waits for no man.
B ) and ( Article
)
The manager and owner of this school is going to Hong Kong soon.
C ) 2 Article
The headmaster and the manager of the school are very young.
3.
:-
- Article Article

The white and black cat is mine.
(
)
A thin and tall tourist has stayed here for two weeks.
(
)
- Article
A white and a black cat are playing under the table.
( )
4. Collective Noun ( )

:- class, family, group, team, commitee, jury, cabinet, government, fleet, crew
The football team is playing well.

The government has decided to pass the bill.

The football team are having baths.
The government have discussed that matter for long time.
(

)
have)
5.
:with, together with, as well as, including, in addition to, except, along with, besides,
excluding, accompanied by, but, or, like, not, plus, in company with()
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My partners as well as I were ruined ().

The explanation in addition to the rules is very clear.
6. :- anybody, anyone,
anything, anywhere, each, each
of, each one, either of, every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere, neither of, nobody, no one,
no one except, nothing, not one of + ,one of + , some(one, body, thing, where)
Each of the boys plays very well.
Neither of the two girls is beautiful.
7. 2 and each every
Each man and women works hard.

Every boy and girl is sitting under the tree.
8. : all, both, few, many, several, some
Both are working in the same office.

All were arrested last night.
:

Some boys are lazy.
All books are useful.
Many men want to stay here.
: some all

Some rice was left on the table.
All money was paid for a new house.
9.

a lot of, lots of, all of, half of, most of, some of, none of, plenty of, heaps() of, ...percent of
All of this furniture is new.
None of boys are here.
10.

a few, a number of, a good number of, a large number of, two or three of, a great number of,
a great many, a great variety of
A number of words are used in this book.
A great variety of things in this shop are useful for us.
: ((Many a + ), (The number of + )) +
The number of friends of mine was punished.
Many a student feels excited during his first few weeks in school
11. : -an amount of, a great
deal of, a good deal of,
a large amount of, a large quantity of, a little
He did a great deal of work two weeks ago.
A good deal of water is not clean for us to drink.
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12. of of

Freedom of speech, press, and religion is what we need.
The emigration () of a large number of people is greater every year.
13. ( s)

physics, economics, politics, mathematics, news, means, alms, ashes, mealses, mumps
Mathematics is a required subject.
Physics is more difficult than social science.
14.

:- deer, sheep, trout, herring, cod, fish, salmon

A deer is in the field.
Five deer are in the zoo.
15.
:- people, children,
cattle(, ), poultry( ), police, vermin ( , )
The cattle are useful for the farmers.
16.
:assets,
amends,
biceps,
chattels,
entrails, fatters,
sheers,
shorts,
tidings,
victuals,
arms,
contents,
pincers,
thanks,
whiskers,
breeches,
clothes,
riches,
trousers,
wages,
bowels
draughts,
scissors,
tweezers,
billiards,
drawers,
suds,
trappings,
bellows,
eaves,
spectacles,
tongs,
My trousers are dirty.

His whiskers are both long and beautiful.
17.
Gullivers Travels was written by Swift.
A hundred pounds is a large amount of money.
Three weeks is too long time to wait.
Ten kilometers is a long distance to walk in one hour.
18. or, either..or, neither..nor, not only..but also...
or, not, but
You or he cleans the house today.
Either she or you are going to answer the telephone.
: either...or, neither...nor :- or
nor
Either Jack or his friends are to be promoted.
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Neither the house nor its contents were insured.

- I I or nor I
Either Dang or I am to be blamed.
Neither Dang nor I am to be blamed.
- you you or nor or,
nor
Either you or your friends is right.
Neither you nor I am to get the prize.
19. who, which, that Relative Pronoun
who, which, that

It is I who am wrong.
The boys who are playing there are my students.
20. 2
You, not I, are responsible for that.

She, not they, is going to leave.
Not riches, but honor makes the man.
21. Infinitive, gerund

To read a book every day is a good habit.
Drinking a lot of water when you are hot is said to be unwise.
22. the
The poor are many, but the rich are few.

The bad go to hell, but the good go to heaven.
23. :

- Only one of + + (that, who, which) +
- one of + + (that, who, which) +

He is only one of the three boys who comes here.
He is one of the ten boys who come here.
24.
Two-thirds of the money has been spent.
Two-thirds of the students are studying in the room.
25. and ( , )
Five and five are ten.
Four and four make sixteen. 16
26. Here There

There is a book on the table.
There are three books on the table.
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Here comes the bus.
There have been two accidents so far.

2
Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedents (
260-261)
Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedents

(number) (person) (gender)

:-
1. one one ones his her

One must do ones duty.
( : One must do his (or her) duty.)
One ought to be responsible for what one says.

( : One ought to be responsible for what he (or she) says.)
2. someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, each, either, neither, every, anyone, no one

:- he she
- him her
- his, her hers :-
Everybody says he will do his best.
( : Everybody says they will do their best.)

Anyone can make his choice now.

( : Anyone can make their choice now.
If anyone knows the truth, let him tell it.

( : If anyone knows the truth, let them tell it.)
No one carries his own pack outside.
( : No one carries their own pack outside.)
Chapter 13 : Tenses (
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Tense ,
, , , ,
Tense 12 Tense
: S* + V1 ( S) +...
Present Simple
He sits.
Present Continuous
: S + is, am, are + V1 ing + ...
He is sitting.
Present Perfect
: S + have, has + V3* + ...
He has sat.
Present Perfect Conti. : S + have, has + been + V1 ing + ...
He has been sitting.
: S + V2* ( ed , ) + ...
He sat.
: S + was, were + V1 ing + ...
He was sitting.
Past Simple
Past Continuous

Past Perfect
: S + had + V3 + ...
He had sat.
Past Perfect Conti.
: S + had + been + V1 ing + ...
He had been sitting.
: S + will, shall + V1 () + ... He will sit.
Future Continuous
: S + will, shall + be + V1 ing + ...He will be sitting.
Future Perfect
: S + will, shall + V3 + ...

: S + will, shall + have + been
+ V1 ing + ...
Future Simple
He will have sat.
He will have been sitting.

