Spatial Pattern of SLSI at State Level in India

SPATIAL PATTERN OF SLSI AT STATE LEVEL IN INDIA
Geographic Information Systems
Submitted to: Prof. P. K. Singh
Submitted by: Arshia Gupta (32057) Mayank Tiwari (32079)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) .............................................................................................. 3 Sustainable Livelihood Security Index ................................................................................................ 4 Operationalization of SLSI .................................................................................................................. 4 Relevance ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Rationale for Various Parameters ....................................................................................................... 6 Limitations of SLSI .............................................................................................................................. 7 Steps In Constructing The SLSI .............................................................................................................. 8 Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) ......................................................................................... 9 Ecological Security Index (ESI) ......................................................................................................... 10 Cultivable Land Index .................................................................................................................... 11 Forest Cover Index ........................................................................................................................ 12 Recharge Potential Index .............................................................................................................. 13 Economic Efficiency Index (EEI) ....................................................................................................... 14 Net Sown Area Index .................................................................................................................... 15 Food Grain Production Index ........................................................................................................ 16 Milk Production Index .................................................................................................................... 17 Social Equity Index (SEI) .................................................................................................................. 18 Female Literacy Rate Index .......................................................................................................... 19 Infant Mortality Rate Index ............................................................................................................ 20 Per Capita Milk Availability Index .................................................................................................. 21 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 22 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 23 References ............................................................................................................................................ 38
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Sustainable Livelihood Security Index ........................................................................................ 9 Map 2: Ecological Security Index .......................................................................................................... 10 Map 3: Cultivable Land Index................................................................................................................ 11 Map 4: Forest Cover Index.................................................................................................................... 12 Map 5: Recharge Potential Index .......................................................................................................... 13 Map 6: Economic Efficiency Index ........................................................................................................ 14 Map 7: Net Sown Area Index ................................................................................................................ 15 Map 8: Food Grain Production Index .................................................................................................... 16 Map 9: Milk Production Index ................................................................................................................ 17 Map 10: Social Equity Index.................................................................................................................. 18 Map 11: Female Literacy Rate Index .................................................................................................... 19 Map 12: Infant Mortality Rate index ...................................................................................................... 20 Map 13: Per Capita Milk Availability Index ............................................................................................ 21
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Metadata Table ....................................................................................................................... 23 Table 2: Cultivable Land Index.............................................................................................................. 24 Table 3: Forest Cover Index.................................................................................................................. 25 Table 4: Recharge Potential index ........................................................................................................ 26 Table 5: Ecological Security Index ........................................................................................................ 27 Table 6: Net Sown Area ........................................................................................................................ 28 Table 7: Food Grain Production ............................................................................................................ 29 Table 8: Milk Production Index .............................................................................................................. 30 Table 9: Economic Efficiency Index ...................................................................................................... 31 Table 10: Female Literacy RaTe Index ................................................................................................. 32 Table 11: Infant Mortality Rate Index .................................................................................................... 33 Table 12: Per Capita Milk Availability Index .......................................................................................... 34 Table 13: Social Equity Index................................................................................................................ 35 Table 14: Sustainable Livelihood Security Index .................................................................................. 36 Table 15: State Ranking on Various Indices ......................................................................................... 37
INTRODUCTION
This project is an aim to integrate two important applications into a study. The concept of sustainable development for a country like ours and in times of today as the economy is facing a lot of inequality in terms of distribution of resources. An index, Sustainable Livelihood Security Index, is employed to understand the distribution of resources, and whether the conditions for sustainable development are present in a region. The SLSI calculated is displayed visually using ArcGIS software to better understand the development of different regions based on different parameters.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage, and present all types of geographically referenced data. GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology. It can be thought of as a system which digitally creates and "manipulates" spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose, or applicationoriented. It can be used to organize and study various spatial data like social factors, Biodiversity, Engineering, Land use, Environmental Considerations etc. In the following report we have used ArcGIS. ArcGIS is a suite consisting of a group of geographic information system (GIS) software products produced by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). It is a system for working with maps and geographic information. It is used for creating and using maps; compiling geographic data; analysing mapped information; sharing and discovering geographic information; using maps and geographic information in a range of applications; and managing geographic information in a database. The system provides an infrastructure for making maps and geographic information available throughout an organization, across a community, and openly on the Web. It includes the following Windows desktop software: ArcReader: It allows one to view and query maps created with the other ArcGIS products ArcGIS Desktop is licensed under three functionality levels: ArcView: It allows one to view spatial data, create layered maps, and perform basic spatial analysis ArcEditor which, in addition to the functionality of ArcView, includes more advanced tools for manipulation of shapefiles and geodatabases ArcInfo which includes capabilities for data manipulation, editing, and analysis.
There are also server-based ArcGIS products, as well as ArcGIS products for PDAs. Extensions can be purchased separately to increase the functionality of ArcGIS.
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX

The Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) is an operational measure proposed by Dr. M.S Swaminathan in 1991 to check whether the conditions essential for sustainability are present in a given region or ecosystem. Consistent with the three-dimensional concept of sustainability, the SLSI has three interacting components: ecological security, economic efficiency, and social equity. In developing SLSI, the following major factors were considered: The index should be a composite one, to take stock not only of the conflicts between the three aspects of
FIGURE 1: THREE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
sustainability, but also of the intrinsic synergy between them It should be simple, flexible, and
information efficient It should be easy to construct and understand, not only by policy makers and local-level administrators, but by the general public as well It should be useful as a tool for policy making, as well as for public education
Source: Wikipedia
The index was specifically designed with regional applications in mind. Thus, each of the three components of the index is calculated for each of a given set of regions. The composite SLSI can then be calculated either as a weighted average or a simple average (i.e., equal weights) of the three components.
OPERATIONALIZATION OF SLSI
In order to make the SLSI into an operational concept, we follow a slightly modified version of the relativist approach used by UNDP for developing the HDI on an inter-country basis. Let Iij be the index measuring the performance of the j region in the i component of SLSI, and let Xi, be the value of the variable representing the i component of SLSI for the j region. Now, the relative performance of the j region in the i component of SLSI can be represented as: Iij = (Xij- min Xij) / (max Xij min Xij) Where (i=1, 2 ...I) and (j=1, 2 ...J) This formula can be modified depending upon various circumstances. When a standard is provided than instead of maximum value standard value is used as follows:
th th th th th th
Iij = (Xij-min Xij)/ (standard min Xij) Where (i=1, 2 ...I) and (j=1, 2 ...J)
If the variable is of opposite nature then following formula can be used:
Iij = (max Xij -Xij)/ (max Xij min Xij) Where (i=1, 2 ...I) and (j=1, 2 ...J)
RELEVANCE
The SLSI has the potential to function as a litmus to check whether or not certain necessary conditions essential for sustainable development are present in a given region or ecosystem. The practical utility of this particular index as an evaluation and policy tool, and also as an educational tool, is demonstrated by applying it to the evaluation of the relative sustainability of the 28 states of India, each of which represents a mosaic of ecosystems. The practical relevance of the SLSI is that it can: Identify and characterize regions with low sustainable livelihood security Indicate a set of projects and policies that can be implemented to address the problem areas Define sustainable use patterns for different resources and ecosystems Specify uses that should be promoted, regulated, or eliminated
Although the composite nature of the index presents problems, particularly with respect to weighing, it nevertheless facilitates consensus among different groups by balancing their individual concerns. The strengths and shortcomings of existing composite indicators of sustainability suggest that an ideal index should be: Simple to construct Flexible in scale of applicability Information efficient
The SLSI fits these requirements. As a policy tool, the SLSI can identify not only the regions requiring immediate attention but also the specific areas on which efforts should be focused. Since it draws attention to the conflicts as well as the potential synergies between ecology, economics, and ethics, the SLSI can function also as an educational tool, promoting a holistic perspective among planners, administrators, and the general public.
RATIONALE FOR VARIOUS PARAMETERS