S + V1 ( s I, You)
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:
He gets up early. , I get up early. , The boys get up early.
1. s, ss, sh, ch, o x es ( s) pass-passes , catch-catches ,

go-goes
2. y y y ies try-tries , fly-flies , carrycarries
y s play-plays , destroy-destroys
1. The earth
rotates on its axis.
2. Actions speak
louder than words.
3. ( )
He stands under the tree. ( ) , I have two books in the suitcase.
(
)
4.
(Adverb of time)
I leave by the 6.20 train this evening.
5. Subordinate Clause ()
if,
when, whenever, unless, until, as soon as, while, before, after, as long as, etc.
When you see Dang tomorrow, remember me to him.
( Verb
If, Unless, Until, When Present Simple Tense )
6. Verb

( , )
Bassanio wants to go to Belmont to woo Portia. He arks Antonio to lent his money. Antonio says
that he hasn't any at the moment until...
7. , ,
,
She loves her husband very much. ,
He knows about how to open the can.
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8.
, ,
always
often
sometime
frequently
usually
naturally
generally
rarely
everyday
every week
every month
every year
once a week
twice a month
in the morning
on Sundays
whenever he sees me.

whenever he comes here.
every time he sees me.
every time he comes here.
whenever she cans.
whenever you want.
when he comes here.
When he does his work.

He says hello to me whenever he sees me. ,
Somsri habitually gets up early. (
)

: S + is, am, are + V1 ing + ...
He is speaking. , I am readind. , They are writing. , A gire is dancing.
ing

1. "e" ( "e") e ing

write-writing , move-moving ... live, tremble(
), argue()...
2. "ee" ing
see-seeing ... agree, free...
3. "ie" ying
die-dying ... lie, tie(, )...
4. , , ing
stop-stopping , run-running ... sit, get, dig(), rob()...
5. 2 ,
ing
begin-beginning , offer-offering ... refer, occur()...

6. 2 ing ( ) ing
( )
()
Travel-Travelling ,
Quarrel-Quarrelling ()
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(
)
Travel-Traveling ,
Quarrel-Quarreling
1. Adverb
I am working with this company these days(
).
2.
My son is working hard this term.

3.

, ,
London next sunday.
Somdet is leaving for
4. Present Continuous Tense and ( 2 ) Verb to be

and
The old man is smoking a cigarette and reading the newspaper. ( ...is smoking...and is
reading...)

1.
see, feel, smell, here, taste,...etc.
2. , ,
know, love ,understand, hate,
believe, seem, belong, like, agree, disgree, consider, notice, forget, remember, recall( ), dislike,
detest( ), prefer, trust( ), distrust, wish, possess( ), appear, differ, depend,
deserve(), refuse(), consist of, contain, doubt(), mean, suppose
I know him very well. ( I am knowing him very well.)
, , ,
Present Continuous Tense see ", , " Kukrit is

seeing you tomorrow. -
feel "" He is feeling his way along the face of the cliff. -

:
S + have, has + V 3 + ...
He has spoken. , I have spoken. , You have spoken.

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1.
ed :- open ( 1) - opened ( 2) - opened ( 3)
2.
:- is, am, are ( 1)- was, wer ( 2) - been
( 3) , go ( 1) - went ( 2) - gone ( 3)
1. Adverb of time
since, for, etc.
:- Bill has lived in New York since 1999. ( ) , I have studied English
for more than three years. ( )

since, for Present Perfect Tense
Since ""

since
yesterday, last week (month, year), 1980, six o'clock, World War II, Monday, January, the beginning of the
year, etc.
since Past Simple Tense Present Perfect + since + Past
Simple ...since he was a boy., ...since her father died., ...since he left school., etc. :- Jim has
lived with uncle since he was a boy. , She has worked to earn her living since her father died.
For " " for
...two hours,
...six days(month, years), ...a long time., etc.

been in this room for the past few minutes.
:- He has waited for you for two hours. , We have
2.
, , Adverb many times, several times, over
and over, etc.
:- We have eaten in that restaurant many times. , He has read this noval over and over.
3. Adverb
ever, never, once, twice
China once.
:- I have never seen him before. , Chuchat has been to
4.
:- I have turned on the light. ,
The train has arrived at the station.
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5. Adverb already, just,

finally, eventually, recently
The principle has just gone out. , I have already closed the window. , He hasn't gone out
yet.
yet, just, already
yet :
:-
He has not died yet.
Just, already :
:-
He has just finished his work
I have already read this book.
* -
already , yet
S + have, has + been + V1 ing + ...
I have been speaking.

A boy has been speaking.
You have been speaking.

He has been speaking.
The boys have been speaking. They have been speaking
Tense
()
I have been working for three hours.
( 1
3 4 5
I have work for three hours. 3
4 5
)
Chairat has been living in Thailand since 1980
1980
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Tense Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Past Simple Tense

: S + V2 ( ed , ) + ...
:- I hoped. , He spoke.
ed

1. e
d
:- love - loved , move - moved , hope - hoped
2. y y y ied :- cry - cried , rely() relied

3. y y ed
:- play - played , obey( ) obeyed
4. , ,
1 ed
:- bag - bagged , plan - planned , stop - stopped tax - taxed , tow - towed
5. 2 ,
1
ed
:- concur() - concurred , refer - referred , permit - permitted
:

open - opened ,
gather(,
) - gathered
6. 5 ed
- ended
:- cover - covered ,
:- walk - walked , reach - reached , end
Past Simple Tense
1. , ,
We saw the prime minister yesterday morning. , He learned English when he was young.
2. Adverb of
freequency

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She walked to school everyday last week. , I always got up late last month.
3. Verb Past Simple
Tense
I opened my bag, took out some money and gave it to my friend. , He jumped out of the house, saw a
policeman and ran away.
4. I would rather, it's time, It's high time, it's about time.
I would rather you did your homework. , It's high time we ended the meeting.
Present Perfect Tense Past Simple Tense

Past Simple Tense

Past Simple Tense
:Present Perfect Tense
David has lived in Thailand for two years.
I have worked for two hours.
Past Simple Tense

David lived in Thailand two years ago.
I worked for two hours.

:S + was, were + V1 ing + ...
: He was writing. , I was reading. , You were singing. , They were waiting.
1. 2
2
:-
" Past Continuous Tense + Past Simple Tense "

While he (walk) along the street, he (see) an accident.
- While he was walking along the street, he saw an accident.
I (read) a book when he (come) in.
- I was reading a book when he came in.
2. 2 2
Past Cont. Tense
:- My mother was cooking while I was playing.
He was standing while she was sitting.
3.
:- They was cleaning the room at eight o'clock yesterday.
At nine o'clock last night we were watching television.
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Clause()
:- When I saw him, he was watering in the garden.
:-
- Clause When Past Simple Tense

- Clause While Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense

:
S + had + V3 + ...
: He had gone. , Bill had studied.

1. 2 :- Past Perfect Tense (S + had + V3 + ..)
- Past Simple Tense (S + V2 + ..)
:- We went out for a walk after we had eaten dinner.

Puk had learnt English before she went to England.
Past Perfect Tense Past Simple Tense after, before,
when, that
2. "By the time"- , "By May"-, "By 1980"-

"
",
:- By the time + Past Simple Tense, Past Perfect Tense.

:- By the time the sun set, we had left the office
By May he had worked here for two years. - ..
:- By Past Perfect Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense Past Simple Tense 3 :-
"no sooner...than" , "hardly...when" , "scarecly(,)...when"

:- S + had + ( ) + V3 + () + S +V2
:- They had no sooner finished their work than they went out. -
Chid had hardly gone anywhere when his mother was ill.
I had scarely had free time when I lived with my uncle. -
..
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4. I wish
: :-
I was born in a poor family.

I wish I had been born in a rich family.

: S + had + been + V1 ing + ...
: He had been working.
Past Perfect Cont. Tense Past Perfect Tense "

"
- Past Perfect Tense:The telephone had rung for five minites before it was answered. - 5
He had slep for three hours when we called on him. - 3
- Past Perfect Continuous Tense:The telephone had been runging for five minites before it was answered.
5

He had been sleeping for three hours when we called on him.

3
* Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( sleep)
Past Perfect Tense 2

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense when, after, before, that
Future Simple Tense

:
S + will, shall + V1 () + ...
:- I shall go. , We shall go. , They (You, He, Chairat) will go.
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:Shall - 1 I , We
Will - 2, 3 he, she, it, you, they, Mary, Anna...

Future Simple Tense
1.

I shall go to the United State soon.
Thomson will leave Thailand for Japan next week.
The plane will arrive at the airport in a few minutes.
2. 2 Future Simple Tense
() Present Simple Tense Future Perfect Tense
Future Simple Tense if,

unless, when, until, as soon as, before, after, the moment that, now that ...
They will leave after they have finished their work.
She will stay here until her father arrives from his office.
I shall go if you ark.
He will return home as soon as he has received a letter.
Now that you have won the lottery, what will you do ? - . ..
(be) going to will, shall
1.
I am going to write to Anong this evening.
We are going to buy a house in Bangkok next year. - () ...
2.
I think it is going to rain.
I am afraid that the repairs to our house are going to cost a lot of money.
3.
My wife is going to have ababy.
(be) going to will, shall
1.
Today is the 21st ; tomorrow is going to be the 22nd.
Today is the 21st ; tomorrow will be the 22nd.
2. if
I am going to do this for you if you give me twenty bath.

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I shall (will) do this for you if you give me twenty bath.
3. ( know, like, forget ...)

I will understand what you said.
( I am going to understand what you said. )
He will like it if he saas.
( He is going to like if he sees. )
I will (shall) remember your name for ever.
( I am going to remember your name for ever. )
(be) going to
: was, were + going to + V1 "
"

We were going to play tennis yesterday, but it rained. - (
)
I was going to see you last night. - () ( )
will, shall
Shall -

1 :I shall, We shall ...
Will -

2, 3
:You ( he, she, it, they, Jack, the boy...) will ...
will shall will, shall
You shall, She shall, etc. :. (

)
If you work harder you shall have a holiday on Saturday.

. (

)
You must do this or you shall be punished.
(

shall you )
. (
)
These people want to buy my house, but they shan't (shall not) have it. (
)
He shall have thousand baht, if he does this work for me.
(
1,000 shall he )
Will
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1.
I will go there even if I am tired. - ... ()
2.
I will marry you next five years.
I will stay here until you return.
I won't forget Ladda's birthday. I will send her a present.
( 3 will

)

:
S + will, shall + be + V1 ing + ...
:- I (We) shall be working.

You (He, She, It, They, ...) will be playing.
1. 2 - :- Future Continuous Tense

- Present Simple Tense
:He (have) his breakfast when we (arrive) at his house tomorrow.

= He will be having his breakfast when we arrive at his house tomorrow.
:- Future Continuous Tense Present Simple Tense Future Continuous
Tense
Future Simple Tense
:- He will be sleeping when I shall visit him.
:- He will be sleeping when I visit him.
2.
:- This time tomorrow I shall be flying to New York.
3.
:We shall be working all day tomorrow.
The Browns will be staying with us again this year.
What will you be eating tomorrow ? - () ?

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" What will you eat tomorrow ? "

" ?"


: S + will, shall + have + V3 + ...
:-
I shall have gone. , You will have gone. , He ( They, Jo,...) will have gone.
1. 2

2
- Future Perfect Tense
- Present Simple Tense

:The play (start) before we (reach) the theatre.
= The play will have started before we reach the theatre.
Future Perfect Tense Present Simple Tense
Future Simple Tense : :- When you will arrive at the station, the train will have left already.
:- When you arrive at the station, the train will have left already.
2.
"by" :- by next
week, by the end of March, by dinner time, etc.
I shall have finished my work by dinner time.
By the end of January the Browns will have been here for two years.
We shall have moved in a new house by the end of year.
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3. " "
I expect you will have heard that Ladda is going to be married next month.
It's five o'clock ; they will have arrived home by now.
" 5 ( !
) "

:S + will, shall + have + been + V1 ing + ...
:- I shall have been working.
You will have been working.
*


Tense "
"
By eleven o'clock I shall have been working for three hours.
11 () 3
By eleven o'clock I shall have worked for three hours.
3
3
When you arrive, he will have been waiting for you two hours.
() 2
Chapter 14 : Active and Passive Voice

Active Voice :
He punished a boy.
Mary eats a mango.
I shall write a letter.
Passive Voice :A boy was punished by him.