Each of the three components of the Index - ecological security, economic efficiency, and social equity, can be represented by one or more variables. The choice of the specific candidate variables to represent different components is influenced, among other things, by: Data availability The appropriateness and capacity of the variable(s) to represent a given component The level at which the SLSI is constructed, i.e., regional or resource / ecosystem or project / policy intervention levels. In a regional context, the ecological sustainability of a given region can be represented by such variables as: Forest Cover: Forest Cover plays an important role both in terms of ecological security and economic growth of the state. Many of the crucial environmental processes like Precipitation, percolation of ground water, conservation of soil cover, maintenance of atmospheric temperature and balance of carbon-di-oxide and Oxygen depends upon forests. Hence it is one of the most profound indicators of Ecological Security Water Recharge Potential: It gives indication about the ground water recharge capacity of the area and thus indirectly provides information about the status of the ground water table Cultivable Land: It represents the amount of land under cultivation and thereby also indicates the amount of land which is left barren Similarly, the economic efficiency of a given region can be represented by such variables as: Net Sown Area: It represents the total land area under cultivation with lands having multiple crops in a year counted more than once Milk Production: Milk production tells about the total milk productivity of the state which is also an indicator of the food security for that region Food Grain Production: It represents the total food grain production and thereby also gives information about the status of agriculture in the region. It is also an indicator of the food security of that region Social equity can be represented by such variables as: Female Literacy: Female literacy helps in assessing the social equity of the state as gender disparity is one of the most prominent social issues Per Capita Milk Availability: It represents the milk availability for an individual in the region, thereby indicating social equity in that region Infant Mortality Rate: Infant Mortality rate represents the health status across the country, and thus can be considered as a significant variable for social equity
When more than one variable is selected to represent a given component of SLSI, the index for that component can be formed by taking either the simple or the weighted average of the individual indexes of the representative variables.
LIMITATIONS OF SLSI
While the SLSI methodology is simple and conceptually sound, it faces the same problems often encountered in the construction of any composite index. The most important of these arise in: Choosing the component variables Assigning appropriate weights to the different components The Union Territories of India have not been considered as the data was inconsistent across these for various indicators Aside from the problems of selecting variables and assigning appropriate weights, the major limitation of the SLSI is that it has been developed on a relative basis; its applicability is limited if the set to be evaluated is very small. The choice of the variables to represent the different components of the composite index presents serious problems in view of the variations in preference of planners and policy makers. Naturally, the SLSI- and hence the sustainability evaluation- carried out by two different individuals will not be the same. The choice of variables will also differ depending upon the level whether regional or resource/ecosystem or project/policy intervention, at which the SLSI methodology is applied.. The second problem relates to the assignment of an appropriate weighting scheme in calculating the SLSI. The calculation and analysis of the SLSI presented here is based on an unrealistic assignment of equal weights to all the three components, as well as to the variables representing each component. The relative importance of economic, ecological and equity factors obviously varies not only across regions, but also over time for the same region. This points to the need for assigning differential weights to the three components for each region, and to each component across the regions. Data limitations also naturally circumscribe the choice of variables. In our analysis we have not considered Union Territories as data for the same was not available for some of the indicators.
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING THE SLSI
1. Define the parameters and indicators for calculating the SLSI index by disaggregating into the three component indices 2. Average (simple average) the three component indices to calculate the composite SLSI index 3. Collect the latest data pertaining to various indicators for different states 4. Organize the data under specific fields using Microsoft Excel and calculating individual indices; ecological, economical, and social indices; and subsequently the SLSI 5. Convert the Excel file (.xlxs) into database format (.dbf) using SPSS 6. Open ArcCatalogue to load the national territorial boundary map through the anaemia shapefile in the CARM_Boundary folder in the D-drive 7. Drag and dropping the India map in ArcMap 8. Join the map with the data table by connecting the entire dataset to the map 9. Right-click on the India map and inserting the state labels using the label properties command 10. Open symbology tab, under layer properties and select the index to be mapped 11. Click on graduated colours to add different colour shades to differentiate the spatially homogeneously grouped states falling within a naturally-defined range 12. Shift from the data view to the layout view to insert the north direction arrow, scale bar in kilometers, map title, and legend with the class categories 13. Save the map in .mxd extension file 14. Export the file to .jpeg format to save the map as an image for use in other applications
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX (SLSI)

SLSI, as stated earlier, is a composite index of three indicators Ecological Security Index, Economic Efficiency Index, and Social Security Index. Higher the index, better are the livelihood systems of the place. It means, the livelihood options are more ecologically secure, more economically efficient, and more socially equitable. The overall index is high in states like Punjab, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh; while attention has to be diverted in the form of local interventions in states like Jharkhand and Jammu & Kashmir.
MAP 1: SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX
ECOLOGICAL SECURITY INDEX (ESI)

Ecological security is critical to maintain and improve the resource basis of the economy. Thus, the factors considered under this index are cultivable land, forest cover, and groundwater recharge potential for the various states. Broadly, this can be attributed to natural factors and resources available. It can be seen from the map that the central part of India scores high on this index. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh are the top three states on the ESI, while Goa, Sikkim, and Tripura are the bottom three states.
MAP 2: ECOLOGICAL SECURITY INDEX
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CULTIVABLE LAND INDEX