A mango is eaten by Mary.
A letter will be written by me.
Active Voice Passive Voice ()

1. Active Passive
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2. Verb to be
Tense Active
3. Active Passive 3 ( Verb

to be)
4. Active Passive by

Verb to be

Passive Voice
12 Tense :-
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Conti.
:
:
:
:
S + is, am, are + Verb 3 + by ...

S + is, am, are + being + Verb 3 + by ...
S + have, has + been + Verb 3 + by ...
S + have, has + been + being + Verb 3 + by ...
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Conti.
:
:
:
:
S + was, were + Verb 3 + by ...

S + was, were + being + Verb 3 + by ...
S + had + been + Verb 3 + by ...
S + had + been + being + Verb 3 + by ...
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
:
:
:
:
S + will, shall + be + Verb 3 + by ...

S + will, shall + be + being + Verb 3 + by ...
S + will, shall + have + been + Verb 3 + by ...
S + will, shall + have + been + being + Verb 3 + by ...
: Passive Voice Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect
Continuous,

Active Passive 12 Tense

Active: Chairat eats a mango.
Passive: A mango is eaten by Chairat.

Active: Chairat is eating a mango.
Passive: A mango is being eaten by Chairat.

Active : Chairat has eaten a mango.
Passive: A mango has been eaten by Chairat.

Active : Chairat has been eating a mango.
Passive : A mango has been being eaten by Chairat.
Past Simple Tense

Active : Chairat ate a mango.
Passive: A mango was eaten by Chairat.

Active: Chairat was eating a mango.
Passive: A mango was being eaten by Chairat.
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Past Perfect Tense

Active : Chairat had eaten a mango.
Passive: A mango had been eaten by Chairat.

Active : Chairat had been eating a mango.
Passive: A mango had been being eaten by Chairat.
Future Simple Tense

Active : Chairat will eat a mango.
Passive: A mango will be eaten by Chairat.

Active : Chairat will be eating a mango.
Passive: A mango will be being eaten by Chairat.

Active : Chairat will have eaten a mango.
Active : Chairat will have been eating a mango.
Passive: A mango will have been eaten by Chairat . Passive: A mango will have been being eaten by...
Passive Voice
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, has to, have to,
be going to
Active Voice can, could, may, might, must, ought to, has to, have to,
(be) going to Active Voice
Passive Voice :-
can, could,
may, might, must,
ought to,
has to, have to,
be going to
+ be + 3
:Active
She can drive a car.
I may write a letter this evening.
Somsak must clean a table.
You ought to meet him today.
I have to speak English.
She is going to sell her house.
Passive
A car can be driven by her.
A letter may be writen by me this evening.
A table must be cleaned by Somsak.
He ought to be met by you today.
English has to be spoken by me.
Her house is going to be sold by her.
Passive
1. (Intransitive Verb)
He slept there. Passive There was slept by him.
( there object slept slept
2. (Transitive Verb) ()
Jack had his breakfast. Passive His breakfast was had by Jack.
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3. Passive Voice
He became a King.
I am a student.
Passive
A king was become by him.
------------------------------ A student is been by me.
: Intransitive Verb Active Passive Preposition

Object
( Preposition + Object transitive Verb ) :They will look after her well. = She will be looked after.
I dont like people looking at me. = I dont like being looked at.
He has turned down all our suggestions.
= All our suggestions have been turned down.
Passive Voice
by
Active by Passive

by :The house was painted nicely before they move in.

Passive Voice
The house was nicely painted by a painter before they moved in
by a painter
by...
Active :
Passive :
The people in Italy speak Italian.

Italian is spoken in Italy.
by Passive Voice 2
:1. Active Voice
:- I, We, You, He, She, They
They will build a new road through here soon. = A new road will be built through here soon.
She closed the door of the house. = The door of the house was closed.
2. Active Voice everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody
No one has used the gate for five years. = The gat hasnt been used for five years.
Somebody stole my watch last night. = My watch was stolen last night.
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:
by +
() :Active :
Samran Kamying wrote Advanced English Grammar.
Passive :
Advanced English Grammar was written by Samran Kamying.
Active :
Passive :
Columbus was discovered America.

America was discovered by Columbus.
: Active Voice
Passive Voice
People say that...,
People believe that...
It is said that...,
It is believed that..., :-
Active :
People say that honesty is the bast policy.
Passive :
It is said that honesty is the bast polic.
Active :
Passive :
People believe that the earth is round.

It is believed that that the earth is round.
Active Voice Object 2 : Object 2 :1. Direct Object ( )

2. Indirect Object ( )
Active Voice 2
Passive Voice

to
2 :Active :
He gave me a book.
- Passive (): I was given a book by him.
- Passive (): A book was given to me by him.
Active :
My grandfather told me a story.
- Passive (): I was told a story by my grandfather.
- Passive (): A story was told to me by my grandfather.
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Active :
The teacher teaches Dang English.
- Passive (): Dang is taught English by the teacher.
- Passive (): English is taught to Dang by the teacher.
Passive Voice
Question Words
Active Voice Question Words Passive Voice

:1. Question Words
Active Who by whom
2. Verb to be, can, could, may, might
Question Words
3. Active Voice by
4. Active Passive 3
:-
Active : What do you want ?
Active :
Active :
Active :
Active :
Active :
Passive: What is wanted by you ?
Who punished him ?

Where do you see her ?
Passive: By whom was he punished ?

Passive: Where is she seen by you ?
When did he send her a letter?
Passive: When was she sent a letter by him?
Which book do you buy ?
Passive: Which book is bought by you ?
Why did they destroy it ?
Passive: Why was it destroyed (by them) ?
Active : Whom does she love ?

Passive: Who is love by her ?
Active : How will you do it ?
Passive: How will it be done by you ?
Active : Whose car are you going to buy ? Passive: Whose car is going to be bought by you ?
Passive Voice
Active Voice Passive Voice : Let + object + be + Verb
:- Active :
Active :
Active :
Active :
Active :
Open your book.

Dont kill the tiger.
Close the window.
Do it.
Dont destroy the contents.
Passive : Let your book be opend.

Passive : Let the tiger not be killed.
Passive : Let the window be close.
Passive : Let it be done.
Passive : Let the contents not be destroyed.
Passive Voice Adverb of Manner

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passive Voice Active Adverb of Manner Adverb of

Manner V3
:- Active :
Passive :
Active :
Passive :
They did the work well.

The work was well done (by them).
She dressed her shildren badly.
Her children were badly dressed.
Active Voice Infinitive Without to
Active Voice Infinitive Without to Passive Infinitive

With to
:- Active : We saw them go out.
= Passive : They were seen to go out.
Active : They heard her sing there. = Passive : She was heard to sing there.
: Let Infinitive Without to :Active :

They let us go.
Passive :
We were let go.
Active Voice Present Participle (V-ing)

Active Voice Present Participle (V-ing) Passive Voice
:-
being + 3
:- Active :
I saw Dang writing the letter.
Passive :
I saw the letter being written by Dang.
Active :
I looked at him making the table.
Passive :
I looked at the table being made by them.
: Object Present Participle Active Voice Passive
being + V3
Passive Voice by
Passive Voice Passive Voice by in, at, with, etc.

His essay ( ) interests me. Passive : I am interested in his essay.
( I am interested by his essay. )
My success pleases her much.Passive : She is much pleased at my success.

( She is much pleased by my success. )
Snow covered the mountain.
Passive : The mountain was cover with snow.

The mountain was cover by snow.
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Active : The fire killed four boys.
Passive : Four boys were killed in the fire.

Four boys were killed by the fire.
Chapter 15 : Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

:- Daeng said It is my book.
Indirect Speech

:- Daeng said that it was his book.
Direct Speech 3 : 1
1) ( he said )

2) comma ( Colon (:) Semi-colon (;)

)
3) 1 (capital letter)
:He said, The first hero in Thai history was King Ram Kam Haeng.
2
1) ( he said )
2) Comma he said
3) he said said he
:The first hero in Thai history was King Ram Kam Haeng, he said.
3
1) ( he said )
2) he said he said
Comma
3) he said full stop (.) :The first hero in Thai history, he said, was King Ram Kam Haeng.
Direct Indirect Speech
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Direct Speech Indirect Speech 4
1) (Reporting Verb)
2) (Personal Pronoun)
3) Tense
4)
(Nearness to distance)
:- Direct Indirect 4
1)
(Reporting Verb) :Direct
Indirect
say
said
say that
said that
say to +
tell + + that
said to +
told + + that
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
he she
ours
theirs
me
him her
my
his her
mine
his hers
you()
myself
we
us
our
himself herself
they
them
their
your
2) (Personal Pronoun)
:-
ourselves
you()
themselves
I
me
my
yours
mine
yourself(-ves) myself (ourself)
3)
Tense :Direct
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Simple
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
will
shall
would
should
could
might
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can
may
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4) (Nearness to
distance) :Direct
Indirect
Today, tonight
yesterday
last night
last week
last month
last yeas
the day before yesterday
the day after
tomorrow
next week (month)
next year
thus
now
ago
recently
this, these
here
come
that day, that night

the day before, the previous day
the night before
the week before
the month before
the year before
two days before
two days after, in two days time
the next day, the following day
the week (month) after
the year after
so
then, at that time
before
shortly, before then
that, those
there
go
Present Simple Past Simple

Direct:
Indirect:
He said, I make this table hear today.

He said that he made that table there that day.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Direct:
Charoon said to me, We are staying here now.

Indirect:
Charoon told me that they were staying there at that time.

Present Perfect Past Perfect
Direct:
She said, I have finished my work.
Indirect:
She said that she had finished her work.

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Past Simple Past Perfect

Direct:
Indirect:
He said to me, I sent a letter to my sister yesterday.

He told me that he had sent a letter to his sister the previous day.
Will would
Direct:
Indirect:
Sri said to me, I will come here again next year.
,

Sri told me that she would go there again the year after.

Shall should
Direct:
Indirect:
He said, This man shall do this for me.

He said that that man should do that for him.

Can could
Direct:
Indirect:
He said, I can go there alone.
He said that he could go there alone.

May might
Direct:

Indirect:
She said, My husband may come today.
She said that her husband might go that day.

Must had to
Direct:
He said to his friend, I must finish my work.
Indirect:
He told his friend that he had to finish his work.

Tense Indirect Speech Direct Speech 5
1)

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Direct:
Indirect:
He said, The earth moves round the sun.

He said that the earth moves round the sun.
( moved )
Direct:
Indirect:
He said to me, To err is human.

He told me that to err is human.
( was )
2)

Direct:
Indirect:
He said, I am the president of the English Club.

He said that he is the president of the English Club.
Direct:
Indirect:
He said, The plane will be landing in ten minutes time.

He said that the plane will be landing in ten minutes time.
( would be landing )
( was )
3) Present Simple, Present Perfect Future Simple Tense

Direct:
Indirect:
Direct:
Indirect:
Direct:
Indirect:
He says, I have been reading a book.

He says that he has been reading a book.
( He says that he had been reading a book. )
She has said to me, I am coming.
She has told me that she is going.
( She has told me that she was going. )
He will tell you, The girl is dancing.
He will tell you that the girl is dancing.
( He will tell you that the girl was dancing. )
4)
( Tense )
Direct:
Indirect:
Chairat Duangkhae said, If I were you, I wouldnt do it.

Chairat said that if I were I (me), he wouldnt do it.
( Chairat said that if he had been I (me), he wouldnt have done it. )
Direct:
Indirect:
He said, If I were a bird, I would fly everywhere.

He said that if he were a bird, he would fly everywhere.
( He said that if he had been a bird, he would have flown everywhere.)
5) : would, should, might, ought to, had better,

used to
Direct:
Indirect:
He said, I shouldnt smoke a cigarette.

He said that he shouldnt smoke a cigarette.
Direct:
Indirect:
Jim said, We had better start our work today.