Arable land (land under annual crops, such as cereals, cotton, other technical crops, potatoes, vegetables, and melons; also includes land left temporarily fallow) and land in permanent crops (such as fruit plantations) constitute cultivable land. Cultivable land is the highest in states like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh, while it is the least in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and north-eastern states owing to their hilly terrain. The cultivable land is also less in Goa due to extensive development of property to facilitate tourism in the state.
MAP 3: CULTIVABLE LAND INDEX
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FOREST COVER INDEX

The central and north-eastern part of India is covered in forests, while the northern part is deficient in forest area. The area in the northern part comprises alluvial soil which is fertile for cultivation. Hence, the land is cleared of forests for the purpose of agriculture. The states in central India being large constitute a higher amount of forests, while states in the north-east are rich in natural forest reserves due to their terrain and climatic conditions. According to the data, Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh are the top three states; while Haryana, Punjab, and Goa have the least forest cover.
MAP 4: FOREST COVER INDEX
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RECHARGE POTENTIAL INDEX

Recharge potential shows the amount of water which is kept as reserve as ground water. This is the amount of water which can be used for recharging ground water in future. Uttaranchal has the highest recharge potential index while the north-eastern states have the lowest recharge potential. The central and the south-eastern states also have a high recharge potential. Himachal Pradesh and the eastern states, except Assam, have a low recharge potential.
MAP 5: RECHARGE POTENTIAL INDEX
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ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDEX (EEI)

Economic efficiency is essential to guide the use of resources - both human and natural - under current technological conditions to meet the present developmental needs of society. The factors considered under this index are net sown area, food grain production, and milk production by the respective states. The states scoring high on EEI are characterised by availability of fertile soil for cultivation leading to higher food grain production. The primary occupation can be agriculture or livestock or cattle rearing. Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra are the top three states scoring high on EEI. While Mizoram, Sikkim, and Goa are the bottom three states.
MAP 6: ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDEX
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NET SOWN AREA INDEX

Net Sown area represents the area sown with crops at least once in any of the crop season of the year, counting area sown more than once in the same year. States in Central part of India namely Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra have the largest Net sown area. The hilly states in the northern and north eastern part of the country namely Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and Manipur have the lowest Net Sown area.
MAP 7: NET SOWN AREA INDEX
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FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION INDEX

Food Grain Production represents the total production of food grains in the state in tonnes. It is an indicator of the food security of the state. Punjab and Uttarakhand are the leaders in food grain production followed by Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Kerala and North Eastern states except Assam have very low food grain production.
MAP 8: FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION INDEX
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MILK PRODUCTION INDEX

The milk production provides information about the yield of milch animals in the various states. Uttarakhand has the highest milk production followed by states in the western part of India namely Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Maharashtra. Andhra Pradesh also has a high milk production whereas hilly states of North India namely Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh have low milk production followed by North Eastern states which have very low milk production.
MAP 9: MILK PRODUCTION INDEX
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SOCIAL EQUITY INDEX (SEI)

Social equity is fundamental to ensure a more broad-based distribution of economic benefits - both at present and in the future - in the form of secured livelihoods, especially for disadvantaged economic and social groups. Kerala, Punjab, and Mizoram are the top three states scoring high on EEI. While Orissa, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh are the bottom three states.
MAP 10: SOCIAL EQUITY INDEX
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FEMALE LITERACY RATE INDEX

Female literacy index is a better measure of social equity than the total literacy index as women are considered a neglected lot. Hence, their development leads to the development of the whole economy at large. The eastern states of India, except Arunachal Pradesh have a fairly good level of female literacy, while the belt from Rajasthan to West Bengal suffers from low female literacy. There are a handful of states which have a female literacy index of above 0.475. Kerala, Mizoram, and Tripura have the best female literacy rates in India, while Rajasthan, Bihar, and Jharkhand have the worst rates.
MAP 11: FEMALE LITERACY RATE INDEX
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INFANT MORTALITY RATE INDEX

Infant Mortality Index is a measure of child survival at birth per 1000 births. As opposed to other indicators, the lower the infant mortality index better is the status of the health in the area. The infant mortality in India is the lowest in eastern states, except Assam and Meghalaya. The north and the western part of India have a high infant mortality rate. Kerala, Manipur, Goa, and Nagaland have the worst infant mortality rates in India. Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Uttarakhand have the higher rates, signifying a need for better health facilities in these states.
MAP 12: INFANT MORTALITY RATE INDEX
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PER CAPITA MILK AVAILABILITY INDEX