Jim said that they had better start their work today.
Direct:
Indirect:
Mother said, I used to be naughty when I was young.

Mother said that she used to be naughty when she was young.
( had used )
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Must Indirect Speech

1) must , ,
Direct:
Indirect:
Direct:
Indirect:
2) must ,
,
must had to mustnt wasnt to

Direct:
Indirect:
Direct:
Indirect:
3) Must
would have to
Direct:
Indirect:
:
Sombat said, If the doctor doesnt come, we must take care of him as well as we
can do.
Sombat said that if the doctor didnt come, they would have to take care of him as
well as they could do.
come go
Tense Indirect Speech
Lets Indirect Speech
Indirect
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Direct Indirect Questions
Direct Indirect Question
Indirect Exclamations
Direct Indirect (Mixed Type)
Direct Speech
Direct Speech
Yes No
if Whether Indirect Question
Direct Indirect

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Chapter 23 : Word Building

Word Building ( Prefix)
( Suffix) Prefix Suffix Afix
Prefix

polite() im impolite (
)
( )
en, em ( = , )

Prefix 3 :1) un- , dis- , in- , im-, il-, ir- , non- = ;
mis- = ,

2) en- em- ( = , )
3)
:
anti-(), ante-(, ,), co-(,), ex-(,,), pre-(,), post-(,,),

re-(,,),
sub-(, , ), super-( , , ), poly-(,), multi-(,,), trans(,,,),tri-(),
bi-(), inter-(,,), over-(),

Suffix
man

ly manly (Adjective)

Suffix

Suffix 3 :1) :- al, an, ance, ant, ation, dom, e, ee, ence, ent, er, ery, ese, ess, hood,
ification, ing, ist, ism, ition, ity, ment, n, ness, or, ship, sion, ty, tion, ure, y
2) : - ate , en , ed , es , ify ,
ize , s
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3)
Adj.() :able, al, an, ant, ary, ative, ed, en, ent, er, ese, est, fold,
ful, ial, ible,
ing, ish, ive, less, like, ly, most, n, ory, ous, some, ular, word, y
Prefix
1)
non- , mis-
un- , dis- , in- , im-, il-, ir- ,
dis- ,
:- like (v.) -
dislike
il- l
:- legal - illegal
im- m , b , p
:- proper -
improper
in-
m , b , p , l , r
:- definite
indefinite
ir- r
:- regular irregular
mis- ,
:- write - misswrite
non- ,
nonfinite
un- (Adjective)
:- finite
:- clean unclean
lucky unlucky
2) Prefix en- em-( =

, )
en-

:- force (n.) enforce (v.)
circle encircle (v.)
em- m , b , p

:- body embody
purple empurple
3) Prefix
:
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anti-( ), ante-( , ,), co-( ,), ex-( , , ), pre-( , ), post(,,), re-(,,),
sub-(, , ), super-( , , ), poly-(,), multi-(,,), trans(,,,),
tri-(), bi-(), inter-(,,), over-(),

ante- ", , "
nuptial ntenuptial , date
antedate

anti- ", "
war antiwar , social antisocial
bi- ""
cycle bicycle , sexual
bisexual
co- ", , "
operate co-operate
author co-
author

de- ", , , , , , , , , , , "

detrain
ex- ", , "

president ...
inter- ", , "

international
multi- ", , "

multiform
derate
wife - ex-wife president - ex
national
multi-coloured ,
over- ""
overdo overpay
poly- ", "
polytechnic
overeat
polysylable
post- ", , "

postwar
date postdate
pre- ", , "
prehistory . prewar
re- ", , ; "
rewrite
repartee reaction

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rename
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sub- ", , , "
standard
sub-committee
super- " , , , "

superman
trans- " , , , "

transaction
tri- ""
supernaturel
tricycle
sub-
transcontinental
sylable trisylable
triangle
Suffix
1) Suffix
al ,an ,ance ,ant, ation , dom , e, ee, ence, ent, er, ese, ess, ery, hood, ing, ity, ist, ism, ification,
ition, ment, n, ness, or, ship, sion, ty, tion, ure, y
-al
e, w, y
servival

:- arrive arrival , servive
-an, -n (Proper noun) Proper noun
:- Africa African , America
American
-ance, -ence
:- resist resistance , prefer preference
-ant :- assist assistant

, serve
serveant
'- ation :- expect expectation , accupy

acupation , observe observation
'- dom , . , :- free freedom ,

king kingdom , officialdom =
'- ee, - e
:- absent absentee , devote
devotee
, refuge refugee

'- ent :- study student , correspond

correspondent , superindend superindendent
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'- er, - or
:- run runner , employ
emplorer , advise adviser , act actor

'- ery, - y , :- brave

bravery , discovery , delivery , robbery
'- ese Proper Noun

:- Burma Burmese , China Chinese ,
'- ess ( ) :- act actress
, host hostess
, millionaire millonairess
'- hood , ,
, , , :- boyhood , manhood , pristhood
- ician (-) sf. -ic " " politician
- icity (-) -ic felicity

'- ification ify ification :- classify
classification , beautify beautification
'- ing :- speak speaking , run running , write

- writing
'- ism :critize (v.) criticism
real (adj.) realism
'- ist
:- piano pianist Buddha Buddhist , artist
'- ition :- compete competition , expose

exposition , repeat repeatition
'- man :- English

Englishman , Irish Irishman , Country countryman
'- ment :- amuse amusement

, government , agreement
, achievement
'- ness :- happy happiness

, ill illness , weak weakness thick thickness , sadness
'- ship 2
'- 1)
, owner ownership
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friend friendship
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'- 2) :- workman workmanship ,

musician musicianship , scholar scholarship
'- sion -de se, t :- decide decision

, devide , devision (, ) , conclude conclusion
'- tion (1) :- violate violation ,

completion , appreciate appreciation
'- tion (2) * :-attend

attention , protect protection , collect collection
'- ty,- ity
difficultdifficulty , honesthonesty ,
certainty , regularity , purity , humidity
'- ure :- closure , legislate

legistature

, pleasure , enclose enclosure
2) Suffix : - ate , en , ed , es , ify ,

ize , s
'- ate :- captive captivate , , origin originate
,
motive
motivate
, facility facilitate
'- ed Past Tense :- want wanted

, work worked , play played
'- en ( )
:- soft
soften
, deepen
, blacken , saden
'- ify :- beaute

beautily , personify , simplify , justify

'- ize
:- economize
, vaporize , harmony - harmonize

3) Suffix
( Adjective )
:- able, ible, al, ial, an, n, ant, ent, ary, ory, ous, ative, ed, en, n, er, r, est, st, ese, fold, ful, ing, ish,
tive, ative, less, like, ly, most, y, some, ward, ular
' - an, n , :- Asia Asian , Africa
African
, America American
' - an, n (.). : Adj.