Per capita milk availability is high in the north and western part of India except Uttarakhand. This is primarily due to the emergence of local milk co-operatives, with the example being set by Amul in the western part of India. The eastern part of India the milk availability is low. The index is highest in states of Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat; while it is the lowest in the eastern states of Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam.
MAP 13: PER CAPITA MILK AVAILABILITY INDEX
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CONCLUSION
The various states of India have been ranked on the basis of Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) and the results have been displayed on the map using an ArcGIS product ArcMap. SLSI was proposed by Dr. M.S Swaminathan to check whether the conditions essential for sustainability are present in a given region or ecosystem. The index takes into account all three dimensions of sustainable development environment, economic, and social. Thus, the SLSI has three interacting components: ecological security (based on environment sustainability), economic efficiency (based on economic sustainability), and social equity (based on social sustainability), making it a composite index. For construction of SLSI to measure the sustainable development of 28 states of India, a total of nine parameters have been used three parameters under each of the three indices. A state-wise analysis was done for each of the nine parameters, for the three indices, and finally for the composite SLSI index. A critical analysis of the maps reveals that Jammu and Kashmir and Jharkhand have consistently low on all the three indices and as a result their SLSI is lowest among all the states. North-eastern states namely Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, and Tripura performed very poorly on two indicators economic efficiency and ecological security and as a result their SLSI is also fairly lower than the other states. Maharashtra has high index for all the parameters and so its SLSI is one of highest in the country.
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APPENDIX
TABLE 1: METADATA TABLE
Symbol of Data Field
Full Name of Data Field
Year of Data
Detailed Source of Data
State C_01
State Code
N.A.
Project Coordinator, IRMA
CultivableLand
Cultivable Land
2008-09
Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1732, dated on 11.03.2011
Forest
Forest Cover
2007
Forest Survey of India, 2009
Central Ground Water Board, RechargePotential Recharge Potential 2004 Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, 2006 Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2190, dated 14.08.2006
NetSownArea
Net Sown Area
2003-04
FoodGrainProduction
Food Grain Production
2009-10
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India
MilkProduction
Milk Production
2009-10
Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 276, dated on 27.07.2010
FemaleLiteracy
Female Literacy
2011
Census 2011
InfantMortalityRate
Infant Mortality Rate
2004
Registrar General, India
PerCapitaMilkAvailability
Per Capita Milk Availability
2009-10
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. (12682)
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TABLE 2: CULTIVABLE LAND INDEX
STATE_C01
States
CultivableLand (000 hectares)
StateIndex1
AP AR AS BI CG GO GU HA HP JH JK KA KE MP MH MN ME MI NA OR PU RJ SI TN TR UT UP WB
Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
15,928.000 422.000 3,211.000 6,637.000 5,581.000 197.000 12,422.000 3,728.000 822.000 4,289.000 1,044.000 12,892.000 2,305.000 17,322.000 21,148.000 243.000 1,053.000 377.000 659.000 7,126.000 4,215.000 25,578.000 150.000 8,146.000 310.000 1,547.000 19,179.000 5,689.000
0.620 0.011 0.120 0.255 0.214 0.002 0.483 0.141 0.026 0.163 0.035 0.501 0.085 0.675 0.826 0.004 0.036 0.009 0.020 0.274 0.160 1.000 0.000 0.314 0.006 0.055 0.748 0.218