:-John is an American.= ( noun) ,
I like the American movie. = (adj.)
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'- able, ible ( ) :knowledge knowledgeable , sence -sensible , responsible
'- al, ial , , , picture - pictorial
nature natural , nation national , education educational
'- ant, ent , err Errant serve servant

reside resident
, ignore ignorant
'- ary, ory
:- discipline disciplinary , prime
primary , advise advisory

'- ative
:- quantity
quantitative , talk talkative , , cause causative
'- ed :- disease
diseased , talent talented
'- en, n
:wood - wooden , golden , woolen
'- er, r :- small

smaller , large larger , wiser
'- ese ...

:- Japan Japanese
, Chaniese
'- est, st :- small

smallest , largest
, wisest
'- fold one, two,...

:- tenfold , , hundredfold , thousandfold
'- ful :- hope hopeful

, care careful , beautiful , useful
'- ic - suff. -atic, -itic, -otic , , ,

, sulfuric (, )
music
'- ical (- ) sf. "- ic" musical

-ic -ical
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- icly (- ), -ically (-) , , ,

politicly politically
'- ing 1 ( Simple Form ) Participial Adjustive :- interest

intererting , bore boring , amuse amusing
'- ish
(1) , , :- child
childish , fool foolish , pig piggish
(2) , ,
:- young
-youngish
, old -oldish , red reddish
(3)
:- noon
noonish , four fourish 4 , midnight midnightish
'- less ... , :- care careless

, home homeless

'- like :- doglike
'- most ( in, out, up, etc.) :- in inmost

, out outtermost , up uppermost
'- ous , :- humour

humourous , danger dangerouse
, poison poisonous
'- some , :- trouble

troulesome , quallel quarrelsome
'- tive, - ative

:- talk- talkative , act - active , destroytive
'- ular :- angle angular , table

tabular
'- ward , :- backward

, downward
'- y :- sun sunny , dust dusty

, cloud clouldy , fun funny
c-3
23 (* =)
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-:-
..., 2. s e
; 3. s, ss, x, sh, ch, z es ; *4.
o o es ; *5. y y
y ies ; *6. f fe ves ; 7. :- man men, foot -
feet, mouse-mice ; 8. en ren ox-oxen, child-children ; *14.

s
s
father-in-law fathers-in-law ; 15.
; 20.
formula formulae, formulas ..
+note from excel

Chapter 5 : Pronoun
((, , , , )- I me my
mine myself, We us our ours ourselves, You you your yours yourself,-ves, He him his his himself, She her
her hers herself, It it its its itself, They them their theirs themselves )
Interrogative Pronoun ;
Relative Pronoun
What (Interrogative Pronoun) - ( What

", , , " )
When ", " (Relative Pronoun) - , ,, Sunday is the day when

we don't go to work.
Which "" (Interrogative Pronoun) - , , ,
(Which
)
", " (Relative Pronoun) - , This is the ticket which I bought

for you.
Who "" (Interrogative Pronoun) -
Who
wants to take a part in the football match ?
"" (Relative Pronoun) - The
boy who is studies hard can pass the examination easily.
Whom "" (Interrogative Pronoun) -
Whom shall I marry next year ?

"" (Relative Pronoun) - This is
the student whom his teacher punished.
Whose "" (Interrogative Pronoun) -
Whose is the red car standing outside?

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"..." (Relative Pronoun) -
That
", " (Relative Pronoun) -

, , , that
4 :-
1. that Sayan Sanya is the most

famous singer that I have known well.
2. She is the first lady that he failed in love.
3. much, little, etc. Somsak has many

pens that he gives me.
4. that someone,
everyone, no one, nothing, etc. There is nothing that I can do for you.
One
One, Definite Pronoun
Which car do you possess ? I possess the red one.
Ones Ones, " , " Definite Pronoun

Chapter 6 : Verbs
Suffix
Suffix 3 :1) :( al ,an ,ance ,ant, ation , dom , e, ee, ence, ent, er, ese, ess, ery, hood, ing, ity, ist, ism,
ification,
ition, ment, n, ness, or, ship, sion, ty, tion, ure, y )
2) : - ( ate , en , ed , es ,
ify , ize , s )
3) ( Adjective ) :( able, al, an, ant, ary, ative, ed, en, ent, er, ese, est, fold, ful, ial, ible, ing, ish, ive, less, like, ly,
most, n, ory, ous, some, ular, word, y )
1) Suffix
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al ,an ,ance ,ant, ation , dom , e, ee, ence, ent, er, ese, ess, ery, hood, ing,
ity, ist, ism, ification, ition, ment, n, ness, or, ship, sion, ty, tion, ure, y
- al e, w, y :- arrive arrival refuse refusal
servive servival ,withdraw withdrawal deny
denil
- an , -n (Proper noun) Proper noun

:-
Africa African
America American
, Asia
Asian
- ance , -ence :- resist resistance

appear appearance
assist assistance
prefer preference depend
dependence

- ant
:- assist assistant
serve serveant
- ation
:-transport transportation
expect expectation
accupy
acupation observe observation
- dom , . , :- free freedom

king kingdom
The animal Kingdom = officialdom =
- ee, -e :- absent absentee
devote
devotee

refuge refugee

- ent :- study student
correspond correspondent superindend superindendent
- er, - or :- run runner

emplorer
employ
advise adviser act actor

visit
visitor

- ese Proper Noun

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Burma Burmese China Chinese , Siam Siamese
- ess ( ) :- act
actress

host hostess
millionaire millonairess
- ery, - y , :brave bravery
discover discovery deliver delivery rob robbery
- hood , ,
, , , :-
boy boyhood man manhood prist pristhood
- ing :- speak speaking run running write