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TABLE 3: FOREST COVER INDEX
STATE_C01
States
Forest (km )
2
StateIndex2
45,102.000 67,353.000 27,692.000 6,804.000 55,870.000 2,151.000 14,620.000 1,594.000 14,668.000 22,894.000 22,686.000 36,190.000 17,324.000 77,700.000 50,650.000 17,280.000 17,321.000 19,240.000 13,464.000 48,855.000 1,664.000 16,036.000 3,357.000 23,338.000 8,073.000 14,341.000 24,495.000 12,994.000
0.572 0.864 0.343 0.068 0.713 0.007 0.171 0.000 0.172 0.280 0.277 0.455 0.207 1.000 0.645 0.206 0.207 0.232 0.156 0.621 0.001 0.190 0.023 0.286 0.085 0.167 0.301 0.150
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TABLE 4: RECHARGE POTENTIAL INDEX
STATE_C01
States
RechargePotential (bcm / year)
StateIndex3
36.500 2.560 27.230 29.190 14.930 0.280 15.810 9.310 0.430 5.580 2.700 15.930 6.840 37.190 32.960 0.380 1.150 0.040 0.360 23.090 23.780 11.560 0.080 23.070 2.190 76.350 2.270 30.360
0.478 0.033 0.356 0.382 0.195 0.003 0.207 0.121 0.005 0.073 0.035 0.208 0.089 0.487 0.431 0.004 0.015 0.000 0.004 0.302 0.311 0.151 0.001 0.302 0.028 1.000 0.029 0.397
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TABLE 5: ECOLOGICAL SECURITY INDEX
STATE_C01 AP AR AS BI CG GO GU HA HP JH JK KA KE MP MH MN ME MI NA OR PU RJ SI TN TR UT UP WB
States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
StateIndex1 0.620 0.011 0.120 0.255 0.214 0.002 0.483 0.141 0.026 0.163 0.035 0.501 0.085 0.675 0.826 0.004 0.036 0.009 0.020 0.274 0.160 1.000 0.000 0.314 0.006 0.055 0.748 0.218
StateIndex2 0.572 0.864 0.343 0.068 0.713 0.007 0.171 0.000 0.172 0.280 0.277 0.455 0.207 1.000 0.645 0.206 0.207 0.232 0.156 0.621 0.001 0.190 0.023 0.286 0.085 0.167 0.301 0.150
StateIndex3 0.478 0.033 0.356 0.382 0.195 0.003 0.207 0.121 0.005 0.073 0.035 0.208 0.089 0.487 0.431 0.004 0.015 0.000 0.004 0.302 0.311 0.151 0.001 0.302 0.028 1.000 0.029 0.397
ESI 0.557 0.303 0.273 0.235 0.374 0.004 0.287 0.087 0.068 0.172 0.116 0.388 0.127 0.721 0.634 0.071 0.086 0.080 0.060 0.399 0.157 0.447 0.008 0.301 0.040 0.407 0.359 0.255
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TABLE 6: NET SOWN AREA
STATE_C01
States
NetSownArea (000 hectares)
StateIndex4
10,118.000 164.000 2,793.000 5,725.000 4,779.000 141.000 9,622.000 3,534.000 545.000 1,769.000 747.000 9,847.000 2,190.000 14,518.000 17,432.000 219.000 227.000 98.000 333.000 4,889.000 4,254.000 17,394.000 110.000 4,689.000 280.000 793.000 16,812.000 5,522.000
0.578 0.004 0.155 0.325 0.270 0.002 0.549 0.198 0.026 0.096 0.037 0.562 0.121 0.832 1.000 0.007 0.007 0.000 0.014 0.276 0.240 0.998 0.001 0.265 0.010 0.040 0.964 0.313
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TABLE 7: FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION
STATE_C01
States
FoodGrainProduction (000 tonnes)
StateIndex5
15,295.000 308.900 4,481.100 10,150.600 4,902.800 109.900 5,761.000 15,357.000 1,017.200 2,152.200 1,314.200 10,955.000 610.800 16,016.400 12,586.300 338.900 239.100 62.400 354.200 7,553.100 26,950.100 12,350.100 117.300 7,511.400 647.900 43,195.300 1,796.000 15,741.600
0.353 0.006 0.102 0.234 0.112 0.001 0.132 0.355 0.022 0.048 0.029 0.253 0.013 0.370 0.290 0.006 0.004 0.000 0.007 0.174 0.623 0.285 0.001 0.173 0.014 1.000 0.040 0.364
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TABLE 8: MILK PRODUCTION INDEX
STATE_C01
States
MilkProduction (million tonnes)
StateIndex6
10.430 0.025 0.755 6.044 0.957 0.060 8.843 6.006 0.840 1.475 1.514 4.822 2.483 7.167 7.670 0.079 0.078 0.013 0.055 1.616 9.490 9.550 0.049 5.778 0.101 20.103 1.341 4.279
0.519 0.001 0.037 0.300 0.047 0.002 0.440 0.298 0.041 0.073 0.075 0.239 0.123 0.356 0.381 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.002 0.080 0.472 0.475 0.002 0.287 0.004 1.000 0.066 0.212
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TABLE 9: ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDEX
StateIndex4 0.578 0.004 0.155 0.325 0.270 0.002 0.549 0.198 0.026 0.096 0.037 0.562 0.121 0.832 1.000 0.007 0.007 0.000 0.014 0.276 0.240 0.998 0.001 0.265 0.010 0.040 0.964 0.313