- writing
- ism :critize (v.) criticism
real (adj.) realism
- ist
:- piano pianist
Buddha Buddhist art artist motor motorist
- ition :- compete competition

expose exposition repeat repeatition
- ification ify ification :classify classification
beautify beautification
amplify amplification
- man :- English
Englishman
Irish Irishman
- ment
Country countryman
:- amuse
amusement
- achievement
govern government
achieve
agree agreement argueargument
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- ness
weakness
:- happy happiness ill illness weak
thick thickness sad sadness kind kindness

- ship
1)
friend friendship owner ownership
2)

workman workmanship musician musicianship

scholar scholarship
- sion
-de se, t
decision
devide , devision (, )
- ty,- ity
decide
conclude conclusion
difficult difficulty honest honesty
certain certainty
regular regularity
pure purity
humid humidity
- tion :-violate violation

complete completion
appreciate appreciation
*

:- attend
attention
protect protection
collect
collection
- ure

close closure
legislate legistature

please pleasure
enclose enclosure
2) Suffix : - (ate , en ,
ed , es , ify , ize , s)
- ate
:- captive captivate ,
origin originate

motive
motivate
facilitate
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facility
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-:-
- ed
Past Tense :-
work worked
- en
want wanted
play played
) :- soft
soften
deep deepen black blacken wide widen
sad saden
- ify
:- beaute
beautily
person personify simple simplify class classify
- ize :economyeconomize
vapor vaporize harmony harmonize
- s, -es Present Simple Tense

3 :- The boy plays the guitar well.She washes her skirt by herself.
3) Suffix ( Adjective )
able, ible, al, ial, an, n, ant, ent, ary, ory, ous, ative, ed, en, n, er, r,
est, st, ese, fold, ful, ing, ish, tive, ative, less, like, ly, most, y, some, ward,
ular,
- able, ible ( )
:knowledge knowledgeable response responsible
sence
sensible EAT EATABLE
- al, ial

nation national
nature natural
education educational

- an, n
industry industrial

, :-
Asia Asian
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Africa African
America American
:-
.. : Adj.
John is an American. ( noun)

I like the American movie. (adj.)
- ant, ent

reside resident
ignore ignorant
different
differ
- ary, ory
discipline disciplinary
prime primary
advise advisory
- ative
quantity quantitative
causative
- ed
talk talkative , cause

disease , diseased
talent talented
- en, n
wood wooden
gold golden
wool woolen
- er, r
small smaller
wise wiser
- est, st
small smallest
- ese
large larger
large largest
wise
wisest
Japan Japanese
China Chaniese
Burma Burmese
- fold one, two, three, etc.

ten tenfold ,
hundredfold ,
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thousandfold
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-:-
- ful

hope hopeful
care careful ,
beautiful , useful
- ing
1 ( Simple Form ) Participial Adjustive

interest intererting
amusing
- ish
bore boring
amuse
1) , ,
child childish
fool foolish
pig piggish
2) , ,
young
youngish
3)
old oldish red reddish
noon noonish
four fourish 4
midnight midnightish
- less ,
care careless
home homeless

- like
doglike
- ly
manlike

godlike

monk monkly
soldier soldierly
friend friendly
- most ( in, out, up, etc.)

in inmost
out outtermost
up uppermost
- ous ,
humour humourous
poison poisonous
danger dangerouse

- some ,
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trouble troulesome
quallel quarrelsome
- tive, - ative

talk talkative
act active
destroy destroytive
- ular
angle angular
table tabular
backward
downward
- ward ,
-y

sun sunny
cloud clouldy
dust dusty
fun funny
PAGE 140 OF 140

Gramma สรุป JULY 2012

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Advanced English Grammar for High Learners

1. Noun (n.) "" , , , , 8

7. Compound Noun "" 8. Agent Noun

2. Pronoun (pro.) "" Noun ,

2.4. Indefinite Pronoun some, any,

2.8. Distributive Pronoun ,

3. Verb(vt, vi) " " is ,have

well , slowly , hard ,...

: He works hard every day.

: She drives very carefully

5. Adjective (a.) " " Noun Pronoun

higher income ... adjective

The thin man can run very quickly.

5.2. Verb to be, look, feel, seem, get, etc.

Im feeling a bit hungry.

This matter made me foolish.

I have known the manager suitable for his position.

6. Preposition (pre.) "" Noun Pronoun

7. Conjunction (con.) "" , ,

Non-Finite Verb " " Non-Finite Verb 3 :

Walking, sleeping, smoking, etc.

3. Participle : ing eating, coming, etc. 3 eaten, cleaned,

Adverb: Adverb 3 1.Simple, 2.Interrogative, 3.Conjunction

Frequency How often

Quite , , Fairly Adjective

Quantity How much, How far

Reason Why, Wherefore : Why do you say this ?

4.1 Cardinal Numberal Adjective

4.2 Ordinal Numberal Adjective

8. Distributive Adjective () each, every,

: What a man he is!

11. Relative Adjective

3. Infinitive (to+V1) Adjective

by the side of = (= beside)

in the hope of = (+Ving).

for fear of = (+Ving)

for the purpose of = (+Ving)

for the sake of = ,

on the point of = (+Ving)

with a view to = (+N. Ving)

His house stood in front of the bridge.

The day was kept as a public holiday in honour of the king.

Your love of sport is in keeping with your age.

You should take my report in lieu of his.

in pursuance of = I was ready to do anything in pursuance of my son.

He comes here in quest of what he needs.

as well as , according to , against , , notwisthstanding

generous with + Noun =

(be) pleased with/by

generous with + V-ing =

responsible for satisfactory with superior to

add + something + to(with) + something

blame + someone + for + something

compare + something + with + something

conceal + something + from + somebody

congratulate + someone + on + something

excuse + someone + for + something

excuse + somebody + of + something

explain + something + to + someone

keep + something + for + someone

subtract + something + from + something

thank + someone + for + something