StateIndex5 0.353 0.006 0.102 0.234 0.112 0.001 0.132 0.355 0.022 0.048 0.029 0.253 0.013 0.370 0.290 0.006 0.004 0.000 0.007 0.174 0.623 0.285 0.001 0.173 0.014 1.000 0.040 0.364
StateIndex6 0.519 0.001 0.037 0.300 0.047 0.002 0.440 0.298 0.041 0.073 0.075 0.239 0.123 0.356 0.381 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.002 0.080 0.472 0.475 0.002 0.287 0.004 1.000 0.066 0.212
EEI 0.483 0.003 0.098 0.286 0.143 0.002 0.374 0.284 0.030 0.073 0.047 0.351 0.085 0.519 0.557 0.006 0.005 0.000 0.007 0.177 0.445 0.586 0.001 0.242 0.009 0.680 0.357 0.296
31
TABLE 10: FEMALE LITERACY RATE INDEX
STATE_C01
States
FemaleLiteracy (%)
StateIndex7
59.740 59.570 67.270 53.330 60.590 81.840 70.730 66.770 76.600 56.210 58.010 68.130 91.980 60.020 75.480 73.170 73.780 89.400 76.690 64.360 71.340 52.660 76.430 73.860 83.150 70.700 59.260 71.160
0.180 0.176 0.372 0.017 0.202 0.742 0.460 0.359 0.609 0.090 0.136 0.393 1.000 0.187 0.580 0.522 0.537 0.934 0.611 0.298 0.475 0.000 0.605 0.539 0.775 0.459 0.168 0.470
32
TABLE 11: INFANT MORTALITY RATE INDEX
STATE_C01
States
InfantMortalityRate (%)
StateIndex8
59.000 38.000 66.000 61.000 60.000 17.000 53.000 61.000 51.000 49.000 49.000 49.000 12.000 79.000 36.000 14.000 54.000 19.000 17.000 77.000 45.000 67.000 32.000 41.000 32.000 72.000 42.000 40.000
0.299 0.612 0.194 0.269 0.284 0.925 0.388 0.269 0.418 0.448 0.448 0.448 1.000 0.000 0.642 0.970 0.373 0.896 0.925 0.030 0.507 0.179 0.701 0.567 0.701 0.104 0.552 0.582
33
TABLE 12: PER CAPITA MILK AVAILABILITY INDEX
STATE_C01
States
PerCapitaMilkAvailabilty (gram / day)
StateIndex9
342.000 59.000 69.000 175.000 110.000 96.000 418.000 662.000 342.000 130.000 382.000 226.000 203.000 278.000 190.000 88.000 83.000 29.000 96.000 112.000 944.000 395.000 210.000 237.000 77.000 283.000 387.000 133.000
0.342 0.033 0.044 0.160 0.089 0.073 0.425 0.692 0.342 0.110 0.386 0.215 0.190 0.272 0.176 0.064 0.059 0.000 0.073 0.091 1.000 0.400 0.198 0.227 0.052 0.278 0.391 0.114
34
TABLE 13: SOCIAL EQUITY INDEX
StateIndex7 0.180 0.176 0.372 0.017 0.202 0.742 0.460 0.359 0.609 0.090 0.136 0.393 1.000 0.187 0.580 0.522 0.537 0.934 0.611 0.298 0.475 0.000 0.605 0.539 0.775 0.459 0.168 0.470
StateIndex8 0.299 0.612 0.194 0.269 0.284 0.925 0.388 0.269 0.418 0.448 0.448 0.448 1.000 0.000 0.642 0.970 0.373 0.896 0.925 0.030 0.507 0.179 0.701 0.567 0.701 0.104 0.552 0.582
StateIndex9 0.342 0.033 0.044 0.160 0.089 0.073 0.425 0.692 0.342 0.110 0.386 0.215 0.190 0.272 0.176 0.064 0.059 0.000 0.073 0.091 1.000 0.400 0.198 0.227 0.052 0.278 0.391 0.114
SEI 0.274 0.273 0.203 0.148 0.191 0.580 0.424 0.440 0.456 0.216 0.323 0.352 0.730 0.153 0.466 0.519 0.323 0.610 0.537 0.139 0.661 0.193 0.501 0.445 0.510 0.280 0.370 0.389
35
TABLE 14: SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX
ESI 0.557 0.303 0.273 0.235 0.374 0.004 0.287 0.087 0.068 0.172 0.116 0.388 0.127 0.721 0.634 0.071 0.086 0.080 0.060 0.399 0.157 0.447 0.008 0.301 0.040 0.407 0.359 0.255
EEI 0.483 0.003 0.098 0.286 0.143 0.002 0.374 0.284 0.030 0.073 0.047 0.351 0.085 0.519 0.557 0.006 0.005 0.000 0.007 0.177 0.445 0.586 0.001 0.242 0.009 0.680 0.357 0.296
SEI 0.274 0.273 0.203 0.148 0.191 0.580 0.424 0.440 0.456 0.216 0.323 0.352 0.730 0.153 0.466 0.519 0.323 0.610 0.537 0.139 0.661 0.193 0.501 0.445 0.510 0.280 0.370 0.389
SLSI 0.438 0.193 0.192 0.223 0.236 0.195 0.362 0.270 0.185 0.153 0.162 0.364 0.314 0.464 0.552 0.199 0.138 0.230 0.201 0.238 0.421 0.409 0.170 0.329 0.186 0.456 0.362 0.313
36
TABLE 15: STATE RANKING ON VARIOUS INDICES
37
REFERENCES
The Sustainable Livelihood Security Indicator: Developing and Applying a Composite Indicator https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/4271/10/Chapter%206%20The%20Sustaina ble%20Livelihood%20Security%20Index%20%20Developing%20and%20Applying%20a%20Composite%20Indicator.pdf
Agricultural Land (Wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_land
38

Spatial Pattern of SLSI at State Level in India

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Spatial Pattern of SLSI at State Level in India

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SPATIAL PATTERN OF SLSI AT STATE LEVEL IN INDIA

Geographic Information Systems

Submitted to: Prof. P. K. Singh

Submitted by: Arshia Gupta (32057) Mayank Tiwari (32079)

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX

If the variable is of opposite nature then following formula can be used:

RATIONALE FOR VARIOUS PARAMETERS

STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING THE SLSI

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX (SLSI)

MAP 1: SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX

ECOLOGICAL SECURITY INDEX (ESI)

MAP 2: ECOLOGICAL SECURITY INDEX

CULTIVABLE LAND INDEX

MAP 3: CULTIVABLE LAND INDEX

FOREST COVER INDEX

MAP 4: FOREST COVER INDEX

RECHARGE POTENTIAL INDEX

MAP 5: RECHARGE POTENTIAL INDEX

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDEX (EEI)

MAP 6: ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDEX

NET SOWN AREA INDEX

MAP 7: NET SOWN AREA INDEX

FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION INDEX

MAP 8: FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION INDEX

MILK PRODUCTION INDEX

MAP 9: MILK PRODUCTION INDEX

SOCIAL EQUITY INDEX (SEI)

MAP 10: SOCIAL EQUITY INDEX

FEMALE LITERACY RATE INDEX

MAP 11: FEMALE LITERACY RATE INDEX

INFANT MORTALITY RATE INDEX

MAP 12: INFANT MORTALITY RATE INDEX

PER CAPITA MILK AVAILABILITY INDEX

MAP 13: PER CAPITA MILK AVAILABILITY INDEX

TABLE 1: METADATA TABLE

Symbol of Data Field

Full Name of Data Field

Detailed Source of Data

Project Coordinator, IRMA

Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1732, dated on 11.03.2011

Forest Survey of India, 2009

Net Sown Area

Food Grain Production

Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India

Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 276, dated on 27.07.2010

Infant Mortality Rate

Registrar General, India

Per Capita Milk Availability

Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. (12682)

TABLE 2: CULTIVABLE LAND INDEX

CultivableLand (000 hectares)

TABLE 3: FOREST COVER INDEX

TABLE 4: RECHARGE POTENTIAL INDEX

RechargePotential (bcm / year)

TABLE 5: ECOLOGICAL SECURITY INDEX

TABLE 6: NET SOWN AREA

NetSownArea (000 hectares)

TABLE 7: FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION

FoodGrainProduction (000 tonnes)

TABLE 8: MILK PRODUCTION INDEX

MilkProduction (million tonnes)

TABLE 9: ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDEX

TABLE 10: FEMALE LITERACY RATE INDEX